自体DC治疗对大肠癌术后患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨热休克凋亡的人自体大肠癌细胞致敏的树突状细胞（DC）疫苗对大肠癌术后免疫功能的影响。方法从大肠癌患者外周血单核细胞中诱导DC，并用重组人粒细胞-噬细胞集落刺激因子（rhGM-CSF）和白介素4（IL-4）刺激活化，经热休克凋亡自体大肠癌细胞致敏制备DC疫苗。将26例大肠癌术后患者随机分为DC疫苗治疗组13例，化疗对照组13例。对两组病例治疗前后免疫功能、临床疗效进行观察比较。结果DC疫苗治疗后外周血CD3^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋及NK细胞比率较治疗前明显升高，P〈0．05，且明显高于对照组化疗后的CD3^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋及NK细胞比率，P〈0．05；DC疫苗治疗后血清IL-2／IL-12／IFN-r水平较治疗前明显升高，P〈0．05，且明显高于对照组化疗组，P〈0．05。结论大肠癌术后行热休克凋亡自体大肠癌细胞致敏的DC疫苗治疗，可改善患者的细胞免疫水平，且不良反应少，值得推广应用。     

肾移植患者手术前后外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα的表达及意义

目的：探讨外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达在肾移植急性排斥反应中的作用及临床意义。方法：采用分别检测肾移植患者手术前、手术后1w及2w外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达量，并进行比较分析。结果：肾移植患者手术前外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达量明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）。急性排斥组手术后1w、2w与手术前比较外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达量明显增加（P〈0．01）。稳定组手术后1w与手术前比较外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达量明显增加（P〈0．01），手术后2w则下降至手术前水平（P〉0．05）。结论：肾移植患者手术前、手术后存在Th1／Th2失衡，表现为Th1优势应答。肾移植手术前后监测外周血CD4^＋T淋巴细胞IL-18Rα表达量变化对于判断急性排斥反应有一定临床意义。     

食管癌患者手术前后机体免疫调节与反应性蛋白表达的分析

目的 研究淋巴细胞及其分泌的因子和几种时相蛋白在食管癌患者手术前后的变化及意义。方法 采用流式细胞术、酶联免疫吸附法及速率散射比浊法检测食管癌根治术患者手术前后的T细胞亚群和NK细胞，血清中IL-6和TNF-α，以及C反应蛋白（CRP）、前白蛋白（PAB）、转铁蛋白（TRF）的水平。结果 与健康对照组比较，食管癌患者组CD3^＋CD4^＋细胞明显增高（P〈0．05），CD3^＋CD8^＋T细胞明显减少（P〈0．05），二者比例增高（P〈0．05），术后较术前更明显（P〈0．05）；术后NK细胞较术前明显减少（P〈0．05）；手术前后血清中IL-6和TNF-α水平与健康对照组比较显著增高（P〈0．05）；CRP水平显著增高（P〈0．05），PAB和TRF平显著降低（P〈0．05），术后较术前更明显（P〈0．05）。结论 食管癌患者T细胞亚群的平衡紊乱导致其细胞因子合成分泌紊乱，具有B细胞活化刺激和炎症活化刺激效应的IL-6和TNF-α因子在调节急性时相性反应蛋白的合成过程中起重要作用。当CRP持续升高，负性时相蛋白PAB、TRF水平持续性降低可提示患者预后不良。对恶性肿瘤患者检测血浆中IL-6和TNF-α可了解其细胞免疫功能状态，而CRP、PAB和TRF同样可作为肿瘤治疗监测和预后判断的参考指标。     

类风湿关节炎患者Th17细胞与调节性T细胞失衡的研究

目的观察类风湿性关节炎（RA）患者外周血Th17细胞与CD4^＋CD25^＋FoxP3^＋调节性T细胞（Treg）平衡状态与疾病的关系,分析Th17／Treg细胞免疫失衡在RA发病机制中的作用。方法采用流式细胞仪四色荧光抗体标记法分别对47例RA患者和39名健康志愿者（HVs）进行CD3、CD8、IL-17与CD4、CD25、F0xP3标记,测定Th17与调节性T细胞的比例变化及相关细胞因子IL-6、IL-23和IL-17水平。结果RA组患者外周血中,CD3^＋CD8^＋IL-17^＋T细胞占CD3^＋T淋巴细胞的百分比为（1．12±0．38）％,明显高于对照组（0．68±0．29）％（t=1．83,P〈0．05）;CD4’CD25’FoxP3^＋细胞占CD4^＋T淋巴细胞的百分比为（2．74±0．71）％,明显低于对照组（4．69±1．23）％（t=-2．94,P〈0．05）。相关细胞因子测定结果：IL-6水平在RA组为（13．5±3．7）ng／L,正常人为（4．6±0．9）ng／L（t=6．24,P〈0．01）;IL-23水平在RA组为（71±19）ng／L,正常人为（25±6）ng／L（t=14．37,P〈0．01）;IL-17水平在RA组为（122±33）ng／L,正常人为（37±9）ng／L（t=19．01,P〈0．01）;RA患者血清IL-6、IL-23和IL-17水平均明显升高。结论RA患者外周血Th17与CD4^＋CD25^＋FoxP3^＋调节性T细胞数量的异常可能是RA发病的重要因素,IL-6和IL-23的升高是引起这些改变的可能原因。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血淋巴细胞CD8+CD38+的检测意义

目的：通过测定慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血淋巴细胞CD8^＋CD38^＋的表达及门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、总胆红素（TBIL）、凝血酶原时间（PT），旨在为治疗慢性乙型肝炎提供有用的参考指标。方法：流式细胞术检测38例慢性乙型肝炎、14例肝硬化患者外周血淋巴细胞CD8^＋CD38^＋细胞的百分率；同时测定AST、TBIL和PT。结果：（1）慢性乙型肝炎组CD8^＋CD38^＋、CD38^＋细胞均明显高于正常组（P〈0．01，P〈0．01），肝硬化组CD8^＋CD38^＋、CD38^＋细胞均明显高于正常组（P〈0．05，P〈0．05）。肝硬化组CD8^＋CD38^＋、CD8^＋细胞均明显低于慢性乙型肝炎组（P〈0．05，P〈0．05）。（2）慢性乙型肝炎轻、中、重各组之间比较，中度组CD8^＋CD38^＋高于轻度组（P〈0．05），重度组CD8^＋CD38^＋、CD8^＋、CD38^＋均高于轻度组（P〈0．05，P〈0．05，P〈0．05）；重度组CD38^＋高于中度组（P〈0．05）；肝硬化组CD8^＋CD38‘均明显低于轻、中、重各组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01，P〈0．01），肝硬化组CD8^＋低于重度组（P〈0．01）。（3）慢性乙型肝炎患者AST、TBIL、PT不正常组CD8^＋CD38^＋均高于AST、TBIL、PT正常组。结论：慢性乙型肝炎患者CD8^＋CD38^＋细胞明显升高，表明慢性乙型肝炎患者细胞免疫处于异常激活状态，并与肝功能损伤有一定的相关性。慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血淋巴细胞CD8^＋CD38^＋的测定，对病情分析和诊断有一定的临床参考价值。     

胸腺肽α1对老年脓毒血症患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨老年脓毒血症患者细胞免疫功能的变化,观察胸腺肽α1的治疗效果。方法120例老年脓毒症患者随机分为两组：干预组和对照组,每组60例。对照组给予常规治疗,干预组在常规治疗基础上加用胸腺肽α1 1．6mg,／d,皮下注射,疗程1周。比较两组患者治疗前后细胞免疫功能、APACHEⅡ评分和住院死亡率。结果两组患者治疗前CD4^＋、CD8^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋、APACHEⅡ评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。治疗后干预组CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋较常规治疗组明显增高（P〈0．001）,CD8^＋明显降低（P〈0．001）,APACHEⅡ评分和住院死亡率亦明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论老年脓毒血症患者细胞免疫功能明显降低,胸腺肽α1能改善此类患者的细胞免疫功能,提高临床治疗效果。     

重肌灵片对ⅡA型重症肌无力外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4、TGF-β水平的影响

目的：探讨重肌灵片对重症肌无力（MG）患者的细胞免疫调节机制。方法：将60例MG患者随机分为治疗组30例、对照组30例，治疗组服用重肌灵片及泼尼松模拟片；对照组服用泼尼松片及重肌灵模拟片，疗程12周。应用流式细胞仪检测重症肌无力患者治疗前后外周血T淋巴细胞亚群分布的变化情况；ELISA法测定患者外周血单个核细胞培养上清液中细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4和TGF-B的水平。结果：两组患者治疗后CD4^＋T细胞百分率、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值均有明显下降，治疗组CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值与对照组比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）。治疗组治疗后CD8^＋T细胞百分率明显增加，与治疗前比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05），而对照组治疗后CD8^＋T细胞百分率无明显变化（P〉0．05）。与治疗前比较，治疗组治疗后IFN—γ、IL-4水平降低（P〈0．01），TGF-β水平升高（P〈0．01），而对照组三者水平皆降低。结论：通过调节T淋巴细胞亚群比例分布以及IFN-γ、IL-4、TGF-β等细胞因子的分泌，可能是重肌灵片发挥免疫调节作用机制之一。     

护肝合剂对慢性乙型肝炎患者PBMC功能的影响

目的观察护肝合剂对慢性乙型肝炎患者肝功能、外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）功能的影响。方法治疗组50例．在一般治疗的基础上加用护肝合剂，对照组15例用甘草酸二胺氯化钠溶液、门冬氨酸鸟氨酸、灯盏花素等进行一般治疗。分离培养治疗前后外周血单核细胞，加入植物血凝素（PHA），培养48h后，1500r／min离心10min，收集上清液-20℃保存，统一检测IFN-y，IL-10含量。采用流式细胞仪检测治疗前后外周血CD8^＋CD28^＋T细胞亚群。结果治疗组谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST），黄疸指数（TBIL）复常率均明显优于对照组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01，P〈0．01）。治疗组治疗后IFN-y显著升高（P〈0．05），IL-10显著下降（P〈0．05），对照组升高不显著（P〉0．05）。CD8^＋CD28^＋T细胞亚群治疗组较对照组显著升高（P〈0．05），且治疗组治疗前后亦显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论护肝合剂能够改善肝功能，提高慢性乙型肝炎患者Th1细胞免疫。     

CD40配基化的肿瘤特异性树突状细胞介导Th1细胞分化的研究

目的：探讨CD40配基化的肿瘤特异性DCs在介导Th1细胞分化中的作用。方法：采用GM-CSF和IL-4联合方案体外诱导小鼠髓系DCs，并利用mCD40L-CHO和TNF-α分别刺激凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的DCs制备DCs瘤莆；^3H-TdR掺入试验检测DCs对T淋巴细胞的促增殖效应；ELISA测定细胞培养上清中IL-10、IFN-1、IL-12的含量；胞内染色和流式细胞术检测经成熟DCs活化的T细胞中CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋T和CD4^＋IL-4^＋T的比例。结果：体外刺激T细胞增殖能力在CD40配基化DCs组最高（P〈0．05），CD40配基化DCs能更有效地促进活化T细胞分泌IFN-γ和介导CD4^＋IFN-γ^＋T细胞的分化（P〈0．05）。同时，CD40配基化DCs分泌IL-12的量也明显高于TNF-α组（P〈0．05）。结论：CD40配基化的肿瘤特异性DCs体外能有效介导Th1细胞的分化。     

休克期大面积切痂对严重烧伤大鼠细胞免疫功能影响的研究

目的 观察休克期大面积切痂对严重烧伤大鼠细胞免疫功能的影响，探索改善烧伤后机体免疫功能紊乱的有效方法。方法 将大鼠分成休克期切痂组（A组）、常规切痂组（B组）和正常对照组（C组）。A、B组造成30％TBSAⅢ度烫伤，C组不烫伤。A组伤后第6h、B组伤后第4d切痂，并于伤后第1、5、9d各活杀10只，取材送检，观察其免疫指标的变化。结果 （1）A、B组与C组比较：A、B组烫伤大鼠各时相点CD3^＋T细胞变化不大（P〉0．05），但CD4^＋T细胞、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显下降、CD8^＋T细胞增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。NK细胞活性明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0.01），外周血CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达及经活化后脾脏CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。（2）A组与B组比较：A组CD4^＋T细胞、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显升高、CD8^＋T细胞降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），NK细胞活性明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），外周血CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达及经活化后脾脏CD25^＋T淋巴细胞表达均明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 （1）大鼠烫伤后细胞免疫状况发生了明显变化。（2）休克期切痂可以改善烫伤大鼠T淋巴细胞亚群分布，提高NK细胞活性，增加外周血CD25^＋T淋巴细胞的表达。提高经活化后脾脏CD25^＋T淋巴细胞数。从而改善烫伤大鼠伤后机体的细胞免疫功能。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.