双功彩色多普勒超声对原发性高血压左室肥厚肾内动脉血流？…

目的：应用双功彩色多普勒超声观察原发性高血压继发左室肥厚患者肾内动脉血流动力学的变化。方法：利用ＡＴＬＵＭ－９及ＨＰｓｏｎｏｓ－２５００超声仪检测了同一年龄组３２例正常人和３０例原发性高血压左室肥厚患者肾内动脉（段动脉，叶间动脉）的血流参数一收缩峰速度（Ｖｓｍａｘ），舒张期最低流速（Ｖｄｍｉｎ）阻力指数（ＲＩ）和加速度时间（ＡＴ）。结果：原发性高血压左室肥厚肾脏的段动脉和叶间动脉的ＲＩ，ＡＴ均较正     

双工彩色多普勒超声对糖尿病患者肾动脉血流动力学研究

应用双工彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检测了３０例正常人及８９例糖尿病患者的肾动脉，观察不同阶段糖尿病肾病的彩色多普勒超声血流图像；测量肾动脉主干，段动脉、叶间动脉，弓形动脉血流频谱。Ⅰ组各级肾动脉血流频谱的各项参数与正常对照组比较，均未见统计学差异（Ｐ值＞０．０５）；Ⅱ组各级肾动脉的ＲＩ明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ值＜０．０１），Ｖｄｍｉｎ、Ｖｄｍｉｎ／Ｖｓｍａｘ均明显降低（Ｐ值＜０．０１），Ｖｓｍａｘ在叶间动脉和弓形动脉明显降低（Ｐ值＜０．０１），Ⅲ组各级肾动脉的ＲＩ明显升高（Ｐ值＜０．０１），Ｖｄｍｉｎ、Ｖｄｍｉｎ／Ｖｓｍａｘ明显降低（Ｐ值＜０．０１），Ｖｓｍａｘ在叶间动脉和弓形动脉降低（Ｐ值＜０．０５）。     

高血压肾血管损害的超声检测

目的：本研究旨在研究不同分期的高血压患者肾动脉系统血流参数值的变化。方法：以正常对照组及高血压各组为研究对象，采用彩色多普勒超声显像仪来测量肾内各级动脉的血流参数值，包括：最大血流流速（Ｖｍａｘ）、最小血流流速（Ｖｍｉｎ），阻力指数（ＲＩ），加速度时间（Ａｃｃｌ）和观察频谱形态的变化。结果：高血压Ｉ期与对照组相比，血流参数无异常；高血压Ｉ期，肾脏动脉处于舒张期低流速、高阻力状态。高血压ＩＩ期，肾动脉处于收缩期和舒张期低流速，极高阻力状态。结论：肾脏动脉的血流参数值Ｖｍａｘ、Ｖｍｉｎ、ＲＩ、加速度时间和频谱形态的改变可以为高血压病早期肾脏受累提供可靠的信息     

高血压病各期肾动脉血流的双功彩色多普勒超声评价

本文检测了３０例正常人，９１例不同分期高血压病患者的肾动脉主干和段间动脉的血流频谱。结果：Ⅰ期组肾动脉主干和段间动脉血流频谱各项参数与正常对照组比较，均未见统计学差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；肾血流量，血流速度和肾血管阻力均处于正常状态。Ⅱ期组肾动脉主干和段间动的ＲＩ明显高于Ｉ期组（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｖｄｍｉｎ，Ｖｄｍａｘ／Ｖｓｍａｘ明显低于Ｉ期组（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｑ，Ｖｓｍａ和Ｖｍｅａｎ在两组间异不明显（     

儿童肾盂积水对肾血流阻力的影响

目的：探讨多普勒肾血流检测在儿童肾梗阴的病理生理学意义及临床应用价值。方法：用多普勒超声检验９例肾盂积水患儿主肾动脉、段动脉及叶间动脉的多普勒血注频谱。指标为收缩期最大峰值流速（Ｖｍａｘ）、舒张末最低流速（Ｖｍｉｎ）、Ｖｍａｘ／Ｖｍｉｎ、（Ｓ／Ｄ）、阻力指数（ＲＩ）、脉动指数（ＰＩ）及△ＰＩ。健康学龄儿童对照３０例。结果：３０例正常学龄儿童多普勒肾血流频谱呈高速低阻型,９例梗阻性肾盂积水多普勒肾血     

多普勒超声评价环孢素对移植肾血流动力学的影响

应用彩色多普勒超声对３８例肾移植术病人口服环孢素Ａ（ＣＳＡ）进行谷浓度和峰浓度的血液动力学研究，将患者分为移植肾功能正常组（ｎ＝２２）和移植肾功能不全组（ｎ＝１６）。在不同的ＣＳＡ水平分别测定肾动脉、段动脉、肾皮质部血管的阻力指数（ＲＩ）、搏动指数（ＰＩ）、最大流速（Ｖｍａｘ）。结果表明：移植肾功能正常组峰浓度时肾皮质部的ＲＩ、ＰＩ、Ｖｍａｘ较谷浓度时明显升高（Ｐ值＜０．０１），而段动脉和肾动脉的上述指标在两种浓度时均无显著差异（Ｐ值＞０．０５）。ＣＳＡ可以导致肾皮质血管的收缩，彩色多普勒超声能较敏感的反映ＣＳＡ的这种效应。     

慢性肾病的彩色多普勒研究

以彩色多普勒检测３８例慢性肾病患者（７６只肾）和３２例正常对照者（６４只肾）的肾门动脉，叶段动脉，叶间动脉的最大流速和最小流速以及阻力指数，结果发现肾门动脉、叶段动脉及叶间动脉最大流速（Ｖｍａｘ），最小流速（Ｖｍｉｎ），均低于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１），肾门动脉、叶段动脉和叶间动脉阻力指数高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００５）。同时用二维测量肾脏大小，发现肾脏大小和肾内各段动脉阻力指数呈负相关，与肾内各段动脉最大流速呈正相关。     

双功彩色多普勒显像对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者肾动脉血流的研究

本文检测３０例正常人，６６例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的肾动脉主于和段间动脉的血流频谱。结果表明：第一组肾主动脉血流频谱各项参数与正常对照组比较，均未见统计学差异。段间动脉的ＲＩ与对照组比较有显著性差异，（Ｐ＜０．０１）。第二组肾动脉和段间动脉的血流动力学参数与对照组比较有显著性差异。第二组处于收缩期正常流速，舒张末期低流速，肾血管高阻状态。我们认为根据多普勒定量参数（Ｖｄｍｉｎ、ＰＩ、ＲＩ），特殊的频谱图形和彩流图改变，可对肾血管受损作出判断。     

正常成人肾内动脉血流动力学的彩色多普勒研究

以彩色多普勒研究１７２例健康成人３４４只肾的肾内动脉（肾门部主肾动脉、段动脉、叶间动脉）血流收缩峰速度（ＳＶ）、阻力指数（ＲＩ）和加速度（ＡＣ），建立不同年龄组、不同分级血管各参数的正常值范围，旨在了解正常肾脏血流动力学变化并为超声评价各种肾脏病变提供对照依据。研究表明，随肾内动脉逐级分支，其ＳＶ、ＲＩ和ＡＣ值依次递减；ＳＶ与年龄呈负相关关系，ＲＩ与年龄呈密切正相关关系；６０岁以上ＲＩ值增高显著。     

肾综合症热出血热肾动脉血流的时相变化

本文应用美国ＰＨ ＳＯＮＯＳ－１００ＣＦ彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对８０例肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）患者分别于少尿期、多尿期及恢复期进行了肾动脉血流的测定，并与正常组对照，发现ＨＦＲＳ患者少尿期肾动脉ＴＶＩ、Ｖｓｍａｘ、Ｖｍｅａｎ明显低于对照组，ＲＩ明显高于对照组，多尿期ＲＩ低于对照组，ＴＶＩ、Ｖｄｍｉｎ、Ｖｍｅａｎ高于对照组。认为明动脉的血流指标与ＨＦＲＳ患者临床分期密切相关，其血流指标对指导临床应用     

原发性高血压患者肾动脉血流动力学研究

目的 探讨原发性高血压患者肾动脉血流指标变化的临床意义.方法 2006年5月至2010年7月我院门诊及住院的原发性高血压患者90例,其中1、2、3级高血压各30例,另选30名健康查体者作为健康对照组,应用彩色多普勒超声检测各组研究对象的双侧主肾动脉、段动脉和叶间动脉的血流频谱,获得各组血流参数,包括收缩期最大血流速度(Vmax)、舒张末期最低血流速度(Vmin)、舒张末期最低血流速度/收缩期最大血流速度(Vmin/Vmax)、阻力指数,并进行比较分析.结果 健康对照组主肾动脉的Vmax、Vmin、Vmin/Vmax及阻力指数分别为(63.99±7.68)cm/s、(23.86±3.07)cm/s,0.38±0.05、0.62±0.05;段动脉的Vmax、Vmin、Vmin/Vmax及阻力指数分别为(52.93±4.24)cm/s、(2 0.89±2.47)cm/s,0.40±0.04、0.60±0.04;叶间动脉的Vmax、Vmin、Vmin/Vmax及阻力指数分别为(35.32±4.22)cm/s、(15.07±2.54)cm/s,0.43±0.04、0.57±0.04.与健康对照组比较,1级高血压组仅叶间动脉的Vmin、Vmax/Vmin降低,阻力指数增高,差异具有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);2级高血压组除主肾动脉的Vmax外,其余各肾动脉的血流参数差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或0.01);3级高血压组各级肾动脉的各项血流参数差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或0.01);Vmax、Vmin及Vmin/Vmax随着血压分级的增加而减低,阻力指数随着血压分级的增加而升高.结论 彩色多普勒超声肾动脉血流动力学指标可为临床评价高血压患者肾损害提供一定的依据.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical significance of the changes of renal artery blood stream parameters in patients with essential hypertensive by color Doppler ultrasonography. Methods Ninety patients with essential hypertension were enrolled and divided into three groups (grade 1,2,3 ) according to their clinical blood pressure from May 2006 to July 2010 and each group included 30 cases. Thirty normal individuals were assigned to the control group. Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to determine the blood flow spectrum of bilateral main renal arteries, segmental arteries and interlobar arteries of kidneys. The parameters included Vmax, Vmin, Vmin/Vmax, resistance index (RI) were recorded and analyzed. Results In the control group, the Vmax,Vmin,Vmin/Vmax and RI in main renal arteries were (63.99 ± 7.68)cm/s, (23.86 ± 3.07) cm/s,0. 38 ± 0. 05 and 0. 62 ± 0. 05 ;in segmental arteries were ( 52. 93 ± 4. 24) cm/s, ( 20. 89 ± 2. 47 ) cm/s,0. 40 ±0. 04 and 0. 60 ±0. 04;in interlobar arteries were (35. 32 ±4. 22)cm/s, ( 15.07 ±2. 54) cm/s,0. 43 ±0. 04 and 0. 57 ± 0. 04. Compared to the control, only Vmin, Vmin/Vmax and RI in interlobar arteries were statistically changed in grade 1 hypertension group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). While in grade 2 hypertension group, all the blood flow parameters except Vmax in main renal arteries statistically changed compared to the control group(P ＜ 0.05 ). In grade 3 hypertension group, all the blood flow parameters showed statistically differences when compared to control group (P ＜ 0. 05 ). The Vmax, Vmin, Vmin/Vmax decreased along with the blood pressure increased,however, the RI increased along with BP. Conclusion The renal artery blood stream parameters determined by color Doppler ultrasonography can provide important information to evaluate abnormal renal function in patients with hypertension.     

三级肾动脉血流参数的二维多普勒超声检测

目的：为了探索肾内三级动脉血流动力学参数的正常范围。方法：应用二维彩色多普勒超声对３００例健康成人的肾内的三级动脉即一级肾段动脉（ＳＲＡ１）、二级肾段动脉（ＳＲＡ２）和肾叶间动脉（ＩＲＡ）进行逐级探查并检测其血流动力学参数。结果：得出了不同年龄组三级肾动脉的血流动力学参数的正常值范围,同时也总结出了影响检测结果准确性的三个因素。     

肾静脉血栓的彩色多普勒超声诊断

目的探讨彩色多普勒诊断肾静脉血栓的超声显像及诊断。方法回顾性分析6例肾静脉血栓患者肾脏大小结构,肾静脉主干回声和血流信号,肾内血流等彩色多普勒超声结果。结果肾静脉主干血栓5例,超声显示肾静脉主干充满实性条索状回声,管腔内完全或部分无血流信号显示;肾内小静脉血栓1例,局部区域肾结构模糊,无静脉血流信号。肾内动脉RI均升高(范围0.70～0.92,平均0.86),部分患者出现肾内动脉舒张期反向波。结论彩色多普勒超声诊断本病准确、实用、有助于指导临床治疗和随访观察。     

Color Doppler sonographic appearance of renal perforating vessels in subjects with normal and impaired renal function

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and color Doppler sonographic characteristics of perforating vessels-small arteries and veins connecting the intrarenal vasculature with the capsular plexus-in healthy subjects, in hypertensive patients, and in patients with renal failure due to hypertensive nephroangiosclerosis or ischemic nephropathy. METHODS: Fifteen healthy subjects 24-34 years old, 15 healthy subjects 68-80 years old, 25 hypertensive patients, 25 patients with hypertension and chronic renal failure (15 mild, 10 severe), and 12 patients with hypertension and chronic renal failure and acute renal insufficiency due to ischemic nephropathy underwent color Doppler sonography of both kidneys. RESULTS: The few perforating arteries in healthy and hypertensive patients had various resistance indices and flow toward the capsule. Perforating veins in these patients were much more common than perforating arteries. Perforating arteries with a lower mean resistance index than the mean interlobar resistance index and flow toward the capsule were detected in 76% of kidneys in the patients with mild chronic renal failure and in 20% of those in patients with severe chronic renal failure. Only a few perforating veins were seen in patients with chronic renal failure. In 64% of the kidneys with renal artery stenosis detected in the patients with chronic renal failure complicated by acute renal insufficiency, there were perforating arteries with flow toward the kidney and a mean resistance index higher than the mean interlobar resistance index. CONCLUSIONS: Perforating vessels are recognizable using color Doppler sonography both in healthy subjects and in patients with renal failure. The prevalence and flow characteristics of perforating vessels differ between healthy subjects, patients with mild and with severe chronic renal failure, and patients with chronic renal failure complicated by acute renal insufficiency caused by renal artery stenosis.     

Initial Investigation of Acoustic Droplet Vaporization for Occlusion in Canine Kidney

Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) shows promise for spatially and temporally targeted tissue occlusion. In this study, substantial tissue occlusion was achieved in operatively exposed and transcutaneous canine kidneys by generating ADV gas bubbles in the renal arteries or segmental arteries. Fifteen canines were anesthetized, among which 10 underwent laparotomy to externalize the left kidney and five were undisturbed for transcutaneous ADV. The microbubbles were generated by phase conversion of perfluoropentane droplets encapsulated in albumin or lipid shells in the blood. A 3.5-MHz single-element therapy transducer was aligned with an imaging array in a water tank with direct access to the renal artery or a segmental artery. In vivo color flow and spectral Doppler imaging were used to identify the target arteries. Tone bursts of 1 kHz pulse repetition frequency with 0.25% duty cycle vaporized the droplets during bolus passage. Both intracardiac (IC) and intravenous (IV) injections repeatedly produced ADV in chosen arteries in externalized kidneys, as seen by B-mode imaging. Concurrent with this in two cases was the detection by pulse-wave Doppler of blood flow reversal, along with a narrowing of the waveform. Localized cortex occlusion was achieved with 87% regional flow reduction in one case using IC injections. Vaporization from IV injections resulted in a substantial echogenicity increase with an average half-life of 8 min per droplet dose. Gas bubbles sufficient to produce some shadowing were generated by transcutaneous vaporization of intrarenal artery or IV-administered droplets, with a tissue path up to 5.5 cm. (E-mail: maggiez@umich.edu)     

肾静脉血栓形成的彩色多普勒超声征象及其诊断价值

目的 探讨肾静脉血栓形成（RVT）的彩色多普勒超声征象及其诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析9例RVT患者的彩色多普勒超声结果，观察肾结构、肾内血流信号的分布、肾静脉主干回声和血流充盈情况，测量段动脉或叶间动脉阻力指数。结果 肾静脉主干血栓形成9例（其中1例累及双侧），肾内小静脉血栓形成1例。肾静脉主干血栓形成表现为肾静脉主干充满实性回声或条索状回声，管腔内完全或部分血流充盈缺损，67％表现为肾内无或稀少静脉血流；肾内小静脉血栓形成表现为受累区肾结构模糊，无静脉血流信号。肾内动脉舒张期反向波预测RVT的敏感性为30％（3／10），余7侧RVT患者肾内动脉RI均升高（范围0．74～0．96，平均0．84）。结论 彩色多普勒超声可作为本病首选影像学检查方法，有助于临床迅速采取治疗措施和进行随访观察。     

彩色多普勒超声对多囊肾患者肾脏血流的研究

目的　为了探讨常染色体显性多囊肾病 (autosomal dominantpolycystic kidney disease,ADPKD)对患者肾脏血流的影响 ,采用彩色多普勒超声测定血管的平均峰值流速 (Vmax、 Vmin)、阻力指数 (RI) ,确定肾脏血流与肾功能的关系以及囊肿大小与肾脏血流的关系。方法　选取 4 2例 ADPKD患者 ,以 4 5例正常人作为对照组。彩色多普勒超声测定双侧肾动脉 ,囊肿周边叶间动脉的最大、最小峰值流速和阻力指数。常规测定受试者的血清肌酐、尿素氮以及肌酐清除率。结果　 (1)多囊肾病组 (包括肾功能正常和异常组 )肾动脉平均峰值流速低于正常对照组 ,两者相比有明显差异 (P<0 .0 1) ;(2 )肾功能正常的多囊肾病组 RI较正常对照组升高 ,且具有统计学意义 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;(3)肾功能异常的多囊肾病组 RI较正常对照组升高 ,两者相比有明显差异 (P<0 .0 1) ;(4) RI与患者的肾功能呈正相关。结论　彩色多普勒超声检测能提示 ADPKD患者的肾脏血流情况 ,较肾功能测定更为敏感 ,为临床评价肾血流状态及疾病的转归、疗效的判定提供了一种新方法。