血浆ARR筛查原发性醛固酮增多症的应用分析

目的探讨血浆醛固酮/肾素活性比值(ARR)在原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)的应用分析。方法选取2016年1月至2017年12月在驻马店市中心医院治疗的PA患者78例(PA组),同时选取疑似PA但确诊为原发性高血压(EH)患者120例(EH组),比较两组临床一般资料以及卧位、立位ARR水平。方法 PA组收缩压、舒张压和尿钾分别为(162.20±20.03)mmHg、(103.20±12.23)mmHg和(37.18±9.39)mmol/L,明显高于EH组(P0.05),而血钾为(3.02±0.55)mmol/L,明显低于EH组(P0.05);PA组卧位、立位ARR分别为73.01(42.23,120.03)ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1和60.10(30.12,220.43)ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1,明显高于EH组(P0.05);卧位ARR和立位ARR诊断PA的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.910和0.946(P0.05),卧位ARR和立位ARR截断值分别为15.96ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1和32.96ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1,灵敏度分别为94.90%和100.00%,特异度分别为80.83%和81.67%。结论血浆ARR筛查PA有重要作用,其中立位ARR筛查诊断的价值可能较高,值得进一步研究。     

原发性醛固酮增多症术前鉴别诊断分析

目的提高对原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)中腺瘤(APA)和特发性醛固酮增多症(IHA)患者的诊断水平。方法对近5年临床确诊的52例PA患者的生化检查、体位试验、影像学检查与术后病理结果进行分析。结果APA患者血钾低于IHA组,尿钾、尿PH高于IHA组;体位试验结果:17例APA患者中立位血醛固酮较卧位升高11例,下降的6例,35例IHA患者立位血醛固酮均较基础升高;影像学检查:APA患者B超、CT、MR I诊断符合率分别为50%、90%和91.6%。IHA患者符合率则为68%、93.75%和90.48%。结论APA患者部分生化异常程度较IHA患者明显;体位试验在APA和IHA中有部分重叠,立位血醛固酮升高者者不能排除APA,而血醛固酮下降者可确诊APA;CT与MR I诊断符合率基本相似。     

醛固酮与肾素活性比值对原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断价值

目的 评价醛固酮与肾素活性比值(ALD/PRA,ARR)对原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)的诊断价值.方法 回顾性收集44例PA、9例嗜铬细胞瘤、8例无功能性瘤、12例库欣综合征、4例肾动脉狭窄及13例原发性高血压患者的ALD、PRA结果,计算ARR,采用受试者操作特性(ROC)曲线评价各项指标的诊断价值.结果 卧位ALD ROC曲线下面积为0.947,临界值(cut-off值)为174.1 ng/L时,敏感度为86.4%,特异度为91.3%.立位ALDROC曲线下面积为0.889,cut-off值为209.8 ng/L时,敏感度为84.1%,特异度为87.0%.卧位ARR ROC曲线下面积为0.978,cut-off值为40.8 ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1时,敏感度为95.5%,特异度为95.7%;立位ARR ROC曲线下面积为0.981,cut-off值为35.26 ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1时,敏感度为95.5%,特异度为93.5%;联合立位ARR和立位ALD,其诊断价值明显优于单一指标,当立位ALD>275 ng/L,立位ARR ROC曲线下面积为0.989,cut-off值为23.73 ng·dl-1/ng·ml-1·h-1时,特异度为100%,敏感度为95.7%.结论 ARR诊断PA的价值高于ALD、PRA,立位ARR优于卧位,当联合立位AID>275ng/L,则诊断价值更大.     

原发性醛固酮增多症33例临床分析

目的 探讨原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)的诊断和治疗方法.方法 对我院1995～2006年间收治的33例PA患者进行了回顾性分析与总结.结果 醛固硐(APA)28例,占85%;特发性醛固酮增多症(IHA)5例,占15%;66.67%IHA患者立位后醛固酮上升大于33%,氨体舒酮试验阳性率达80%;B超、CT检查结果与PA的诊断符合率为72%和92%.结论 血、尿醛固酮,肾素活性测定与氨体舒通试验是PA的主要诊断方法;血醛固酮立位试验有助于肾上腺皮质肿瘤和增生的鉴别;双侧肾上腺静脉采样,是PA分型定侧的重要方法;PA的定侧主要依靠B超、CT;外科手术是治疗APA的重要方法;IHA多采用药物治疗.     

1例行生理盐水抑制试验患者观察护理

原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism，PA，简称原醛症)是由肾上腺皮质自主性分泌过多醛固酮引起的以高血压、低血钾及低肾素活性为主要特征的疾病,较原发性高血压(essentialhypertension，EH)更易发生心脑血管及肾脏等靶器官损害[1-2].生理盐水试验(saline infusion test，SIT)是国内外指南推荐的原醛症确诊试验之一,并建议盐水负荷后血浆醛固酮水平>10ng/dl(1ng/dl=27.7pmol/L)时可确诊原醛症,<5ng/dl则可以排除[[3-4].该试验对原醛症诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为95.4%和93.9%[5].但由于血容量急剧增加,会诱发高血压危象及心功能衰竭 [3].因此在试验过程中的观察护理显得尤为重要,我科于2018年1月收治1例高血压患者,予行生理盐水抑制试验,该患者在试验过程中出现血压大幅波动，经积极治疗护理顺利完成试验,未发生上述不良事件,试验结果确诊为原发性醛固酮增多症.现将护理体会报道如下：     

多层CT诊断原发性醛固酮增多症的评价

目的:观察原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,PA)的多层CT(MDCT)表现,探讨MDCT在PA分型诊断和定位诊断中的价值。方法:回顾112例经手术及病理证实的PA患者的MDCT定位结果,探讨醛固酮瘤(aldosterone-producing adenoma,APA)和特发性醛固酮增多症(idiopathic hyperaldosteronism,IHA)的MDCT表现和特点。结果:与术中所见对照发现,MDCT对PA的定位诊断正确率为98.2%。与术后病理学诊断对比分析显示,MDCT对PA亚型中APA的定性诊断正确率为93.1%。结论:影像学检查对PA中APA和IHA的分型诊断有着重要的价值,MDCT对PA的定位诊断和鉴别诊断尤为重要。     

原发性醛固酮增多症的诊治--附56例报告

目的:提高对原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,PA)的诊断和治疗水平.方法:回顾性分析56例PA患者的临床资料.结果:PA的临床表现复杂多样,高血压为最早、最常见的症状;就诊时伴低血钾者仅37例(66%),尿钾增多者占53例(95%);体位试验诊断符合率达88%(29/33);B超和CT诊断准确率分别为79%和91%.29例醛固酮腺瘤(aldosterone producing adenoma,APA)患者经手术全部治愈;无行手术者予螺内酯治疗,特发性醛固酮增多症(idiopathic hyperaldosteronism,IHA)患者经药物治疗后病情控制良好.结论:综合多种检查结果相互印证有利于PA的定性、分型诊断,各种检查需要充分排除其影响因素;手术切除肿瘤是APA的根治方法,IHA患者首选药物治疗.     

高血压鉴别诊断性实验的研究分析

目的 探讨生理盐水滴注抑制试验、卡托普利抑制试验诊断原发性醛固酮增多症的临床意义及护理措施。方法 收集2012年1～7月在我科治疗的56例高血压患者的临床资料,行生理盐水滴注抑制试验和卡托普利抑制试验诊断高血压原因,比较确诊病例与疑似病例的血浆醛固酮、肾素、醛固酮/肾素活性比值。结果 10例原发性高血压,46例继发性高血压,其中确诊原发性醛固酮增多症18例,疑似病例28例,两组的性别、年龄、收缩压及舒张压比较差异无显著意义（P〉0.05）,具有可比性。两组血浆醛固酮的平均值分别为30.8ng/L、12.9ng/L,肾素0.26ng/（ml·h）、0.54ng/（ml·h）,醛固酮/肾素活性比值150.1、23.2,差异有显著意义（P〈0.001）。结论 生理盐水滴注抑制试验和卡托普利抑制试验是筛选、确诊原发性醛固酮增多症的主要手段,护理是准确地进行试验的关键,试验前仔细准备,试验中严格用药、病情观察、准确采集标本,试验后观察及记录检查结果非常重要。     

原发性醛固酮增多症分型定位诊断的现状

<正>原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,PA)是继发性高血压最常见的病因,发病率为3%~20%。随着血浆醛固酮/肾素活性比值的广泛应用,PA的检出率明显提高~([1])。肾上腺皮质腺瘤(aldosterone-producing adenoma,APA)及双侧肾上腺增生(bilateral adrenal hyperplasia,BAH)是     

醛固酮腺瘤患者血浆醛固酮、肾素水平分析

目的探讨化学发光免疫法(CLIAS)检测血浆醛固酮、肾素对醛固酮腺瘤(APA)的筛查价值。方法选取确诊为APA并经手术治疗的患者79例及确诊为原发性高血压(EH)的患者96例,采用CLIAS检测所有患者血浆醛固酮、肾素水平。比较APA患者术前、术后血浆醛固酮、肾素水平及醛固酮/肾素比值(ARR)。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价ARR诊断APA的性能。结果 APA组血浆醛固酮水平及ARR明显高于EH组(P0.05)、血浆肾素水平明显低于EH组(P0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,立位ARR诊断APA的曲线下面积为0.938,最佳临界值为42.8,敏感性为98.0%,特异性为91.6%,约登指数为0.896。与术前比较,APA患者术后立位醛固酮水平明显降低(P0.05),肾素水平明显升高(P0.05),ARR明显下降(P0.001)。结论 CLIAS可作为血浆肾素、醛固酮检测的有效方法,在APA筛查中具有重要价值。     

Bilateral aldosterone-producing adenomas: differentiation from bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

BACKGROUND: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a common curable disease of secondary hypertension. Most such patients have either idiopathic bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) or unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). Bilateral APAs are reportedly extremely rare. AIM: To compare the distinctive characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of bilateral APA vs. BAH. DESIGN: Retrospective record review. METHODS: From July 1994 to Jan 2007, 190 patients diagnosed with PA underwent surgical intervention at our hospital. Bilateral APA was diagnosed in 7/164 patients with histologically-proven APA. Twenty-one patients diagnosed as BAH, and 21 randomly selected of unilateral APA patients, matched by age and sex served as controls. RESULTS: Patients with bilateral APA had similar blood pressure, arterial blood gas analysis, spot urinary potassium to creatinine ratio and clinical symptoms to those with BAH, but lower serum potassium levels (p = 0.027), lower plasma renin activity (p = 0.037), and higher plasma aldosterone concentrations (p = 0.029). Aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR) after administration of 50 mg captopril was higher in bilateral APA than in BAH patients (p = 0.023), but not different between unilateral APA and BAH (p = 0.218). A cut-off of ARR >100 ng/dl per ng/ml/h and plasma aldosterone >20 ng/dl after captopril significantly differentiated bilateral APA from BAH. Bilateral subtotal adrenalectomy normalized blood pressure and biochemistry in all patients with bilateral APA. DISCUSSION: Bilateral APA, presenting simultaneously or sequentially, may not be a rare disease, accounting for 4.3% of APA in this sample. The clinical presentations of bilateral functional adenoma are not different from BAH, but patients with low serum potassium and ARR >100 after captopril should be carefully evaluated for bilateral adenoma.     

Detection of primary aldosteronism using the captopril test

In order to evaluate whether changes in the plasma concentration of aldosterone (PA) following the administration of captopril, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme, will establish the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism we have used this test in 9 healthy subjects and in 22 patients with various forms of hypertension, including 5 patients with primary aldosteronism due to idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (n = 4) or aldosterone-producing adenoma (n = 1). The response of PA to captopril (25 mg orally) was investigated on an outpatient basis, following a rest period of 120 minutes in the supine position. In healthy subjects PA decreased from a mean basal value of 11.5 +/- 5.9 ng/dl to less than 6.4 ng/dl (4.9 +/- 1.4 ng/dl [p less than 0.01]). Similarly, captopril induced a fall in PA concentration to less than 6.4 ng/dl in patients with essential hypertension, with renal artery stenosis or with an afunctional kidney. Post-captopril concentrations of plasma aldosterone were about twice the normal level in 3 of 4 patients with idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia and about four-fold raised above normal in the patient with an aldosterone-producing adenoma. In spite of a false-negative result in one patient with idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia, the administration of captopril appears to be of use in recognizing patients with primary aldosteronism on an outpatient basis.     

Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: Comparison of post-captopril active renin concentration and plasma renin activity

BackgroundA common pharmacologic test for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA) is the administration of captopril to determine whether an abnormal plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) to plasma renin activity (PRA) ratio(ARR) persists, although active renin concentration (ARC) may offer advantages with regard to processing and standardization.MethodsA prospective, head-to-head study was conducted between Feb 2008 and Dec 2008. One hundred and fourteen patients enrolled and received captopril to aid in the diagnosis of PA in the TAIPAI intervention.ResultsFifty-one patients were diagnosed with PA. Post-captopril ARC was significantly correlated with PRA. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the post-captopril ARR was not different in PRA vs ARC measurements. When post-captopril ARC-based ARR (ARR_ARC) > 35.5 as the cut-off value, we obtained sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 86.4% to differentiate PA from essential hypertension.ConclusionsThe correlation of individual PRA and ARC after administration of captopril was excellent; especially at the lower PRA levels. Post-captopril ARR_ARC values used to diagnose PA are not different from post-captopril PRA-based (ARR_PRA) values in patients without kidney, liver and heart failures. Primary aldosteronism can be diagnosed with a post-captopril cut-off value of ARR_ARC > 35.5 pmol/ng.     

原发醛固酮增多症亚型实验室检验结果分析

目的分析原发醛固酮增多症不同亚型的实验室检查结果差异。方法 92例原发醛固酮增多症患者,依据术后组织病理结果分为肾上腺腺瘤组（76例）和肾上腺增生组（16例）,比较2组血钾、血钠、血醛固酮、肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮肾素比值。结果增生组血钾水平（（3.78±0.38）mmol/L）高于腺瘤组（（3.34±0.66）mmol/L）（P〈0.05）,血钠、血醛固酮、肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮肾素比值（（143.61±2.45）mmol/L、13.5（6.8,245.0）ng/（L·h）、（0.66±0.72）mg/L、（36.90±23.37）ng/L、170.0（7.7,9 450.0））与腺瘤组（（144.53±3.16）mmol/L、21.2（2.1,375.0）ng/（L·h）、（0.62±1.23）mg/L、（33.84±24.51）ng/L、111.0（2.1,6 820.0））比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论原发醛固酮增多症肾上腺腺瘤和肾上腺增生患者临床表现相似,术前检测血钾有助于亚型判定。     

ALP、PSA及其相关指标与前列腺癌骨转移的关系

目的探讨ALP、PSA及其相关指标（fPSA、fPSA/tPSA、PSAD）与前列腺癌骨转移的关系,及对前列腺癌骨转移诊断的预测作用。方法回顾分析2005年9月至2009年2月在我院经前列腺穿刺活检或手术后病理检查确诊的167例前列腺癌患者。以ECT、X线片、CT/MRI或骨活检诊断骨转移,分析ALP、PSA、fPSA、fPSA/tPSA、PSAD与前列腺癌骨转移的关系及对骨转移的诊断价值。结果 167例前列腺癌患者中骨转移104例（62.3%）,非骨转移63例（37.7%）。骨转移组ALP、PSA及PSAD明显高于非骨转移组（均P〈0.01）,而两组间fPSA/tPSA差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。PSA〉50ng/ml组骨转移率明显高于PSA〉20～50ng/ml组、〉10～20ng/ml组和≤10ng/ml组（均P〈0.05）;ALP〉90U/L组骨转移率明显高于ALP≤90U/L组（P〈0.05）;PSAD〉0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3组骨转移率明显高于PSAD≤0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3组（P〈0.05）。以ALP〉90U/L、PSA〉50ng/ml和PSAD〉0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3为界分别分析ALP、PSA、PSAD、PSA＋ALP、PSA＋PSAD和PSA＋PSAD＋ALP对前列腺癌骨转移诊断的预测价值,发现指标联合应用后阳性预测值及阴性预测值较单一指标好,PSA＋PSAD＋ALP联合应用的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值最佳,分别为100%、79.17%、91.38%及100%。结论 ALP、PSA及PSAD均为判断前列腺癌患者有无骨转移的可靠指标,PSA＋PSAD＋ALP联合应用有助于预测前列腺癌骨转移,当患者PSA〈50ng/ml、PSAD〈0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3及ALP〈90U/L时,几乎可排除骨转移。     

液相色谱串联质谱法对原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断价值

目的： 探讨液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）检测方法中的卡托普利试验（captopril test，CCT）和生理盐水输注试验（saline infusion test，SIT）对原发性醛固酮增多症（primary aldosteronism，PA）的诊断价值。方法： 选取2018年2月至2019年2月复旦大学附属中山医院内分泌科收治的高血压患者127例，其中111例患者行CCT试验，101例患者行SIT试验。通过LC-MS/MS方法检测患者试验前后血浆醛固酮浓度（PAC）、肾素活性及醛固酮/肾素活性比值（aldosterone/renin ratio，ARR）水平。以手术或螺内酯试验为诊断金标准，采用CCT和SIT的ROC曲线探讨2种试验的诊断指标和最佳诊断截断值。结果： PA患者57例，原发性高血压患者70例。CCT后醛固酮、ARR及醛固酮抑制率的AUC分别为0.876、0.902和0.751；ARR为6.5时，诊断PA的灵敏度为94.2%，特异度为78%；PAC为34.8 pg/mL时，诊断PA的灵敏度为75.5%，特异度为93.2%。SIT后醛固酮、ARR及醛固酮抑制率的AUC分别为0.881、0.823和0.652；PAC为24 pg/mL时，诊断PA的灵敏度为87.2%，特异度为78.8%。结论： CCT后ARR和PAC均可作为PA的诊断指标，诊断截断值为6.5和34.8 pg/mL；SIT试验后PAC为PA诊断指标，诊断截断值为24 pg/mL。     

CT对原发醛固酮增多症亚型的诊断价值

目的探讨CT在原发醛固酮增多症亚型醛固酮瘤和肾上腺增生鉴别诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析94例肾上腺肿瘤患者的CT影像资料,与手术组织病理进行对照,分析术前CT诊断醛固酮瘤及肾上腺增生的准确率,比较CT诊断直径≥1.5cm与直径〈1.5cm醛固酮瘤的准确率。结果手术组织病理诊断原发醛固酮增多症79例,其中肾上腺醛固酮瘤62例,肾上腺皮质增生17例;CT术前诊断醛固酮瘤的准确率为85.5%（53/62）,诊断肾上腺增生的准确率为64.7%（11/17）,二者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;CT诊断直径≥1.5cm的醛固酮瘤的准确率为92.0%（46/50）,诊断直径〈1.5cm醛固酮瘤的准确率为58.3%（7/12）,二者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 CT术前诊断醛固酮瘤的准确率高于肾上腺增生,但对直径〈1.5cm的醛固酮瘤术前正确诊断率较低。     

Analytical validation and investigation on reference intervals of aldosterone and renin in Chinese Han population by using fully automated chemiluminescence immunoassays

BackgroundThe aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR) is recommended to screen for primary aldosteronism (PA) in hypertension. We estimated fully automated chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIA) for plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) and plasma direct renin concentrations (PRC) and investigated their reference intervals in Chinese Han population.MethodsPAC and PRC were measured on a fully automated analyzer (LIAISON XL, DiaSorin, Italy). Performance characteristics were estimated according to CLSI approved guidelines. 328 healthy individuals were selected for reference intervals investigation. Results simultaneously tested by CLIA and radioimmunoassays were reviewed from 123 patients with hypertension and/or adrenal space-occupying lesion. PAC/PRC ratio (ARR_prc) was compared to PAC/plasma renin activity (PRA) ratio (ARR_pra).ResultsWithin-laboratory imprecision was 5.6%–6.7% for PAC and 3.0%–3.3% for PRC. The LoQ was 72.2 pmol/L for PAC and 1.27 mIU/L for PRC. Linearity was excellent in the range of concentrations between 94 and 2708 pmol/L for PAC and 1.3–461.8 mIU/L for PRC. Interferences of hemoglobin, unconjugated bilirubin and lipaemia could be acceptable, but not of conjugated-bilirubin when renin and aldosterone at low concentrations. The central 95% reference intervals for males: PAC: 76–722 pmol/L, PRC: 3.3–92.7 mIU/L, ARR: 2.2–46.0 pmol/mIU; for females: PAC: 85–1010 pmol/L, PRC: 3.7–99.8 mIU/L, ARR: 3.6–68.4 pmol/mIU. Upper reference limits for ARR of younger and older men were lower than women. ARR_prc and ARR_pra showed almost perfect agreement (kappa = 0.815) for screening PA.ConclusionThe DiaSorin tests are valuable analytical options for PAC and PRC measurements. We recommend sex-specific and age-specific reference intervals of these items should be estimated.     

肾球旁细胞瘤6例临床分析及文献复习

目的探讨肾球旁细胞瘤的临床特点,提高对该病的诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾性分析6例肾球旁细胞瘤患者临床资料并复习相关文献。男5例,女1例,初诊年龄[26.2±5.7（18～37）]岁,就诊时高血压6例,血浆肾素活性[基础（6479.6±2349.3）ng·L-1·h-1,激发（8446.3±1926.4）ng·L-1·h-1]、血管紧张素Ⅱ[基础（114.8±34.2）pg/ml,激发（297.3±87.1）pg/ml]及血浆醛固酮[基础（0.35±0.04）nmol/L,激发（0.63±0.18）nmol/L]水平增高6例,低血钾4例。除1例拒行CT检查外,5例由动态增强CT定位。结果保守治疗1例,根治性患肾切除1例,保留肾单位的肾肿瘤切除4例,病理组织学及免疫组化证实肾球旁细胞瘤的诊断。术后随访4～160个月,血压、血钾、肾素、醛固酮均在正常范围内,未见肿瘤复发和转移。结论肾球旁细胞瘤具有高血压、高肾素血症、高醛固酮血症、低血钾的临床特点,动态CT增强扫描有助于定位,免疫组化染色CD34、肌动蛋白（Actin）阳性,细胞角蛋白（CK）阴性是其特征,保留肾单位的肿瘤切除术是有效的治疗方法。