脊髓小脑性共济失调一家系的基因诊断和产前诊断

目的 确定一脊髓小脑性共济失调(spinocerehellar ataxia,SCA)家系具体分型,并开展症状前患者检测和产前诊断.方法 收集该脊髓小脑性共济失调家系中的2例患者的血液标本,结合该家系的临床表现和我国该类疾病的发病率,采用聚合酶链反应对SCA1、SCA2和SCA3/MJD 3个基因的三核苷酸重复片段进行扩增,并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和PCR产物测序的方法确定所有正常和异常扩增等位基因内三核苷酸重复次数.明确致病基因后,对患者子女进行症状前检测,并对1例怀孕症状前患者进行了产前诊断.结果 SCA1和SCA2基因内三核苷酸重复次数在正常范围内,SCA3/MJD的2个等位基因中1个等位基因三核苷酸重复次数在正常范围内,另1个等位基因三核苷酸重复次数在异常范围内.患者子女有1人携带异常等位基因,胎儿携带异常等位基因.结论 该家系经基因诊断确诊为SCA3/MJD型,有1人为症状前患者,该症状前患者所孕胎儿也为症状前患者.     

一例脊髓小脑共济失调疑似肝豆状核变性患者的基因检测分析

目的应用聚合酶链式反应及Sanger测序法对一例神经系统性疾病患者进行鉴别诊断,辅助临床确诊。方法对患者进行外周血DNA提取后,使用聚合酶链式反应和Sanger测序法分析基因组DNA改变,并对其家系以及100例正常人进行DNA分析,从而辅助临床进行疾病确诊。结果基因组DNA分析发现,患者携带肝豆状核变性相关基因ATP7B的3个突变(11号外显子c.36GA、12号外显子c.125GA?和13号外显子c.108TG),但是家系内成员和正常人也有携带。同时发现患者脊髓小脑共济失调相关基因ATXN3中CAG重复次数为27/57,超过正常重复次数(12-40)。结论通过基因检测技术对患者基因组DNA进行分析,结合相应临床症状,确诊该患者为3型脊髓小脑共济失调。因此,对于临床上难以鉴别的疑难病例,可以考虑使用分子生物学检测辅助诊断。     

辽宁地区脊髓小脑性共济失调一大家系分子遗传学研究

目的研究一脊髓小脑性共济失调大家系的基因分型。方法收集该脊髓小脑性共济失调大家系中的13名患者的血液标本,结合该家系的临床表现和我国该类疾病的发病率,采用聚合酶链反应对SCA1、SCA2和SCA3/MJD三个基因的三核苷酸重复片段进行扩增,并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和PCR产物测序的方法确定所有正常和异常扩增等位基因内三核苷酸重复次数。结果 SCA1和SCA2基因内三核苷酸重复次数在正常范围内,SCA3/MJD的两个等位基因中一个等位基因三核苷酸重复次数在正常范围内,另一个等位基因三核苷酸重复次数在异常范围内。结论该家系经基因诊断确诊为SCA3/MJD型。     

东北地区正常汉族人群 SCA1及 SCA3/MJD基因内CAG重复变异研究

目的　对东北地区 110名汉族正常人 SCA1及 SCA3/ MJD基因 (CAG) n拷贝进行检测 ,探讨其正常变异范围 ,并对临床诊断为遗传型脊髓小脑共济失调的 8个家系的 2 5例患者和 6个散发病例进行基因分型评价和症状前及产前诊断。方法　应用荧光 - PCR方法测定不同基因型片段长度 ,并进行 DNA序列分析。结果　 SCA3/ MJD基因 (CAG) n正常变异范围为 14～ 38个拷贝 ,集中于 14个拷贝 ,其等位基因频率为 39.5 5 % ,杂合频率为 78.18% ,共 13种等位基因。检出一个家系先证者携带有 (CAG) 6 8的 SCA3/ MJD基因 ,并对该家系成员进行了症状前诊断 ,没有发现 (CAG) n拷贝异常突变 ;SCA1基因内 (CAG) n正常变异范围 2 0～ 39拷贝 ,集中于 2 6及 2 7次 ,等位基因频率分别为 34.0 9%和 2 0 .91% ,杂合频率为 84 .5 5 % ,共 13种等位基因 ;散发病例未检出 CAG扩展性突变。结论　 SCA1及 SCA3/ MJD基因中 (CAG) n正常变异范围存在地区和种族差异 ,SCAs基因分型是该病症状前及产前诊断的首选策略。     

一个遗传性脊髓小脑型共济失调大家系的致病基因分析

目的探讨一个遗传性脊髓小脑型共济失调（SCA）大家系的遗传特点和基因突变分析。方法对一个遗传性脊髓小脑型共济失调（SCA）大家系进行家系调查,绘制系谱图,抽取家系成员外周血,采用聚合酶链反应和毛细管电泳对致病基因进行分析检测。结果该家系的遗传性脊髓小脑型共济失调（SCA）为常染色体显性遗传,6代45人中有15人为SCA患者,4人为携带致病基因的无症状患者。患者ATX3基因的CAG三核苷酸重复65-73次。结论该家系为常染色体显性遗传的SCA3型（SCA/MJD）,患者基因突变检测分析显示异常扩增的CAG突变数与发病年龄呈明显的负相关。基因突变检测在疾病诊断和早期发现无症状患者方面有重要作用,从遗传生殖角度阻断该病的遗传有重要意义。     

常染色体显性小脑性共济失调致病基因动态突变位点三核苷酸重复变异的研究

目的 探讨毛细管电泳技术在动态突变位点检测中的技术问题,并分析常染色体显性小脑性共济失调(autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias,ADCA)患者与正常对照人群脊髓小脑性共济失调(spinocerebellar ataxia,SCA)1,2,3,6,7亚型的致病基因动态突变位点三核苷酸重复数的分布范围,以期为今后标准化ADCA基因检测技术及中国人群制定相关基因动态突变量化标准提供依据.方法 以263个ADCA家系的先证者及261个无亲缘关系的正常对照为对象,应用荧光PCR-毛细管电泳及DNA测序技术进行上述SCA致病基因内动态突变位点基因分型,统计分析不同对照下各基因动态突变位点毛细管电泳检测重复数与DNA测序结果的差异,以及各基因三核苷酸重复特点及重复次数分布范围.结果 以DNA测序所确定的重复次数为标准,SCA各致病基因动态突变位点的PCR产物在毛细管电泳中,迁移率均大于GC含量相对均衡的分子量内标片段,其中SCA2、6、7亚型基因位点尤为明显.以各基因已知CAG重复数片段为外标计算受检标本CAG重复数,可将误差缩小至±1个拷贝.在各基因CAG正常重复范围内,PCR产物毛细管电泳迁移率主要与CAG拷贝数相关,而与CAG拷贝数变异所致PCR产物GC含量变化的关系不明显.在263个ADCA家系中,发现SCA1家系6个(2.28%),SCA2家系8个(3.04%),SCA3家系81个(30.80%),未发现SCA6和SCA7家系.排除上述突变基因后,正常等位基因重复次数变异范围在SCA1为17～36次,杂合率为76.1%,SCA2为13～30次,杂合率为17.7%,SCA3为14～39次,杂合率为74.4%,SCA6为6～16次,杂合率为72.1%,SCA7为6～13次,杂合率为41.3%.突变等位基因重复次数变化范围在SCA1为49～56次,SCA2为36～41次,SCA3为59～81次.未发现单一位点纯合突变或两位点双重杂合突变患者.结论 通过设置有限数量的已知拷贝数对照,进行荧光PCR-毛细管电泳检测,可以准确地计算出SCA致病基因动态突变位点CAG重复次数.本研究结果支持中国人群中SCA3致病基因突变是导致ADCA的最常见病因.SCA1,2,3,6,7亚型致病基因正常与突变的CAG重复数资料可为中国人ADCA动态突变量化标准的建立提供参考.     

一个遗传性脊髓小脑共济失调大家系的连锁分析

目的检测一遗传性脊髓小脑共济失调家系的遗传缺陷基础。方法收集湖南地区一遗传性脊髓小脑共济失调家系，对患者的临床表型进行评估。采集家系成员48人（包括患者8人）外周静脉血提取基因组DNA，对候选染色体区域选取合适的微卫星标记，采用多重PCR和电泳方法进行基因组扫描，数据经Linkage软件包进行连锁分析以对该家系进行基因定位，以确定疾病相关基因所在的染色体区域。结果两点间连锁分析结果显示，该家系在脊髓小脑共济失调遗带瘟童SCAl、SCA27SCA3、SCA57SCA67SCA77SCA87SCAl07SCAl，？SCAl27SCAl37SCAl47SCAl57SCAl67SCAl7、SCA20、SCA27、SCA28、SCA31、DRPLA处的最大LOD值仅为0．49，提示该家系致病基因与这些位点无连锁关系。结论排除该家系与目前已知的20个常染色体显性小脑共济失调相关染色体位点的连锁关系，提示可能存在其它未知的SCAs位点。     

浙江沿海一家系脊髓小脑性共济失调的基因突变检测与临床表现

目的 探讨浙江沿海脊髓小脑性共济失调的基因突变检测与临床表现.方法 对该家系18例患者的临床表现、头颅MRI等辅助检查资料分析,并与10名家系中未发病成员及12名非血缘的健康人进行SCA31MJD基因CAG三核苷酸重复数目比较.结果 家系18例患者均为SCA3/MJD型,同时检测出家系中未发病对照组有2例为SCA31MJD型基因携带者.产物测序结果家系对照组与健康对照组CAG重复数为14～27次;SCA患者CAG重复数为67～82次;SCA3/MJD携带者CAG重复数为28～45次.在现存三代18例患者中,每代均有患者,男女均受累,起病年龄平均38岁,以行走不稳、动作笨拙和言语含糊为突出表现,MRI检测结果小脑、脑干明显萎缩.结论 在我国沿海存在SCA3/MJD家系遗传.临床均以共济失调和构音障碍为突出,CAG重复数目检测可为基因诊断和症状前诊断提供依据.     

中国大陆遗传性脊髓小脑型共济失调患者PURATROPHIN-1基因c.-16C＞T突变研究

目的 研究中国大陆遗传性脊髓小脑型共济失调(spinocerebellar ataxia,scA)患者PURATROPHIN-1 c.-16C＞T突变分布.方法 应用聚合酶链反应.限制性片段长度多态技术,对已经排除了SCA1、SCA2、SCA3、SCA6、SCA7、SCA17和齿状核.红核.苍白球路易体萎缩的68个常染色体显性遗传SCA家系的先证者及119例散发SCA患者进行PURATROPHIN-1基因c.-16C＞T突变检测.结果 未发现PUPURATROPHIN-1基因c.-16C＞T突变.结论 PURATROPHIN-1基因c.-16C＞T突变在中国大陆SCA人群中罕见.     

脊髓小脑性共济失调12型维吾尔族一家系的基因突变及临床特点

目的 研究新疆地区维吾尔族脊髓小脑性共济失调12亚型(spinocerebellar ataxia type 12,SCA12)致病基因的CAG三核苷酸病理重复次数范围及临床特点.方法 依据Harding标准,收集一个维吾尔族家系,应用聚合酶链反应、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、T载体分子克隆技术并结合酶切鉴定、直接测序等技术对其中6例患者、54例家系"健康"个体进行分子遗传学诊断,基因诊断为SCA12型,同时对致病基因CAG三核苷酸病理重复次数进行突变分析.结果 发现该家系SCA12型患者6例,症状前患者13例.5例经基因重组检测发现:患者异常等位基因CAG重复数目分别是47次、51次、52次、53次;症状前患者是48次;其中在连续CAG重复中间有单个碱基C、A、G的互相替换.结论 SCA12型的47次CAG病理重复次数为国内外报道的最小CAG病理重复次数;国内首次对维吾尔族SCA12型的基因突变特点进行分析,从而对于该类疾病的准确分类、病因探讨、治疗、产前诊断等具有重要的意义.     

慢性进行性眼外肌瘫痪和Kearns-Sayre综合征的线粒体DNA突变分析

目的 探讨慢性进行性眼外肌瘫痪(chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia，CPEO)和Kearns-Sayre综合征(Kearns—Sayre syndrome，KSS)的线粒体DINA(mitochondrial DNA，mtDNA)突变特点。方法 用Southern印迹方法检测7例CPEO和4例KSS患者的肌肉组织mtDNA，并进一步用聚合酶链反应产物直接测序来明确缺失的具体范围；用聚合酶链反应-限制性内切酶分析法检测有无mtDNA A3243G点突变。结果 发现5例患者(2例CPEO和3例KSS)存在mtDNA的大片段缺失；1例KSS患者存在A3243G点突变。5例大片段缺失的大小及缺失范围各不相同，从3．0～8．0kb不等，缺失型mtDNA占总mtDNA的比例为37．6％～87．0％。聚合酶链反应产物测序表明这5例缺失类型均未见文献报道。结论 与CPEO和KSS患者相关的最常见的mtDNA突变为大片段缺失，A3243G点突变也可在少数患者中检测到。     

脊髓小脑性共济失调12型维吾尔族一家系的基因突变及临床特点

目的 研究新疆地区维吾尔族脊髓小脑性共济失调12亚型(spinocerebellar ataxia type 12,SCA12)致病基因的CAG三核苷酸病理重复次数范围及临床特点.方法 依据Harding标准,收集一个维吾尔族家系,应用聚合酶链反应、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、T载体分子克隆技术并结合酶切鉴定、直接测序等技术对其中6例患者、54例家系"健康"个体进行分子遗传学诊断,基因诊断为SCA12型,同时对致病基因CAG三核苷酸病理重复次数进行突变分析.结果 发现该家系SCA12型患者6例,症状前患者13例.5例经基因重组检测发现:患者异常等位基因CAG重复数目分别是47次、51次、52次、53次;症状前患者是48次;其中在连续CAG重复中间有单个碱基C、A、G的互相替换.结论 SCA12型的47次CAG病理重复次数为国内外报道的最小CAG病理重复次数;国内首次对维吾尔族SCA12型的基因突变特点进行分析,从而对于该类疾病的准确分类、病因探讨、治疗、产前诊断等具有重要的意义.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion and clinical characteristics of a Chinese Uygur family with spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA12) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Methods In the Uygur SCA12 family, 6 patients and 54 "healthy" members were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, agarose gel electrophoresis, recombinant DNA technology by T-Vector cloning and restriction enzyme digestion, and direct sequencing. The diagnosis of SCA12 was confirmed. The CAG trinucleotide expansion was also analyzed. Results Six members in the family were diagnosed as SCA12 patients and 13 were presymptomatic. Five of them were successfully detected by sequencing. The CAGrepeat numbers of 4 patients were 47, 51, 52 and 53, respectively, and 48 in the presymptomatic patient.We also observed that in the CAG repeat region there was replacement of single nucleotide C, A or G.Conclusion Forty-seven CAG repeats of SCA12 has been reported as the shortest known causative expanded alleles. The present study is the first report of the characteristics of SCA12 gene mutation in Chinese. It will provide basis for the accurate classification, disease etiology, treatment and prenatal diagnosis of this disease.     

脊髓小脑性共济失调12型维吾尔族一家系的基因突变及临床特点

目的 研究新疆地区维吾尔族脊髓小脑性共济失调12亚型(spinocerebellar ataxia type 12,SCA12)致病基因的CAG三核苷酸病理重复次数范围及临床特点.方法 依据Harding标准,收集一个维吾尔族家系,应用聚合酶链反应、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、T载体分子克隆技术并结合酶切鉴定、直接测序等技术对其中6例患者、54例家系"健康"个体进行分子遗传学诊断,基因诊断为SCA12型,同时对致病基因CAG三核苷酸病理重复次数进行突变分析.结果 发现该家系SCA12型患者6例,症状前患者13例.5例经基因重组检测发现:患者异常等位基因CAG重复数目分别是47次、51次、52次、53次;症状前患者是48次;其中在连续CAG重复中间有单个碱基C、A、G的互相替换.结论 SCA12型的47次CAG病理重复次数为国内外报道的最小CAG病理重复次数;国内首次对维吾尔族SCA12型的基因突变特点进行分析,从而对于该类疾病的准确分类、病因探讨、治疗、产前诊断等具有重要的意义.     

A patient with two mitochondrial DNA mutations causing PEO and LHON

We report a 22-year-old man with PEO and optic atrophy. PEO developed before the onset of optic atrophy. The patient showed mitochondrial myopathy with cytochrome c oxidase deficient fibers.In skeletal muscle the patient was homoplasmic for the mtDNA G11778A Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) mutation and heteroplasmic for the mtDNA 5 kb “common” deletion mutation. In blood only the homoplasmic LHON mutation was identified.The occurrence of two pathogenic mtDNA mutations is exceedingly rare. The clinical findings in this patient indicate that the combination of the two mtDNA mutations resulted in the expected combined phenotype since the mtDNA deletion mutation accounted for the PEO and the mtDNA G11778A point mutation for the optic atrophy.     

Method for in situ investigation of mitochondrial DNA deletions

A number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions have been recently identified in the tissues of patients with mitochondrial diseases and in elderly individuals. To investigate the distribution of mutant mitochondrial genomes within any particular tissue, we have developed a sensitive method based on indirect in situ PCR. Our experiments have shown that the new method had the advantage of selectively amplifying only mtDNA bearing the 4,977 bp deletion. We show that this method is more sensitive than in situ hybridization for detecting the 4977 bp mtDNA deletion while using only a low number of PCR cycles that minimize damage to tissue architecture. By using this method, we have demonstrated that the mutation does not occur uniformly among the cells of a given tissue/organ. This technique will be useful studying the distribution/localization of mtDNA mutations in individual cells of tissues and when combined with enzyme histochemical procedures in adjacent sections will enable the correlation between mtDNA mutations and bioenergy defects in single cells. Hum Mutat 10:489–495, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Co-existence of high levels of a cytochrome b mutation and of a tandem 200 bp duplication in the D-loop of muscle human mitochondrial DNA

Previous studies have suggested that some patients with large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions also presented a heteroplasmic 260 bp tandem duplication in the mtDNA D-loop region. Such duplications were observed not only in patients with mitochondrial pathology but also in aged subjects. However, the percentage of duplicated mtDNA did not exceed a few per cent of the total mtDNA, except in one example where it reached 30%. We report here another type of 200 bp duplication in the mtDNA D-loop region that, instead of being associated with a large-scale deletion, is correlated to the presence of a point mutation in the cytochrome b gene. The 200 bp duplication concerned up to 95% of the total mtDNA of some muscle mitochondria and was absent from the patient lymphocyte DNA. The percentages of the 200 bp duplication and that of the cytochrome b mutation were relatively close in whole muscle as well as in single muscle fibres, suggesting a correlation between the mutation and the duplication. This duplication could also be detected by PCR in two other patients with mitochondrial disorders but without known deletion or mtDNA mutation. These data suggest that the accumulation of these small duplications in the mtDNA D-loop could be indicative of the presence of other defects of the mtDNA which would damage the respiratory chain function. These deficiencies would induce the generation of small duplications in the D-loop.      

In situ hybridization of mitochondrial DNA in the heart of a patient with Kearns-Sayre syndrome and dilatative cardiomyopathy

Previous studies have revealed cytochrome-c-oxidase-deficient cardiomyocytes and the 4,977 base pair deletion ("common deletion") of mitochondrial DNA (position 8,482-13,459) in the heart of a patient with dilatative cardiomyopathy and Kearns-Sayre syndrome. In the present investigation the co-localization of the enzymatic and genomic defects was studied. In situ hybridization of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) revealed different hybridization patterns in the cytochrome-c-oxidase-deficient cells: (1) a selective reduction of the hybridization signal with an mtDNA probe recognizing the common deletion, indicating predominance of the deleted over the nondeleted mtDNA molecules in the cytochrome-c-oxidase-deficient cells; (2) a reduced hybridization signal with different mtDNA probes, indicating depletion of mtDNA; and (3) normal hybridization signals with different probes in single cytochrome-c-oxidase-deficient cardiomyocytes. These results indicate that different mechanisms may co-exist in Kearns-Sayre syndrome and may lead to defective respiratory chain function. The question of the pathogenetic interrelationship is discussed.     

线粒体DNA 3243、3316点突变与2型糖尿病

目的研究2型糖尿病患者中线粒体tRNA^Leu(UUR)基因3243A／G突变和NADH脱氢酶亚单位1基因(ND1)基因3316G／A突变的发生频率及其与2型糖尿病的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链反应及限制性片段长度多态性技术检测225例中国云南2型糖尿病患者和195名无糖尿病家族史的健康对照者有无3243A／G突变和3316G／A突变，并经DNA直接测序确证。结果2型糖尿病患者中3316G／A突变者5例(2．22％)，195例对照者中突变者2例(1．03％)，突变发生率在两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0．4576)；两组中无线粒体3243A／G突变。结论线粒体tRNA^Leu(UUR)基因3243A／G突变在中国云南2型糖尿病人群中发生频率低，可能不是云南人群中2型糖尿病的常见病因。线粒体ND1基因3316G／A突变可能仅为人群中线粒体基因组的正常多态。其他的遗传、环境及子宫内因素需要进一步研究。