胆道术中术后应用纤维胆道镜200例分析

目的：探讨胆道手术术中及术后应用胆道镜取石效果。方法：（1）术中应用：常规探查胆总管及取石后，胆道镜通过胆总管切口进行检查，取石。（2）术后应用：经T管造影证实有残余结石后，拔除T管、腹部常规消毒铺巾、经窦道插入胆道镜探查取石。结果：术中应用胆道镜取石183例，其中174例一次性取净。结石取净率为95.1％。术后经窦道取石17例，取净者13例，结石取尽率76.5％。结论：应用纤维胆道镜进行术中术后探查并取石、可使残余结石率大大降低，减少了残余结石的发生率。     

腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查135例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2005年4月-2007年12月应用腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜对135例胆总管结石进行胆总管探查、纤维胆道镜取石、T管引流或胆总管一期缝合的临床资料。结果135例中手术成功131例，中转开腹4例；113例取石后T管引流，8例取石后一期缝合胆总管，10例经胆囊管行胆总管胆道镜探查取石。术后残留结石1例，通过T管窦道胆道镜取出结石。拔T管后胆漏2例，经再次腹腔镜置管引流治愈。无出血、腹腔感染、手术死亡等并发症。131例随访5—32个月，平均18个月，无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查可行，且有开腹手术相同的治疗效果。     

纤维内镜在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的应用(附11例报告)

作者对１１例术前或术中诊断胆囊结石伴胆总管结石患者，在腹腔镜下应用纤维输尿管镜经胆囊管探查胆总管取石和胆总管切开用胆道镜探查取石。结果：输尿管镜经胆囊管探查４例，取石２例，阴性１例，改胆总管切开取石１例。腹腔镜下胆总管切开用胆道镜探查取石８例（包括改行１例），阴性１例。放置Ｔ管６例，一期缝合胆总管２例。均治愈。作者认为，腹腔镜下用纤维输尿管镜经胆囊管行胆总管探查取石和胆总管切开用胆道镜探查取石是安全可行的手术方法，明显优于剖腹手术。     

应用纤维胆道镜经胆囊管入路治疗胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）术中应用纤维胆道镜经胆囊管人路治疗胆总管结石的效果及临床意义。方法采用Olympus CHFP20胆道镜,经胆囊管人路施行胆管探查取石术76例,其中直接置入胆道镜36例;经胆囊管胆总管汇合处切开胆总管侧壁置入胆道镜40例。结果①直接置入胆道镜者,取石后闭合胆囊管残端29例,置放胆囊管导管7例。取净结石34例,残留结石2例,术后经内镜十二指肠乳头肝胰壶腹括约肌切开（EST）取石成功;②经胆囊管胆总管汇合处切开胆总管侧壁置入胆道镜者,取净结石37例,推入十二指肠2例,胆管切口出血中转开腹1例。一期缝合不放置引流管12例,术后胆漏1例,引流1周愈合;应用胆囊管导管预防胆漏27例,术后7～24天拨管出院。随访1个月～2年无异常。结论LC术中应用纤维胆道镜经胆囊管人路施行胆管探查取石,创伤小,痛苦轻,恢复快,是目前较理想的微创治疗方法;对胆囊管细小者,在胆囊管胆总管汇合处切开胆总管侧壁可扩大手术适应证。选择性放置胆囊管导管,有利于引流感染性胆汁,减轻胆道压力及胆管壁水肿,保障切开的胆囊管及胆总管顺利愈合。     

纤维内镜在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的应用

作者对１１例术前或术中诊断胆囊结石伴胆总管结石患者，在腹腔镜下应用纤维输尿管镜经胆囊管探查胆总管取石和胆总管切开用胆道探查取石。结果：输尿管经胆囊管探查４例，取石２例，阴性１例，改胆道总管切开取石１例。腹腔镜下胆总管切开用胆道镜探查取石８例（包括改行１例）阴性１例。放Ｔ管６例，一期缝合胆总管２例。均治愈。作者认为，腹腔镜下用纤维水管镜经胆囊管行胆总管探查取石和胆总管切开用胆道取石是安全可行的手术方     

EST联合LC治疗胆囊结石胆总管结石

目的：探讨EST联合LC联合治疗胆囊、胆总管结石的可行性及优越性。方法：先行EST（经内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术）取出胆总管结石,再行LC（腹腔镜胆囊切除术）,EST失败或不宜行EST者置ENBD（鼻胆管）再行LC+腹腔镜下胆道探查、胆道镜取石,或开腹行胆道探查术。结果：全组99例,91例LC术前EST取石成功,3例LC术后EST取石成功,3例EST取石失败。2例年龄小于15岁者未行EST改行LC+腹腔镜下经胆囊管胆道镜胆道探查取石。3例EST取石失败,改行腹腔镜下胆道探查胆道镜取石、胆总管一期缝合或T管引流+LC,或开腹胆道探查一期缝合胆总管未置T管（已置ENBD）。无严重并发症,患者均治愈出院。结论：EST联合LC联合治疗胆囊结石胆总管结石是安全、可靠的方法,软硬镜联合充分体现了“微创”治疗的优势。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中隐匿性胆总管结石的微创治疗

目的：探讨对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ laparoscopic cholecystectomy ,LC）中隐匿性胆总管结石行微创治疗的可行性。方法2007年7月-2012年5月对27例LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石采用微创治疗。胆囊管内径＞5 mm者经胆囊管胆道镜取石;胆总管内径＞6 mm者行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合或留置造影管;胆囊管内径≤5 mm、胆总管内径≤6 mm者直接留置造影管,术后再次造影,必要时行十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开（ endoscopic sphincterotomy ,EST）取石。结果手术均获成功。8例直接经胆囊管胆道镜取石;11例行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合7例,留置造影管4例,1周后造影均阴性;8例直接留置造影管,1例术后36 h滑出,1周后ERCP造影胆囊管残端无渗漏,EST取石,术后1周再次造影3例结石消失,4例仍有结石,均经EST取出。无出血、胆漏、腹腔感染等并发症。24例随访6-24个月,平均16个月,无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论熟练运用腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜技术,对LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石实施微创治疗是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜、胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜、胆道镜在治疗胆总管结石中的应用。方法2001年6月～2006年6月行腹腔镜、胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石28例,采用经胆总管切开取石和经胆囊管取石两种术式,通过胆道镜置入取石网取石,术毕常规放置T管引流。结果本组腹腔镜胆道镜联合行胆总管探查取石术成功率96.4%(27/28),1例中转开腹;经胆总管切开取石T管引流术23例,经胆囊管切开取石4例,均获成功,3例术中探查胆总管未见结石。结论应用腹腔镜、胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石在严格病例选择的基础上是可以取得较好疗效的。     

经胆囊管胆道镜取石治疗继发性胆总管结石

目的 探讨经胆囊管探查胆总管治疗胆总管结石的可行性、安全性.方法 回顾性分析经胆囊管胆道镜取石治疗继发性胆总管结石35例的临床资料.结果 术中通过该方式胆总管结石均顺利取出,其中3例通过胆总管微切开取石成功.术后1例胆瘘,1例切口感染.长期随访,无结石残留、复发,无缩窄性乳头炎等发生.结论 通过胆囊管胆道镜探查、取石治...     

小切口经胆囊管纤维胆道镜胆总管探查的临床应用

目的探讨对有胆总管探查指征的患者,术中经胆囊管胆道镜胆总管探查的临床应用效果。方法回顾分析36例应用胆道镜经胆囊管探查胆总管患者的临床资料。结果肝外胆管结石32例取石46枚,术中结石取净率为100%,阴性探查4例;36例均未留置T管。术后平均住院8.4d。结论在小切口开腹胆囊切除术中,对有胆总管探查指征的患者,选择实施经胆囊管胆道镜探查胆总管的手术的方法,安全可行,可靠有效。     

Laparoscopic transcystic duct common bile duct exploration

The modern era of common bile duct (CBD) surgery started with Mirizzi, who introduced intraoperative cholangiography in 1932. Intraoperative choledoscopy had been developed as an adjunctive to intraoperative cholangiography, which helped to detect CBD stones in an additional 10% to 15% of instances that otherwise would have been missed. Findings have shown choledochoscopy to be an important technique for efficient and effective management of CBD stones. Efforts to treat patients with common duct stones in one session and to avoid the potential complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy resulted in several laparoscopic transcystic CBD (LTCBDE) techniques. The techniques of transcystic stone extraction include lavage, trolling with wire baskets or biliary balloon catheters, cystic duct dilation, biliary endoscopy, and stone retrieval with wire baskets under direct vision and antegrade sphincterotomy, lithotripsy, and catheter techniques. The indications for LTCBDE are filling or equivocal defects at cholangiography, stones smaller than 10 mm, fewer than 9 stones, and possible tumor. The contraindications are stones larger than 1 cm, stones proximal to the cystic duct entrance into the CBD, small friable cystic duct, and 10 or more stones. Experience with LTCBDE shows that the approach is applicable in more than 85% of cases, with a success rate of 85% to 95%. It also is shown to be more cost effective than postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Recent developments in LTCBDE have focused mainly on implementation of robotically assisted surgery and new imaging methods such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with three-dimensional virtual cholangioscopy and three-dimensional ultrasound. Further technological advances will facilitate the application of laparoscopic approaches to the common duct, which should become the primary strategy for the great majority of patients.     

Patient and duct selection for nipple duct lavage

BACKGROUND: Nipple ductal lavage (NDL) is a new minimally invasive procedure with the potential to help identify women who could benefit from breast cancer risk intervention. NDL is currently encouraged for women with fluid-producing ducts and a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the atypia rate by NDL in fluid-producing ducts compared with non-fluid-producing ducts and the atypia rate in high-risk verses low-risk patients to determine if current recommendations are supported. METHODS: Fifty-nine women were studied with NDL. The 226 ducts lavaged included all fluid-producing ducts (n = 136) and any dry ducts we could cannulate (n = 90). Breast cancer risk was calculated using mathematic models. RESULTS: There were 26 (44%) women with a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7% and 33 (56%) with a 5-year Gail risk <1.7%. Cytologic atypia was diagnosed in 20 of 59 (34%) of patients. The atypia rate was similar for women with a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7% (9 of 26 or 35%) compared with lower-risk women (11 of 33 or 33%, P = 1.0) and for fluid-producing ducts (26 of 136 or 19%) compared with dry ducts (14 of 90 or 15%, P = 0.61). No significant differences were found when the atypia was categorized as mild versus marked. Of note, the insufficient sample rate was higher for dry ducts (33%) compared with fluid-producing duct (22%, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: If NDL results are found to correlate with breast cancer incidence, it will be important to apply the test in a way that maximizes sensitivity for the detection of atypia in a screened population. We were unable to identify patient or duct characteristics that predict NDL atypia rates.     

腹腔镜再次胆道探查术治疗胆管结石

目的：探讨腹腔镜再次胆道探查术治疗胆管结石的方法和临床应用价值。方法：回顾分析为31例复发性胆管结石患者施行腹腔镜胆道探查取石术的临床资料。结果：31例中2例因腹腔粘连致密,胆道周围组织充血水肿严重而中转开腹。29例完成腹腔镜手术,其中1例因胆总管结石大,1例胆总管下端结石嵌顿,1例肝内胆管结石较多,胆道镜和取石钳取石困难,剑突下切口延长至3~4 cm,直视下用取石钳联合胆道镜取石。行胆总管一期缝合5例,24例行胆总管T管引流术。手术时间平均170 min。术后均无腹腔出血和肠漏等并发症发生。3例出现少量胆漏,未出现腹膜炎和腹内感染征象,腹腔引流管分别于术后第6,9,10天拔除。2例剑突下切口感染均是切口延长者,通过局部换药愈合。胆总管一期缝合5例,术后5~7 d出院。24例行胆总管T管引流的患者中,10例于术后7 d带T管出院,14例于术后14 d夹闭T管后带管出院。术中19例结石取净,10例胆道残余结石患者于术后2个月经胆道镜取出。结论：腹腔镜再次胆道探查术安全,患者创伤小,康复快。胆管炎症严重及肝内外结石较多、胆总管下端结石嵌顿者需慎重选择腹腔镜手术。     

肝胆管结石并狭窄的手术治疗

回顾性分析近12年来收治的64例肝胆管结石并胆管狭窄患者的临床资料。64例均手术治疗，肝叶（段）切除术19例，胆管空肠端侧Roux-en-Y吻合术21例，2种方法联合使用24例;其中行T 管和U管引流分别为11 例和8 例，肝门部肝胆管狭窄整形9例。全组无术中及术后死亡;随访0.5 ～12 年，术后残留结石7例，残石率10.9%。术后用胆道镜取石4例，取净3例;体外震波碎石3例，结合冲洗及中药治疗，排净2例，最终残石率3.12%。提示肝段(叶) 切除联合其他手术是治疗肝胆管结石较为有效的手术方式。     

Cystic duct directly joining the main pancreatic duct

A unique anomaly of the direct union between the cystic duct and the main pancreatic duct is presented. A 19-year-old man with a history of repeated epigastralgia underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography that showed a direct union between the cystic duct and the main pancreatic duct. No pancreaticobiliary maljunction was noticed. Cholecystectomy accompanied by resection of the long cystic duct was performed. The excised gallbladder showed cholesterolosis, chronic cholecystitis, and hyperplasia of the pseudopyloric glands microscopically. The patient has been well for 3 years since surgery.     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石方法探讨

目的 :探讨腹腔镜下胆总管探查胆道取石的方法。方法 :于腹腔镜下对胆总管结石 4 5例按由简单到复杂 ,由损伤轻到损伤重的原则应用冲洗、挤压及分离钳、胆道镜、改良取石钳取石。结果 :用冲吸法取净结石 3例 ,占 6 .6 % ;挤压和分离钳取净结石 13例 ,占 2 8 9% ;胆道镜取净结石 11例 ,占 2 4 % ;取石钳取净结石 18例 ,占 4 0 %。结论 :腹腔镜下胆总管取石应遵循由简到繁的原则 ,用取石钳取石较为可靠