新疆边境地区伊宁县图兰扇头蜱形态学及分子生物学鉴定

目的 对新疆边境地区伊宁县图兰扇头蜱进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定.方法 在新疆边境地区的伊宁县随机采集畜牧体表寄生蜱324只,进行形态学初步筛选,从中选取6只形态差异较大的图兰扇头蜱,进行线粒体16S rRNA和线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ (CO Ⅰ)基因序列扩增、测序,并与GenBank登录的图兰扇头蜱参考序列进行遗传进化分析.结果 形态学鉴定采集的伊宁县蜱类皆为图兰扇头蜱,两段序列的碱基组成均显示较高的A+T比例(16SrRNA基因为73.8％,CO Ⅰ基因为70.34％),在变异程度上16S rRNA基因较CO Ⅰ基因明显保守.结论 首次应用形态学、16S rRNA和CO Ⅰ基因测序分析表明新疆伊宁县采集蜱皆为图兰扇头蜱,并证明图兰扇头蜱具有生物多样性.     

甘肃河西地区蜱类初步调查

目的初步了解甘肃省河西地区武威、张掖、酒泉、嘉峪关蜱类的种类与分布情况。方法采用家畜动物体表检蜱法采集蜱,鉴定形态。结果获得甘肃省武威、张掖、酒泉、嘉峪关等地蜱类2科3属3种,其中软蜱科1种、硬蜱科2种,其种类组成以波斯锐缘蜱数量居首位,占采获蜱种数量的62.75%(283/451);亚东璃眼蜱次之,占25.49%(115/451);草原革蜱数量排第三位,占采获蜱种数量的11.76%(53/451)。波斯锐缘蜱在张掖地区首次发现。结论波斯锐缘蜱、草原革蜱和亚东璃眼蜱在河西地区均有分布,应做好防治工作。     

新疆尉犁荒漠地区蜱中主要蜱传疾病病原检测

目的 调查尉犁荒漠地区蜱的种群组成和分布及自然感染莱姆病、Q热、巴贝西原虫病、斑点热和人粒细胞无形体病病原体情况.方法 采用布旗法和动物体表搜集法采集蜱标本,PCR法进行病原检测.结果 在尉犁地区共采集蜱519只,隶属2属3种,分别为短小扇头蜱、图兰扇头蜱和亚洲璃眼蜱;短小扇头蜱为该地区的优势种,占捕获总数的88.25％.只在短小扇头蜱中检出2种蜱传疾病病原体,分别是斑点热群立克次体和无形体,检出率分别为6.27％和3.53％.结论 斑点热群立克次体和无形体在尉犁地区蜱中有不同程度的自然感染.     

二连浩特口岸鼠体寄生蜱感染病原体调查

目的 调查二连浩特口岸鼠体寄生蜱种群组成及自然感染病原体情况.方法 从捕获的鼠体上收集寄生蜱,提取单只蜱DNA基因组及总RNA,采用PCR或RT-PCR方法检测莱姆病螺旋体、Q热立克次体、巴贝西原虫、斑点热立克次体、无形体、森林脑炎病毒、布尼亚病毒、克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒.结果 共采集鼠体寄生蜱152只,分别为草原血蜱、银盾革蜱和亚东璃眼蜱,其中草原血蜱为优势种,占捕获总数的98.03％.从草原血蜱、银盾革蜱和亚东璃眼蜱中检测到斑点热立克次体19份,检出率为12.50％,其他病原体检测均为阴性.结论 二连浩特口岸地区存在斑点热立克次体自然疫源地.     

阿拉山口口岸地区蜱类区系调查及宿主动物染带关系监测分析

目的查清口岸地区蜱类本底种群构成、分布特点及与宿主的寄生关系,监测蜱类跨界动态信息,为识别外来物种、传疫情况提供基础科学依据。方法 2008年1-12月主要在口岸地区鼠疫监测点范围内,用人工诱捕法、布旗法,在家畜、家禽、野生动物、小型哺乳动物、洞穴中采集蜱类,将优势种群进行病原体监测。结果经一年的调查,采集蜱类1科5属8种1780只,其中包括进口牛皮中采集的334只蜱。优势种为亚洲璃眼蜱,占78.8%。该蜱除城区外在各监测点均有分布,也是寄生在家畜、小型哺乳动物体表的重要种类。常见种有银盾革蜱、残缘璃眼蜱、盾糙璃眼蜱、短垫血蜱,前3种是寄生在牛、羊、马、骆驼等体表的常见种,后1种是寄生在虎鼬、大耳猬等野生小型动物的常见种。稀有种有雷氏硬蜱、血红扇头蜱,常寄生在狼体表、鼠洞等。罕见种为短小扇头蜱。在进口牛皮中采集蜱类334只。结论经过一年的调查,初步查清了口岸地区蜱类媒介本底的种群构成、分布数量、季节消长及与宿主的染带关系,进口牛皮染蜱的动态信息,为防治疫病疫情、蜱类媒介的传入传出打下了基础。     

塔里木盆地新疆出血热蜱类及宿主动物感染调查

目的检测塔里木盆地蜱类、啮齿动物和家畜新疆出血热（克里米亚-刚果出血热，CCHF）的感染状况和自然界分布现状。方法将病原材料蜱或啮齿动物脏器或羊血液标本接种1～2日龄乳鼠，取具有典型临床症状的检查材料采用反向血凝（RPHA）和免疫荧光（IFA）方法做免疫学鉴定，并采用RT-PCR技术检测目标材料中CCHFV特异性S基因片段。结果实验室接种采集自环塔里木盆地21个县（市）的蜱类、啮齿动物脏器和羊血液标本422组，获得典型临床症状发病材料49份，其中以巴楚、尉犁、于田和若羌地区的新疆出血热临床典型发病检出率较高。用RPHA鉴定43份，阳性6份，阳性率为1．4％；RPHA阳性材料分布于尉犁、轮台和于田3个地区。用IFA鉴定42份，阳性13份，阳性率为3．1％；IFA阳性材料分布于巴楚、尉犁、民丰、轮台和于田5个地区。用RT-PCR方法检测32份，检测到CCHFV特异性S基因片段（329～548n1）31份，阳性材料分布于阿克苏、阿瓦提、巴楚、洛浦、尉犁、民丰、且末、若羌、轮台和于田10个地区。以亚东璃眼蜱的感染率最高，其次是羊，从子午沙鼠脏器材料中检测到CCHFVS基因片段。结论新疆出血热在新疆南部地区是以河流为依托，分布在环塔里木盆地区的沙漠绿洲胡杨灌木区域内，主要宿主媒介是亚东璃眼蜱，羊、骆驼等家畜和塔里木兔、子午沙鼠和大耳跳鼠可作为新疆出血热的储存宿主。     

内蒙古地区2015—2019年不同寄生蜱的种群分布及病原体多样性分析

目的 了解内蒙古地区2015—2019年不同寄生宿主蜱的蜱种分布、病原体感染及复合感染状况。方法 在每年蜱活跃高峰期采集蜱标本,经体视显微镜和特异性18S rRNA基因分型法进行蜱种鉴定。提取蜱基因组DNA,并对斑点热立克次体gltA和rOmpA基因、无形体msp2基因、埃立克体omp1基因、莱姆病螺旋体flaB基因和新型回归热螺旋体glpQ基因等病原体进行PCR检测。结果 本次共采集蜱虫6 465只,隶属于1科5属8种。游离蜱多为全沟硬蜱（79.0%）;羊和牛寄生蜱多为草原革蜱（68.2%,52.0%）;马和骆驼寄生蜱均为亚洲璃眼蜱;犬寄生蜱均为图兰扇头蜱。立克次体gltA阳性率为39.4%,其中羊、骆驼、马、牛等家畜寄生蜱阳性率均超过平均值;其他4种病原体多为游离蜱携带,其阳性率分别为12.3%、10.1%、11.0%、17.0%。内蒙古地区蜱媒疾病复合感染率为12.6%,其中,游离蜱复合感染率高于寄生蜱。结论 家畜感染立克次体较严重。游离蜱的复合感染情况较严重,因此要重点加强东部大兴安岭一带蜱媒传染病的监测工作。     

海南省琼中地区家畜体表寄生蜱的调查分析

目的了解家畜体表寄生蜱物种多样性及群落结构特点，并分析其与疾病的关系。方法采用逆毛式检蜱法，定义家畜体表寄生蜱为一个群落，运用生态学中相对优势度（组成比率）、优势指数、多样性指数和均匀度等方法进行测定。结果从放养的5群东山羊（20头）、4群黄牛（10头）和水牛（5头）中共检获蜱2614只，分属4个种属（血红扇头蜱、微小牛蜱、粒形硬蜱和钝刺血蜱），前两者为优势种；其中东山羊的优势度指数、多样性指数和均匀度等均高于黄牛和水牛。结论海南琼中地区家畜体表寄生蜱有4种，优势种为血红扇头蜱和微小牛蜱；其中东山羊的群落结构最丰富。应警惕斑点热群立克次体自然疫源性疾病的流行。     

复配杀虫剂处理衣服对硬蜱的防护效果研究

目的 研究氯菊酯、ES-生物丙烯菊酯、乙酰甲胺磷、残杀威4种作用机制不同的杀虫剂复配处理衣服对蜱的防护效果。方法直接接触。结果 草原革蜱和青海血蜱分别接触被处理的衣服9min和5min．死亡率达100％，麻点璃眼蜱和血红扇头蜱接触15min，死亡率达100％。4种蜱接触被处理的衣服1min后，青海血蜱2h的死亡率达100％，其它3种蜱7h死亡率达100％。结论 该复配杀虫剂处理衣服对硬蜱有很好的防护效果。     

新疆北疆部分地区硬蜱伯氏疏螺旋体基因型研究

目的调查和鉴定新疆北疆石河子市、沙湾县、伊宁县和察布查尔县媒介蜱,并确定其携带的莱姆病螺旋体的基因型。方法选择4县市6个牧区为调查点,采集羊源寄生硬蜱,结合形态学与16S rRNA进行蜱种鉴定;采用BSK-H培养基对莱姆病螺旋体分离培养,并用硝酸银染色和巢式PCR法进行病原检测,阳性产物测序结果比对,并与11种GenBank参考序列比对,确定莱姆病螺旋体的基因型。结果6个调查点共采集寄生硬蜱900多只,经形态学与16S rRNA鉴定分别为图兰扇头蜱、刻点血蜱、亚洲璃眼蜱和边缘革蜱;从中分别选取样本硬蜱共102只,分24管,分离培养后结合巢式PCR和硝酸银染色共获得16管阳性培养物。5S～23S rRNA基因问隔区测序比对分析表明,所有菌株为伯氏疏螺旋体与国际报道的B.burgdoq''eri Sensu Stricto(B31)基因型具有高度同源性,同源性为98.6%～99.5%;OspC基因型分析与上述结果一致。结论4县市分离获得伯氏疏螺旋体,基因型为B.burgdooCeri Sensu Stricto,且存在生物多样性。从图兰扇头蜱中分离到伯氏疏螺旋体为我国首次报道。     

塔里木盆地啮齿动物体外寄生虫群落结构及其聚类分析

目的 掌握塔里木盆地啮齿动物体外寄生虫群落组成、结构和分类。方法 根据地理区划和生境类型选择调查点，按样方法捕获啮齿动物，对体外寄生虫进行单独鉴定，采用群落生态学技术方法，计算各鼠类、蚤类群落的组成和结构参数，并采用聚类分析的方法，对该地区啮齿动物体外寄生虫群落进行分类。结果 在塔里木盆地共捕获啮齿动物7种351只，检获体外寄生蚤10种683只，蜱类3种321只，螨621只，虱29只，构建7个鼠类、蚤类群落；子午沙鼠体外寄生蚤的蚤指数、丰富度和多样性3项指标均较高，对该地区啮齿动物体外寄生虫群落的构成和稳定起到了积极作用，三趾跳鼠体外寄生虫群落与子午沙鼠存在一定的互补性，对维持塔里木盆地蚤类群落结构亦具有重要的作用。结论 经聚类分析可将塔里木盆地7种啮齿动物体外寄生虫群落聚类为4个类型：（1）短耳沙鼠、小林姬鼠、灰仓鼠和小家鼠体外寄生虫群落；（2）三趾跳鼠体外寄生虫群落；（3）大耳跳鼠体外寄生虫群落；（4）子午沙鼠体外寄生虫群落。     

2010年中蒙边境甘其毛都口岸地区蜱携带病原体调查研究

目的为了解中蒙边境蜱传疾病病原体携带情况,对2010年中蒙联合监测小组在内蒙古乌拉特中旗甘其毛都口岸地区采集的162只亚东璃眼蜱进行病原体检测。方法采用RT-PCR法检测蜱标本中的森林脑炎病毒、克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒、布尼亚病毒,PCR方法检测蜱标本中的伯氏疏螺旋体、西伯利亚立克次体、贝氏柯克斯体,嗜吞噬细胞无形体。结果森林脑炎病毒、克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒、布尼亚病毒、嗜吞噬细胞无形体检测结果均为阴性,PCR方法检出5例伯氏疏螺旋体、3例西伯利亚立克次体、16例贝氏柯克斯体,检出率分别为3.7%、2.2%和11.9%,并发现2例伯氏疏螺旋体和贝氏柯克斯体复合感染的情况。结论中蒙边境地区蜱携带伯氏疏螺旋体、贝氏柯克斯体和西伯利亚立克次体等病原体,应有针对性地加强当地蜱类和蜱传疾病的监测和防控。     

二连浩特口岸羊寄生蜱种类及蜱媒病原调查

目的调查二连浩特羊寄生蜱种类及蜱携带病原情况。方法对蜱进行形态学种类鉴定,然后提取单只蜱DNA基因组及总RNA,使用PCR技术对莱姆病螺旋体、Q热立克次体、巴贝西原虫、斑点热立克次体、无形体、森林脑炎病毒、布尼亚病毒、克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒等病原体进行检测。结果共采集羊寄生蜱439只,包括亚东璃眼蜱、森林革蜱、草原血蜱。从森林革蜱中检测到斑点热立克次体1例,检出率为0.227 8%,其他病原未检出。结论在二连浩特口岸地区蜱种中存在斑点热立克次体感染。     

Molecular evidence for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Israel

Sequences from the Anaplasma phagocytophilum 16S rRNA gene were detected in 5 ticks representing 3 species (Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus turanicus, and Boophilus kohlsi) collected from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Mount Carmel, Israel. The sequences were all identical to those of Ap-variant 1 strain.     

Efficacy of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Bm86 against Hyalomma dromedarii and Amblyomma cajennense tick infestations in camels and cattle

The recombinant Bm86-based tick vaccines have shown their efficacy for the control of cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and R. annulatus infestations. However, cattle ticks often co-exist with multi-host ticks such as Hyalomma and Amblyomma species, thus requiring the control of multiple tick infestations for cattle and other hosts. Vaccination trials using a R. microplus recombinant Bm86-based vaccine were conducted in cattle and camels against Hyalomma dromedarii and in cattle against Amblyomma cajennense immature and adult ticks. The results showed an 89% reduction in the number of H. dromedarii nymphs engorging on vaccinated cattle, and a further 32% reduction in the weight of the surviving adult ticks. In vaccinated camels, a reduction of 27% and 31% of tick engorgement and egg mass weight, respectively was shown, while egg hatching was reduced by 39%. However, cattle vaccination with Bm86 did not have an effect on A. cajennense tick infestations. These results showed that Bm86 vaccines are effective against R. microplus and other tick species but improved vaccines containing new antigens are required to control multiple tick infestations.     

Rhipicephalus ticks infected with Rickettsia and Coxiella in Southern Switzerland (Canton Ticino).

Ticks of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus species complex may be vector of various pathogens including Rickettsia conorii (the etiological agent of the Mediterranean spotted fever) and Coxiella burnetii (cause of the Query (Q) fever). R. sanguineus ticks have been imported in several parts of central and northern Europe, especially in environments such as kennels and houses providing the appropriate microclimatic conditions and the blood source necessary for their survival. Since 1940 these ticks have occasionally been recorded in Switzerland. In Ticino (the southern part of Switzerland), they have been reported since 1980 and their probable establishment in this area has been suggested in the '90s. By means of PCR and direct sequencing, we tested the identity of these ticks (using 12S rDNA gene) and the occurrence of Rickettsia spp. (using 16S rDNA, gltA and OmpA genes) as well as Coxiella sp. (using 16S rDNA). The results indicated that in Ticino, two different tick species coexist, i.e. R. sanguineus sensu stricto and Rhipicephalus turanicus. A few individuals of R. sanguineus sensu stricto are infected with Rickettsia massiliae/Bar29, which are strains of unknown pathogenicity. Coxiella sp., an endosymbiont of Rhipicephalus ticks, has also been identified in both tick species. Due to climatic changes towards global warming, imported tick species may therefore adapt to new area and might be considered as epidemiological markers for a number of infectious agents transmitted by them.     

Distribution of ticks in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ticks are one of the important groups of parasites, whose populations have increased in Europe in the last 20 years and, as vectors of many emerging diseases, are a major threat to human and animal health. Bosnia and Herzegovina has both climate and environmental conditions favorable for ticks. Given this risk, the aim of this study was to identify tick species currently present in this country and to compare the findings with previous studies, in order to update information on their spatial distribution and other parameters of occurrence.From March 2017 to April 2020, ticks were collected in 42 sampling areas (municipalities) throughout the country. Prespecified identification keys were used for identifying the ticks to the species level.A total of 6193 tick specimens from the Ixodidae family were collected from animal hosts or from vegetation. Ixodes ricinus was the most dominant tick species found. However, our results indicate a decrease in the relative contribution of this tick species to the overall abundance of tick populations. Dermacentor marginatus, which almost doubled in abundance compared to earlier studies, is the second most common tick species. We further confirmed the presence of Dermacentor reticulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, Hyalomma marginatum and Haemaphysalis punctata. Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes canisuga and Haemaphysalis concinna, which were previously reported at low abundance were not found amongst our specimens.