木犀草素对实验性肺纤维化大鼠组织中TGF-β1mRNA表达的影响

目的研究木犀草素对肺纤维化大鼠肺组织中转化生长因子β(TGFβ1)mRNA的表达的影响。方法大鼠气管内灌注博来霉素致大鼠肺纤维化病变,同时ig给予40mg·kg-1的木犀草素连续14d,观察肺重量指数和羟脯氨酸含量的变化;用RTPCR测定肺组织中TGFβ1mRNA表达水平。结果木犀草素可降低重量指数和羟脯氨酸含量,延缓肺纤维化进程,并抑制TGFβ1mRNA的表达。结论木犀草素抗肺纤维化作用与其抑制肺组织中TGFβ1mRNA表达有关。     

木犀草素对实验性糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的研究木犀草素对实验性糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用。方法制备实验性糖尿病模型,将大鼠分成4组,分别为木樨草素高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组、模型组与正常组,实验进行到第12周,处死大鼠,测定血清FBG、FINS、Cr、BUN及肾脏Ox-LDL,并计算ISI。结果木犀草素具有降糖、改善胰岛素抵抗、改善肾功能、降低肾脏组织Ox-LDL的作用。结论木犀草素对实验性糖尿病大鼠肾脏具有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与改善胰岛素抵抗与减少肾脏组织Ox-LDL有一定的关系。     

木犀草素对SHR心肌组织AR活性及mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨木犀草素对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌组织中醛糖还原酶(AR)活性及mRNA表达的影响及作用机制.方法 选用50只18周龄SHR,随机均分为SHR组(模型阴性对照组)、卡托普利组、木犀草素10、20、40 mg·kg-1·d-1剂量组、WKY大鼠组(正常对照组).观察AR、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的变化;以RT-PCR法检测木犀草素对SHR心肌组织AR的mRNA表达.结果 木犀草素各剂量组与模型组比较:心肌AR活性和AngⅡ活性均下降(P＜0.05),心肌AR的mRNA水平下调(P＜0.05),各组AR活性变化趋势与AngⅡ浓度变化成直线相关性(r=0.9686,P＜0.05).结论 木犀草素可显著抑制AR的活性,其机制可能与下调mRNA表达及抑制AngⅡ有关.     

木犀草素对四氯化碳致大鼠肝纤维化的保护作用及其机制研究

目的观察木犀草素对四氯化碳(CC l4)致大鼠肝纤维化的保护作用。方法用CC l4复制大鼠中毒性肝纤维化模型,观察木犀草素对大鼠血清中透明质酸(HA)、层黏蛋白(LN)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT/GPT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST/GOT)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(A lb)、肝组织病理学及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、羟脯氨酸(Hyp)的变化;MTT比色法检测木犀草素对大鼠肝星状细胞(HSC)和人肝星状细胞(Lx-2)的增殖的影响。结果与模型组比较,木犀草素给药组血清学指标(HA、LN)明显降低(P<0.05),ALT、AST减少,TP、A lb升高,病理组织学检查明显改善,肝组织内SOD升高,MDA、Hyp降低,并对HSC、Lx-2细胞的增殖有抑制作用(P<0.05)。结论木犀草素对CC l4致大鼠肝纤维有较好的保护作用,其机制可能与抑制肝内胶原合成、降低自由基生成、减轻脂质过氧化及抑制HSC增殖活化有关。     

木犀草素对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放H_20_2的影响

用荧光法研究木犀草素对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放H_2O_2的影响。结果表明,木犀草素在不同浓度(4×10(-7)～10~(-5)mol/L)时,对酵母多糖诱导的大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞H_2O_2释放呈浓度依赖性的抑制,且以木犀草素与巨噬细胞共同培养4h抑制作用最明显。其作用机制有待进一步研究。     

木犀草素对自发性高血压大鼠心肌组织醛糖还原酶活性影响及机制

目的 阐明木犀草素对自发性高血压大鼠心肌组织醛糖还原酶(AR)活性的影响,为深入研究AR在高血压心血管重塑中的作用和机制提供基础。方法 采用紫外分光光度法测定木犀草素对自发性高血压大鼠心肌AR活性的影响。采用免疫荧光法测定血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)的含量。结果 木犀草素组心肌AR活性(0.054 2±0.001 8)和AngⅡ(110.48±3.79)活性均下降(P<0.05),各组AR活性变化趋势与AngⅡ浓度变化成直线相关性(r=0.968 6,P=0.04)。结论 木犀草素可显著抑制AR活性,其机制可能与抑制AngⅡ有关。     

木犀草素对脂多糖诱导下小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用及其机制研究

目的探讨木犀草素(luteolin)对脂多糖(1ipopolysaccharid,LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用,以及可能的作用机制。方法 96只小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、木犀草素低剂量组、木犀草素中剂量组、木犀草素高剂量组及地塞米松组,每组8只。以小鼠气道穿刺滴入LPS制备小鼠ALI模型,呼吸机检测气道吸气阻力(Ri)、气道呼气阻力(Re)和动态肺顺应性(Cdyn)的变化,ELISA法测定肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的浓度,制作HE病理切片以及Western blot法检测肺组织中NF-κB p65、IκB-α和PIκB-α的表达情况。结果木犀草素能明显抑制Ri、Re增长和Cdyn降低,抑制BALF中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的释放(P<0.05),减轻了肺部病变,抑制了NF-κB p65和PIκB-α的活化。结论木犀草素对LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制与抑制NF-κB信号传导通路表达有关。     

大黄素、黄芩苷和木犀草素对大鼠肝癌细胞的影响

目的研究大黄素、黄芩苷和木犀草素对大鼠肝癌细胞株CBRH7919的体外抑制作用。方法 MTT发检测大黄素、黄芩苷和木犀草素对大鼠肝癌细胞株CBRH7919的体外抑制作用,甲基绿-派诺宁染色凋亡形态学观察,DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳法观察三者对CBRH7919细胞DNA损伤的作用。结果大黄素和木犀草素对CBRH7919有较强抑制作用,48h IC50分别为18μmol/L、26μmol/Lol/L,黄芩苷作用48h IC50为160μmol/L,抑制作用不强;甲基绿-派诺宁染色和DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳法提示,木犀草素作用48h后,细胞可能发生自噬,而不是凋亡,大黄素作用48h后,细胞显示典型的凋亡特征。结论大黄素和木犀草素对大鼠肝癌细胞株CBRH7919有体外抑制作用,其作用机制值得进一步探讨。     

木犀草素对肝星状细胞迁移和增殖的影响

目的:研究木犀草素对肝星状细胞迁移的影响。方法:体外培养肝星状T6(HSC-T6)细胞,细胞计数Kit8(CCK-8)法检测0、10、20、40μmol/L木犀草素对HSC-T6细胞增殖的影响;通过划痕实验、Transwell实验观察0、10、20、40μmol/L木犀草素对HSC-T6细胞迁移能力的影响;蛋白印迹法检测木犀草素对细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)5蛋白磷酸化水平的影响。结果:20、40μmol/L木犀草素能明显抑制HSC-T6细胞的增殖(P<0.05);10、20、40μmol/L木犀草素能明显抑制HSC-T6细胞划痕的修复(P<0.05);10、20、40μmol/L木犀草素能明显抑制HSC-T6细胞穿膜(P<0.05);10、20、40μmol/L木犀草素能明显抑制细胞中由血清诱导的去磷酸化(p)-ERK5表达(P<0.05)。结论:木犀草素呈浓度依赖性抑制HSC-T6细胞的增殖和迁移,其机制可能与抑制ERK5蛋白磷酸化水平有关。     

甘草次酸衍生物TY501抗肺纤维化作用及机制研究

目的探索甘草次酸衍生物TY501对博莱霉素(BLM)诱导的肺纤维化模型大鼠的抗肺纤维化作用及初步机制。方法将40只大鼠随机分成5组:假手术组、模型组、吡非尼酮组、TY501高剂量组和低剂量组。经气道给予BLM制备大鼠肺纤维化模型,每天灌胃给予受试药。实验结束后,测定肺系数、氧分压(Pa O2),测定BALF中ALB、ALP、LDH以及肺组织中GSH、HYP含量,测定血清Ⅲ型前胶原(PCⅢ)、Ⅳ型胶原(COL4)含量。结果 1肺纤维化早期肺泡炎阶段相关指标:各治疗组与模型组相比,肺系数显著下降(P<0.05)、Pa O2明显升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,各治疗组大鼠BALF中ALP、ALB以及LDH呈下降趋势(P<0.05);模型组肺组织匀浆中GSH含量反馈性增高,与假手术组相比存在明显差异(P<0.05),各治疗组较模型组含量降低(P<0.05);(2)肺纤维化晚期肺间质纤维化阶段:大鼠肺组织HYP、血清PCⅢ(TGF-β通路指标)、血清COL4(MMPs通路指标)含量,各治疗组较模型组呈下降趋势,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论 TY501对肺纤维化治疗存在价值,能够减轻BLM诱导的肺纤维化程度。TY501可能通过阻断TGF-β的作用、抑制MMPs等多途径抑制肺纤维化的发生,减轻肺纤维化症状。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.