口服胃舒平对茶碱药物动力学的影响

以６只家兔单服氨茶碱（Ａ）和同服胃舒平（Ｂ）后茶碱的血药浓度及药物动力学进行研究。结果表明两药同服时，茶碱的血药浓度明显偏低，所得药动学参数经配对ｔ检验，Ｃｍａｘ和ＡＵＣ具有显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），Ｂ与Ａ的ＡＵＣ之比约为８０％，而Ｔ１／２（Ｋａ）、Ｔ１／２（Ｋ）、Ｔｍａｘ无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。表明：胃舒平对茶碱的代谢消除无显著影响。但可影响茶碱的吸收，致使茶碱的生物利用度降低约２０％。因此在临床应避免两者同时服用     

大鼠体内中毒剂量氨茶碱的时辰药物动力学

２０只大鼠在标准明暗周期（明期：暗期＝１２ｈ∶１２ｈ）下饲养１周，自由进食进水，并随机分为２组，９∶００组于上午９∶００给予氨茶碱５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｉｐ，于用药后０．５，１．０，１．５，３．０，６．０，７．５ｈ剪尾取血，高效液相色谱法检测血药浓度。２１∶００组于液间２１∶００给药，方法同前。结果：（１）２１∶００组血药浓度较９∶００组高，Ｃｍａｘ大；Ｔ１／２小，Ｋｅ大，其中Ｔ１／２相差达１．４５倍；２１∶００组ＡＵＣ０－７．５ｈ大于９∶００组，但ＡＵＣ（０－∞ｈ）小于９∶００组。（２）本研究中大鼠血药浓度是人类最高限浓度的２～３倍，用药后大鼠呈中毒表现，由于消除快速，ｃ－ｔ曲线仍呈线性，与人类不同。     

头孢唑林和头孢他啶在老年人中的药物动力学研究

对头孢唑林和头孢他啶在老年人中的药物动力学进行了研究，并同期在年轻人中进行了比较。老年组单次静滴头孢他啶１ｇ后的高峰血浓度（Ｃ_（ｍａｘ））为１０１．３６±２０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ，血清消除半衰期（Ｔ_（１／２β））为２．４２±０．３４ｈ，肾清除率（Ｃｌｒ）为６２．９３±１９．２１ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，药一时曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ）为２４４．３０±６１．５１ｈ·ｍｇ／Ｌ。与年轻组相比，血清Ｔ_（１／２β）延长，Ｃｌｒ降低，ＡＵＣ增大，两者间的差异具统计学显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｃ_（ｍａｘ）则相近。老年组单次静滴头孢唑林后，血清Ｔ_（１／２β）也较年轻者为长，分别为２．４８±０．３７和１．９４±０．２６ｈ；Ｃｌｒ为低，分别为３４．６８±７．１０和４４．５３±１０．９６ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ；ＡＵＣ增大，分别为３８０．７１±６１．３９和３３９．５６±７９．８９ｈ·ｍｇ／Ｌ，上述药动参数间的差异除ＡＵＣ外均具统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。根据本研究结果，提出头孢他啶和头孢唑林在治疗老年人感染时的给药调整方案。     

不同时间口服地高辛的临疗效

探讨不同时间服用地高辛的临床疗效。方法采用自身对照法考察上午７：００和下午４：００服用地高辛达稳态后其药动力学参数的变化。结论下午４：００服用地高辛较上午７：００服用疗效好。     

血肌酐值法预测地高辛个体化给药方案

在地高辛常规监测中，用血肌酐值法预测个体化药动学参数和给药方案。结果表明，８４例病人的地高辛药物动力学参数预测值为，ＣＬ７６±２１ｍｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ），Ｖｄ７．０５±１．２０Ｌ／ｋｇ，Ｔ１／２６６±７ｈ。预测的个体化剂量为３．１±０．９μｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），预测的稳态血药浓度（Ｃ＿（ｓｓ））为１．２４±０．３８μｇ／Ｌ，与实测Ｃ＿（ｓｓ）１．２±０．４μｇ／Ｌ比较，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

沙丁胺醇在家兔体内的时间药代动力学

沙丁胺醇（Ｓａｌ）抗哮喘作用的昼夜节律，可能与其在体内的药代动力学的昼夜差别有关。为此本文给家兔灌胃２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１Ｓａｌ，用ＨＰＬＣ荧光检测１０：００ｈ和２２：００ｈ两个时间动物体内血药浓度。结果表明，Ｓａｌ的药动学参数存在明显的昼夜差别。Ｔｐ白天为（２．２８±０．２０）ｈ，夜间为（１．２５±０．３０）ｈ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＡＵＣ白天为（０．４１±０．０９）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ·ｈ，夜间为（０．３０±０．０５）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ·ｈ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ｔ１／２白天是（２．７２±０．２２）ｈ，夜间为（１．８６±０．１３）ｈ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ｃｍａｘ昼夜无差别。     

小诺米星在新生儿的药物动力学

本文报告２０例患儿（男性１２例，女性８例；日龄１５±ｓ８ｄ）应用小诺米星，Ａ组１０例以４ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），Ｂ组１０例以５ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），均ｂｉｄ，静脉滴注，观察其药物动力学与肾毒性。单剂０．５ｈ滴毕。结果：血药峰值分别为４．５与４．７μｇ／ｍＬ（Ｐ＞０．０５）。２组药物动力学参数（Ｖｄ，Ｃｌ，ＡＵＣ）与肾毒性参数（β２－ＭＧ，ＢＵＮ）差别均无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示该药用于新生儿，且剂量增至５ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）于１ｗｋ内应用是安全的。     

卡托普利对肾血管性高血压大鼠血小板胞浆[Ca2 ]i及血浆TXA2/PGI2的影响

观察卡托普利（Ｃａｐ）对血浆血栓素Ａ２（ＴＸＡ２）、前列腺环素（ＰＧＩ２）及血小板胞浆钙离子浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）、血小板聚集率（ＰＡｇ）的影响．方法：大鼠管饲Ｃａｐ１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１，２ｗｋ．结果：二肾一夹型肾血管性高血压大鼠血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ（Ａｎｇ）和ＴＸＡ２／ＰＧＩ２升高（Ｐ＜００５），血小板［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ及ＰＡｇ显著增高（Ｐ＜００１）．Ｃａｐ在显著降低血压同时，血浆ＴＸＡ２／ＰＧＩ２显著降低（Ｐ＜００５），且血小板［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ及ＰＡｇ也明显降低（Ｐ＜００１）．结论：Ｃａｐ对血小板［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ及血小板功能的影响与其改善ＴＸＡ２／ＰＧＩ２比值有关．     

盐酸纳洛酮舌下含片在犬体内的药代动力学及绝对生物利用度

本文采用高效液相色谱－电化学检测法研究了盐酸纳洛酮舌下含片在犬体内的药代动力学及绝对生物利用度。雄性犬８只，ｉｖ５ｍｇ盐酸纳洛酮后，血浆药物浓度的经时过程符合二室开放模型，分布半衰期（ｔ１／２α）为１２．０ｍｉｎ，消除半衰期（ｔ１／２β）为１４３．４ｍｉｎ，ＡＵＣ为７．９２ｍｇ（ｍｉｎ／Ｌ。犬给予５ｍｇ盐酸纳洛酮舌下含片后，血浆药物浓度的经时过程符合一级吸收二室开放模型，吸收较快，吸收半衰期（ｔ１／２Ｋａ）为１１．０ｍｉｎ，分布半衰期（ｔ１／２α）为１５．４ｍｉｎ，消除半衰期（ｔ１／２β）为１６４．１ｍｉｎ，达峰时间（Ｔｍａｘ）为２７．７ｍｉｎ，高峰浓度（Ｃｍａｘ）为３４．２ｎｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ为６．７９ｍｇ．ｍｉｎ／Ｌ，盐酸纳洛酮舌下含片的绝对生物利用度为８６．８（１０．９％。经统计学检验，两种途径给药后的ｔ１／２α、ｔ１／２β、（和（均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。上述结果表明，盐酸纳洛酮舌下含片在犬体内的处置过程与ｉｖ途径是相似的，生物利用度较高，预计在临床能产生较好的疗效     

高效液相色谱法与紫外法测定慢性阻塞性肺病患者茶碱血药浓度的评价

本文用高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）和双波长紫外分光光度法（ＵＶ）平行测定了２ｌ例慢性阻塞性肺病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者的血清茶碱浓度，共１２３例次。两种方法之间有良好的线性关系（ｒ＝０．９７６１，Ｐ＜０．０ｌ），但ＵＶ法较ＨＰＬＣ法测得的血清茶喊浓度低（△Ｃ＝－０．６±１．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｎ＝１２３，Ｐ＜０．０５）。药物动力学研究表明：两种方法所得药＋时曲线均符合一房室模型，血药浓度的差异并不影响茶碱的主要药动学参数值及由此预测的给药剂量。Ｋａ为３±５／２．５±２．８ｈ~(－１)；Ｋ为０．４±０．０７／０．１５±０．０５ｈ~(－１)；Ｔ１／２为５．７±２．４／５．０±１．８ｈ；Ｃｌ为０．０９±０．０５／０．０８±０．０４Ｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ）；Ｄ为１．０±０．６／０．９±０．４ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｈ），Ｐ＞０．０５。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.