根部坏疽穿孔型阑尾炎的腹腔镜诊治体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜阑尾切除术中阑尾根部坏疽穿孔的处理方法。方法:回顾分析我院与诸暨市人民医院2013 年 6 月—2018 年6 月共收治102 例根部坏疽穿孔型阑尾炎行腹腔镜阑尾切除术的临床资料。63 例用Endoloop 双重套扎阑尾根部,再切除阑尾;38 例用单纯结扎+3-0 可吸收薇荞线“8”字缝合盲肠浆肌层;4 例行内镜下切割吻合器(Endo-GIA)切割闭合器处理。结果:手术均成功,无中转开腹。术后2 例出现戳孔感染,1 例出现腹腔积液,无肠漏及腹腔脓肿发生。结论:腹腔镜治疗根部坏疽穿孔型阑尾炎是安全可行的,具有创伤小,痛苦小,疤痕小,康复快,并发症少等优点。     

根部坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎的腹腔镜治疗

目的:探讨腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)治疗根部坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎的安全性和可行性。方法:总结2001年9月至2004年9月应用LA治疗45例根部坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎的临床资料,术中处理阑尾根部时,Endoloop阑尾根部直接套扎23例,间断缝合阑尾残端加医用生物蛋白胶覆盖15例,清除阑尾残余组织加医用生物蛋白胶覆盖残端放置硅胶引流管7例。结果:手术全部成功,无中转开腹,平均手术时间76.3m in,术后排气时间23.8h,11例术后使用止痛药,1例戳口感染,无肠漏及腹腔脓肿发生,平均住院时间5.5d。结论:对于根部坏疽穿孔性阑尾LA术是可行的,并具有创伤小、康复快、并发症少等优点。     

坏疽、化脓性阑尾炎合并穿孔的腹腔镜治疗

目的:探讨腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)治疗坏疽、化脓性阑尾炎合并穿孔的安全性和可行性。方法:总结2002年1月至2007年12月应用LA治疗93例坏疽、化脓性阑尾炎合并穿孔患者的临床资料,术中处理阑尾根部时,使用Endo-loop阑尾根部双重套扎或双重钛夹夹闭46例,直接腹腔镜下丝线打结阑尾根部23例,间断缝合阑尾残端加医用生物蛋白胶覆盖15例,清除阑尾残余组织加医用生物蛋白胶覆盖残端,放置硅胶引流管9例。结果:93例手术均获成功,无中转开腹,平均手术时间72min,术后排气时间22.5h,11例术后使用止痛药或止痛针,1例戳口感染,无肠漏及腹腔脓肿发生,平均住院5d。结论:随着腹腔镜技术的不断成熟、完善,对于坏疽、化脓性阑尾炎合并穿孔患者行LA是安全可行的,具有患者创伤小、痛苦轻、疤痕小、康复快、并发症少等优点。     

适于基层医院开展的改良腹腔镜阑尾切除术(附390例报告)

目的探讨适于基层医院开展的改良腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)的应用技术。方法2009年12月～2012年1月采用适宜的麻醉方式、规范化三孔法操作、阑尾系膜单极电凝、自制简易圈套器结扎阑尾根部、自制标本袋阑尾取出等改良的LA技术操作,行LA 390例。结果 390例均成功完成LA,无一例中转开腹。手术时间15～120 min,平均30 min。术后病理:急性单纯性阑尾炎102例,急性化脓性阑尾炎199例,慢性阑尾炎58例,穿孔坏疽性阑尾炎25例,阑尾周围脓肿6例。异位阑尾16例:肝下2例,盲肠壁内3例,腹膜后位8例,盆腔低位3例;微型短小阑尾1例。390例术后随访2～24个月,平均6个月,无出血、肠瘘、肠粘连梗阻等并发症。结论改良的LA适于基层医院开展。     

腹腔镜下圈套器套扎法治疗复杂穿孔性阑尾炎的临床观察

正腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)以其微创优势已成为治疗急性阑尾炎的首选方法,但阑尾根部或盲肠壁坏疽穿孔的阑尾炎一直是微创外科的相对禁忌证[1]。2012年5月至2015年5月我院在腹腔镜下采用圈套器套扎法治疗阑尾根部或盲肠壁坏疽穿孔阑尾炎42例,疗效满意。     

O形缝扎法在根部坏疽性阑尾炎腹腔镜手术中的应用

<正>与开腹阑尾切除术相比,腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)具有便于腹腔探查、切口感染率低、康复快等优点~([1]),适于单纯性、化脓性、坏疽性、穿孔性、慢性及异位阑尾炎,其数量在逐渐增加,已逐渐成为阑尾切除的首选方法~([2])。对于根部坏疽的阑尾残端,腹腔镜下处理较困难。2014年4月至2016年8月我科应用LA治疗28例根部坏疽性阑尾炎患者,以O形缝扎法处理阑尾根部,疗效满意。现报道如下。1资料与方法     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术中转开腹相关危险因素的分析

目的:探讨影响腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)中转开腹的相关因素。方法:回顾分析2014年4月至2016年5月施行LA的患者中6例急性阑尾炎患者中转开腹的临床资料,分析影响中转开腹的相关危险因素。结果:LA中转开腹率为4.2%。单因素分析表明,发病时间、阑尾致密粘连、根部坏疽或穿孔、盲肠后位阑尾与LA中转开腹有关(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析表明,阑尾致密粘连(OR=1.258,P0.05)是LA中转开腹的独立危险因素。结论:阑尾致密粘连是LA中转开腹的独立危险因素。术前应建立合理的评判标准、选择合理的手术时机及手术方式,尽可能避免中转开腹。     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术63例分析

目的:总结腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)的经验并探讨手术适应证.方法:总结分析LA 63例的临床资料.结果:63例中急性单纯性阑尾炎8例,急性化脓性阑尾炎38例,其中急性阑尾炎合并卵巢囊肿1例.急性坏疽性阑尾炎14例,坏疽穿孔并急性弥漫性腹膜炎1例,阑尾黏液性囊肿1例,慢性阑尾炎1例.中转开腹1例,平均住院时间为4.5天.无术后出血、肠粘连、肠梗阻、腹腔脓肿、穿刺孔感染、粪漏等并发症发生.结论:合理使用腹腔镜技术,妥善处理阑尾系膜及残端,掌握阑尾移出腹腔的方法,可避免戳孔感染,减少肠粘连、肠梗阻的发生,并且创伤小、康复快,尤其适用于肥胖、小儿、老年病人     

肥胖病人腹腔镜阑尾切除术168临床分析

目的总结腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)的临床疗效。方法对168例肥胖阑尾炎病人行LA,回顾性分析病人的临床资料。结果 166腹腔镜下顺利完成阑尾切除术,手术时间15～102 min,平均(38.5±16.8)min。中转开腹2例,系阑尾根部化脓穿孔、盲肠后位阑尾且粘连致密。术后切口感染2例,均为中转开腹病人,经多次换药治愈。本组无肠管、输尿管损伤及肠瘘,无死亡病例。住院时间4～21 d,平均5.7 d。有53例获0.5 a以上随访,无肠梗阻等并发症。结论肥胖阑尾炎病人行LA手术野显露清晰、创伤小、切口感染率低。     

腹腔镜治疗阑尾炎497例

目的:总结腹腔镜阑尾切除术在治疗阑尾炎中的效果。方法:回顾分析经腹腔镜行阑尾切除术497例的临床资料,并与同期剖腹治疗阑尾炎进行比较。结果:497例中63例无法满意处理残端或盲肠壁内阑尾、腹膜外位阑尾而中转开腹。11例腹腔脓肿,9例皮下气肿,6例术后肩背部疼痛,余者无粪瘘、肠粘连、切口感染、阑尾残株炎等术后并发症。结论:经腹腔镜治疗阑尾炎为首选治疗方式。经腹腔镜切除阑尾可取代传统的开腹阑尾切除术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.