经皮机械性血栓清除术治疗急性髂股静脉血栓

目的观察经皮机械性血栓清除术(PMT)治疗急性髂股静脉血栓的有效性和安全性。方法对21例急性髂股静脉血栓形成患者置入下腔静脉滤器,之后应用Aspirex导管行PMT,并造影评估血栓清除效果,发现血栓残留时行经导管接触性溶栓治疗;如清除血栓发现髂静脉严重狭窄或闭塞,则行球囊扩张及支架植入术。最后取出下腔静脉滤器。观察治疗并发症、血栓清除效果及症状改善情况。术后1、3、6个月随访评估静脉通畅情况,并以Villalta评分判断血栓后综合征发生与否及其等级。结果 21例均顺利完成PMT。8例血栓完全清除;13例血栓部分清除,经置管溶栓后残留血栓均获清除。13例因左髂静脉重度狭窄或闭塞而接受球囊扩张及支架植入术。治疗后21例静脉血流均恢复,下肢肿胀、疼痛症状均缓解,无手术相关严重并发症及死亡。术后随访未见血栓复发,髂静脉支架均通畅;1例术后6个月Villalta评分5分,为轻度血栓后综合征。结论 PMT治疗急性髂股静脉血栓安全有效。     

以腔内技术为核心治疗Cockett 综合征的中远期效果

目的：探讨以腔内技术为核心治疗Cockett综合征的中远期结果。 方法：回顾性分析2003年1月—2014年2月间收治的412例Cockett综合征患者的临床资料,其中急性左髂股静脉血栓形成231例（A组）,慢性静脉功能不全181例（B组）,分别采用不同的腔内技术和/或复合手术治疗。 结果：A组技术成功率100%（231/231）;5例左髂总静脉无狭窄或闭塞,左髂静脉病变率97.8%（226/231）;共植入髂静脉支架182枚。B组技术成功率99.4%（180/181）;共植入支架151枚; 1例患者术中行球囊扩张成形时左髂静脉破裂而致腹膜后巨大血肿、失血性休克,经积极抢救后好转;手术前后病变左髂静脉远心端与近心端压力差由术前（18±4.45）cmH2O降至术后（4±3.02）cmH2O（P<0.01）;89例患者合并有左股浅静脉重度瓣膜功能不全,二期行股静脉瓣膜修复术。随访3个月至8年,平均35.6个月,A组15例、B组2例支架内血栓形成。 结论：腔内技术为核心治疗Cockett综合征具有较好的中远期效果。对于合并急性髂股静脉血栓形成者,联合应用Forgarty导管取栓或导管接触溶栓是腔内治疗一种有益的补充。     

17例急性髂股静脉血栓形成血管腔内治疗的初步体会

目的探讨血管腔内负压吸栓手术治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成的效果和指征。方法选择起病在3天内、经彩色多普勒B超检查见髂静脉内血栓可移动的急性髂股静脉血栓形成17例患者进行髂股静脉腔内吸栓治疗。结果 16例可吸出髂股静脉内血栓。手术结束前和术后3天行下肢静脉造影,髂、股静脉通畅14例,治愈率84.2%。随访1～53(平均31)个月,无复发。3例无效,其中1例因术中髂外静脉损伤中止手术;2例术后3天造影显示髂总静脉闭塞。结论用髂股静脉腔内吸栓治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成是一种微创、安全和有效的治疗方法。     

腔内综合治疗髂股静脉血栓形成

目的:探讨腔内治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月―2015年1月64例行腔内综合治疗的急性髂股静脉血栓形成患者临床资料。结果:患者经下腔静脉滤器保护下置管溶栓术治疗后,新鲜血栓均得到有效溶解,无严重溶栓并发症发生;13例(13/64)患者发现髂静脉狭窄严重,下肢肿胀缓解不明显,同期行球囊扩张,其中5例(5/64)二期造影发现侧支血管代偿不佳、髂静脉狭窄50%,行二期支架植入。经腔内综合治疗,患者的双下肢膝上15 cm周径差较术前明显缩小(3.87 cm vs.7.56 cm,P0.05);随访期间无再发下肢肿胀、髂股静脉狭窄及支架内血栓形成,无下肢色素沉着及溃疡形成,无肺动脉栓塞及死亡病例。结论:腔内综合治疗急性髂股静脉血栓形成安全、有效,对清除血栓、解除狭窄实现管腔再通效果良好。     

介入治疗急性髂股静脉血栓

目的 探讨介入治疗急性髂股静脉血栓的临床疗效。方法 2004年2月～2006年4月对20例急性髂股静脉血栓采用超声引导下腘静脉置管溶栓联合髂静脉支架植入治疗,静脉造影评价静脉通畅程度。结果 20例均在超声引导下腘静脉置管溶栓;15例行球囊扩张及髂静脉支架术,5例行单纯球囊扩张术;10例行临时性下腔静脉滤器置入术。腘静脉置管溶栓后经导管静脉造影见髂静脉再通率30%～90%,平均55%;股静脉再通率40%～80%,平均65%。1例术后出现血尿,未发现症状性肺动脉栓塞。术后患肢临床症状明显减轻或消失。住院费用（5.2～8.1）万元,平均7.4万元。20例随访1～24个月,平均12个月,15例髂静脉支架植入髂静脉通畅率100%（15/15）,5例髂静脉球囊扩张中,2例髂静脉完全闭塞,3例髂静脉再通10%～20%。结论 腘静脉置管溶栓术联合髂静脉支架植入术是治疗急性髂股静脉血栓的有效方法之一,但是价格昂贵,广泛应用有一定困难。     

急性髂股静脉血栓形成的介入治疗

目的 探讨介入技术在急性髂股静脉血栓治疗中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年10月我院32例急性髂股静脉血栓形成患者综合介入治疗的临床资料.采用彩色超声多普勒引导下经腘静脉穿刺置管溶栓联合髂静脉支架植入治疗,静脉造影评价静脉通畅程度.结果 32例均行临时性下腔静脉滤器植入术,在彩色超声多普勒引导下经腘静脉穿刺置管溶栓;27例行球囊扩张及髂静脉支架植入术,放置支架29枚,其余5例单纯行球囊扩张术;术后患肢临床症状明显减轻或消失,未出现肺动脉栓塞,经腘静脉溶栓后经导管静脉造影见髂静脉再通率为40%～90%,平均60%,股静脉再通率为50%～80%,平均70%,32例随访2～45个月,平均16个月,27例髂静脉支架植入髂静脉通畅率为100%,5例行球囊扩张术患者中,1例髂静脉完全闭塞,4例髂静脉再通率为20%～30%.结论 经腘静脉置管溶栓联合髂静脉支架植入术是治疗急性髂股静脉血栓的有效方法,创伤小、恢复快、安全、疗效肯定.     

腘静脉置管溶栓联合髂静脉支架治疗髂股静脉血栓

目的探讨腘静脉置管溶栓联合髂静脉球囊扩张或支架植入术治疗髂股静脉血栓的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析山东省立医院血管外科2004年2月至2006年9月收治的30例髂股静脉血栓，均采用超声引导下惠肢腘静脉置管溶栓联合髂股静脉球囊扩张或支架植入的方法进行治疗。其中15例行球囊扩张及髂静脉支架术，5例行单纯球囊扩张术，20例行临时性下腔静脉滤器置入术。术中以及静脉造影评价静脉通畅程度，门诊以彩超随访髂静脉通畅率。结果置管溶栓后经导管静脉造影显示髂静脉再通率30％-90％（平均55％），股静脉再通率40％-100％（平均70％）。术后患肢临床症状明显减轻或消失。住院费用（5．2—8．4）万元，平均7．7万元，30例随访1-31个月，平均11个月，25例髂静脉支架植入者髂静脉通畅率100％，5例单纯球囊扩张者髂静脉再通率0—20％。结论腘静脉置管溶栓术联合髂静脉支架植入术是治疗髂股静脉血栓的安全有效方法之一，但是价格昂贵，广泛临床应用困难，远期效果有待于进一步随访。     

腔内治疗联合股浅静脉瓣膜缩窄术治疗Cockett综合征42例

目的探讨腔内治疗联合股浅静脉瓣膜缩窄术治疗Cockett综合征的疗效。方法42例Cockett综合征并有股静脉严重倒流的患者,Seldinger技术穿刺左股静脉置入导管鞘及交换导丝引入球囊扩张管,反复扩张后置入自膨式Z型支架或Wallstent支架。5~7d后以ePTFE人工血管片缩窄股浅静脉第一对瓣膜。结果置入支架后造影见病变髂静脉恢复通畅,支架到位及扩张良好。经随访8 ~45个月, 38例肢体肿胀完全消失,无浅静脉曲张; 3例仍伴有轻度的肢体凹陷性水肿。1例术后2个月支架内血栓形成经溶栓治疗而愈。结论本方法治疗Cockett综合征创伤小,操作简单、安全且具有良好的近、中期效果。     

血管腔内成形术治疗髂股静脉血栓形成后综合征的临床疗效

目的探讨分期血管腔内成形术治疗髂股静脉血栓形成后综合征(PTS)的疗效。方法回顾性分析我科2008年5月至2011年10月期间收治的45例髂股静脉PTS患者的临床资料,采用经皮穿刺股静脉或切开股静脉直视下穿刺,造影明确病变静脉部位及病变长度后,导丝开通闭塞段,球囊导管行扩张成形术。结果 45例(45条患肢)血管腔内球囊扩张成形术均取得成功。无一例发生管腔破裂等严重并发症。45例随访6～30个月,(18.06±3.12)个月,患肢症状明显缓解31例,患肢症状部分缓解10例,患肢症状无缓解4例。复查静脉血管造影,治愈9例,显效18例,好转14例,无效4例,总有效率为91.11%(41/45)。结论血管腔内成形术操作简便、微创、安全,是治疗髂股静脉PTS的有效方法。     

术中髂动脉支架结合股动脉旁路术治疗多节段动脉硬化闭塞症

目的 探讨术中髂动脉腔内成形及支架植入结合股-Guo动脉旁路术治疗多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的初步临床经验。方法 采用术中同时行髂动脉腔内成形和支架植入结合股-Guo动脉旁路术治疗多节段动脉硬化闭塞症10例（12条肢体）。结果 术中11条髂动脉行腔内成形和支架植入均获成功,9条肢体行股-Guo动脉人工血管旁路术,3条肢体行股-股-Guo动脉人工血管旁路系列转流术;1条肢体股-Guo动脉旁路术失败,本组患者无重要脏器并发症和手术死亡。平均随访时间6个月（1-12个月,髂动脉腔内支架通畅率100%;3条股-股动脉耻骨上人工血管转流均通畅;而股-Guo动脉人工血管通畅率83.3%;截肢率8.3%。结论 术中髂动脉腔内支架结合股-Guo动脉旁路术是治疗多节段动脉硬化闭塞症的安全、有效方法。     

Catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis

Patients with acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis often experience severe postthrombotic complications that result from venous obstruction and valve incompetence. Conventional anticoagulation prevents thrombus extension, fatal pulmonary embolism, and recurrence of the deep venous thrombosis, but it can hardly minimize the postthrombotic complications. Whether early thrombus removal significantly reduces the postthrombotic morbidity is an important question related to the treatment of these patients. This article will chiefly introduce rationale for and evidence supporting early thrombus removal for acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis, and the development and current status of catheter-directed thrombolysis and adjunctive percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy or pharmacomechanical thrombolysis, which are usually the first line of therapy for early removal of an acute thrombus in the proximal veins of the leg. In addition, we will briefly introduce the development of new pharmacologic agents.     

A case of inferior vena cava thrombosis associated with cholelithiasis demonstrated by ultrasonic examination

A case of a 44 year old female with inferior vena cava thrombosis associated with cholelithiasis was reported. The patient had chest and back pain due to pulmonary embolism. Ultrasonic examination showed stone echoes in the gallbladder and thrombus echoes in the inferior vena cava (IVC) at the height from renal veins to bifurcation of iliac veins, but iliofemoral thrombosis was not found by RI angiography and venography. Anticoagulant and urokinase were administered, then pulmonary embolus disappeared and IVC thrombus reduced. IVC thrombus was removed by incision of IVC. Thrombus was white thrombus. Etiology of thrombus was not clear. IVC ligation or plication for prevention of pulmonary emboli was not carried out. Etiology, diagnosis and treatment of IVC thrombosis were also discussed.     

Treatment of May-Thurner syndrome with catheter-directed thrombolysis and stent placement, complicated by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

May-Thurner syndrome is an uncommon process in which the right common iliac artery compresses the left common iliac vein, resulting in left iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis and severe leg edema. We report the case of a 41-year-old female who presented with severe left leg edema present for 1 day. One week earlier she had experienced acute shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. Duplex ultrasound revealed a left iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. A computed tomography (CT) scan performed for abdominal pain revealed thrombosis of the entire left common and external iliac veins. A ventilation-perfusion scan diagnosed a pulmonary embolism. The patient was treated with systemic intravenous heparin and catheter-directed thrombolysis of the iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. Complete thrombolysis and iliofemoral vein patency was achieved over 5 days. A persistent stenosis in the left common iliac vein consistent with May-Thurner syndrome was alleviated with percutaneous balloon angioplasty and placement of a Wallstent. Heparin therapy was terminated at the time of stenting because of suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The patient was started on a continuous infusion of 10% dextran 40, and warfarin therapy was initiated. Heparin-induced antibodies were confirmed by a C-14 serotonin release assay. The endovascular reconstruction remains patent 4 months later. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia complicating endovascular reconstruction of the iliofemoral venous system in a patient with May-Thurner Syndrome is an uncommon occurrence. This case and a review of the literature are discussed.     

Endovascular surgery in prophylaxis of pulmonary thromboembolism and treatment of acute venous thrombosis

From 1995 to 2001 1089 patients underwent 1141 endovascular procedures for treatment of acute thrombosis of vena cava inferior (VCI) system and prophylaxis of pulmonary thromboembolism (PT) including 61 catheter thrombectomies from VCI and common iliac veins, 35 regional thrombolyses, 880 implantations of permanent cava-filter "hourglass" and it modifications, 159 implantations of temporary cava-filter "umbrella", 3 implantations of filter-stent, 3 thrombectomies of a giant mobile thrombus with Dotter basket with subsequent cava-filter implantation. Efficacy of PT prophylaxis after these procedures was 97.9%. Catheter thrombectomy and regional thrombolysis permitted to repair passage through deep veins in 69.8% patients. Temporary cava-filter after treatment was removed in 49.1% patients. After implantations of permanent cava-filters early and late complications were seen in 8.9% cases.     

Treatment of acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis: a strategy of thrombus removal.

Patients with acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) suffer the most severe postthrombotic sequelae. The majority of physicians treat all patients with acute DVT with anticoagulation alone, despite evidence that postthrombotic chronic venous insufficiency, leg ulceration, and venous claudication are common in patients treated only with anticoagulation. The body of evidence to date in patients with iliofemoral DVT suggests that a strategy of thrombus removal offers these patients the best long-term outcome. Unfortunately, currently published guidelines use outdated experiences to recommend against the use of techniques designed to remove thrombus, ignoring recent clinical studies showing significant benefit in patients who have thrombus eliminated. Contemporary venous thrombectomy, intrathrombus catheter-directed thrombolysis, and pharmacomechanical thrombolysis are all options that can be offered to successfully remove venous thrombus with increasing safety. The authors review evidence supporting the rationale for thrombus removal and discuss the most effective approaches for treating patients with acute iliofemoral DVT.     

Neovascularization in acute venous thrombosis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the phenomenon of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) formation in venous thrombus. METHODS: Patients referred to the vascular laboratory for evaluation for deep venous thrombosis were included. Duplex ultrasound scanning was used to detect flow within the thrombus. The flow patterns and the resistivity index were obtained in the veins above/proximal and below/distal to the thrombus, in the adjacent arteries, and within the perivenous vessels. Patients with trauma, hemodialysis access, endovenous ablation, known AVF, or inflammatory conditions were excluded. RESULTS: There were 22 patients with AVF flow in thrombosed veins. Deep veins were involved in 15 cases and superficial veins in the remainder. Perivenous vessels feeding the AVF in the thrombus could be clearly identified in 16 patients (19 vein segments). In 21 of 22 patients, multiple flow channels were present throughout the involved thrombosed vein segment. These flow channels were isolated to a single vein segment. They measured <4 cm in length in 19 cases and were more extensive in the remaining three. Reflux within the vein segment was identified in 13 cases. Local symptoms that could be attributed to the arterialization of thrombosed veins occurred in four cases, and none of the patients manifested systemic symptoms. The flow within the thrombus had high end-diastolic velocities with a mean resistivity index of 0.48 (SD, 0.08), which is typical of a fistula flow pattern. The flow in the main arteries was unaffected. CONCLUSION: Neovessels were found with AVF flow in thrombi of superficial and deep veins. They had variable length and multiple flow channels, with inflow from perivenous arteries. The flow in the adjacent main arteries was not affected, and no systemic symptoms were detected. The exact etiology and natural history of this phenomenon are not known, and its clinical significance is unclear.     

Patency after iliofemoral and iliocaval venous thrombectomy

Between 1981 and 1984, 42 iliac venous thrombectomies were performed in 41 patients with recent iliofemoral venous thromboses. Of the 42 thromboses, 18 extended into the inferior vena cava. In 31 cases a temporary arteriovenous fistula was constructed and in 21 cases the inferior vena cava was partially interrupted. Early postoperative venography was performed in 40 of 42 thrombectomy cases. One or more late venograms were done one to four years postoperatively. None of the patients died during the hospital stay, and there were no cases of intraoperative or early postoperative pulmonary embolism. Six postoperative hematomas were evacuated. Patency of the iliac veins was maintained in 93% of cases. When performed with care venous iliac thrombectomy associated with a temporary arteriovenous fistula appears to be the appropriate treatment for iliofemoral or iliocaval thromboses less than ten days old.     

Iliofemoral venous thrombectomy followed by percutaneous closure of the temporary arteriovenous fistula

Iliofemoral venous thrombosis treated by anticoagulants alone almost invariably results in postthrombotic sequelae with deep venous reflux alone or combined with an outflow obstruction. This study evaluates the result of iliofemoral venous thrombectomy with temporary proximal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) performed on 48 consecutive patients. In 10 patients the thrombus extended in the inferior vena cava, and the thrombectomy was combined with inferior vena cava interruption. The AVF closed spontaneously in 8 of 48 patients (patency rate, 84%). An attempt to close the AVF by placing a detachable balloon percutaneously under radiographic control was made 6 to 12 weeks later (success rate, 87%; complications, rare). A preclosure arteriovenography of the femoro-iliaco-caval segment revealed 34 of 38 segments open (patency rate, 89%). Four patients had severe stenosis of the iliac segment, and a transvenous percutaneous dilatation was successfully performed in three of the four patients, keeping the fistula. At AVF closure 4 weeks later the arteriovenography showed sustained dilatation in only two patients. Thirty-seven patients were followed for 3 to 48 months (median, 24 months) and 30 of 37 patients (81%) who had no symptoms were not using compression stockings. Doppler investigation revealed patent and competent femoral and popliteal veins and normal photoplethysmography in 56% of the patients. Four iliac veins were occluded (patency rate, 88%). No recurrence of fistula had occurred. Venous iliofemoral thrombectomy seems to better preserve valve function. The percutaneous balloon closure of the AVF has decreased the complication rate, facilitated venographic evaluation of the result, and made possible the performance of percutaneous interventions under the protection of the AVF.     

Clinical and functional results after transfemoral thrombectomy for iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis: a 5-year-follow-up

PURPOSE: The optimal therapy of deep pelvic and leg venous thrombosis is still a matter of debate. The purpose of our study was to evaluate early and late results of iliofemoral thrombectomy with regard to the prevention of the development of a postthrombotic syndrome. METHODS: Between 1996 and 2000, 57 patients underwent transfemoral venous thrombectomy for acute iliofemoral thrombosis. 30 patients were reexamined after a mean of 60.4 months. At follow-up, the patency of the venous segments as well as the development of reflux was investigated by duplex-ultrasound. Furthermore, clinical signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency as well as the subjective satisfaction of the patients with the operation were recorded. RESULTS: Postoperatively the veins of the lower leg were completely recanalized in 25 % of the cases, those of the thigh in 52.3 %. The patency rate at the level of the groin, the pelvis and the caval vein were 92.5, 86 and 100 %, respectively. At follow-up, the veins of the lower limb, the thigh and the pelvis were patent in 76.7 % each and in 73.3 % at groin-level. The caval vein was completely recanalized in all cases. Reflux occurred in 12 patients. 26.7 % of the patients showed no signs of a postthrombotic syndrome. 63.3 % had mild changes including dilated superficial veins and swelling tendency, and only in 10 % trophic skin changes were apparent. A healed or active ulceration did not occur in any case. Except one, all patients were satisfied with the results of the thrombectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Transfemoral thrombectomy for acute iliofemoral venous thrombosis offers good early and late results in terms of preserving venous function and reducing symptoms of venous insufficiency. In our patient population, the development of a severe postthrombotic syndrome could be reduced effectively.