大麝鼩体外寄生虫种群构成及其意义

〔目的〕调查长江港口地区大麝鼩体外寄生蚤、革螨、吸虱的种群特征,为降低病媒昆虫密度,控制传染病提供科学依据。〔方法〕采用夹夜法和笼日法诱捕大麝鼩,梳刷法采集体表寄生虫。〔结果〕在捕获的大麝鼩体表采集到体外寄生虫608只,计3目4科8属11种,其中蚤1目1科2属2种;革螨1目2科5属7种;吸虱1目1科1属2种。染虫指数季节高峰早于大麝鼩密度高峰1个月。雌麝鼩寄生虫数量多,且雌虫多。〔结论〕大麝鼩的染虫率和带虫指数比其它鼠形动物高,革螨是大麝鼩体外的主要寄生虫,雌性大麝鼩的媒介效能和宿主潜能比雄性高。     

大麝鼩生态学初步研究

大麝鼩是上海地区流行性出血热(EHF)主要传染源之一。近年来,作者对上海郊区农田生态系统中的大麝鼩生态学进行了初步调查和研究,观察到秋冬季大麝鼩种群的相对密度较高,10～12月份的夹夜捕获率分别为4.48、4.50、4.31,2月份以后的捕获率显著下降。大麝鼩一年有两个繁殖峰(3～5月及8～9月),冬季则有3～4个月的繁殖休止期。据136只大麝鼩胃的解剖分析,观察到其主要食昆虫、环节动物,不少胃内有鼠毛,也食少量植物和种子等。冬季大麝鼩和黑线姬鼠有集群及混居特性。冬季(12月)两兽的混居率高于秋季(10月),差异非常显著(t=3.62,P<0.01)。     

北京市燕山山脉小兽种类分布及汉坦病毒感染状况调查

目的 了解北京市山区不同生境小兽种类构成及其汉坦病毒（HV）携带状况。方法 选择北京市东北部燕山山脉不同生境地区为监测点，采用夹夜法进行鼠密度测定，应用间接免疫荧光法检测捕获小兽的汉坦病毒抗原携带、抗体阳性状况。结果 北京市东北部燕山山脉共捕获社鼠、大林姬鼠、黑线姬鼠、小家鼠、棕背鼠平、褐家鼠、大仓鼠、川西长尾鼩、北小麝鼩9种；不同生境地区小兽密度为3．13％～7．33％，平均5．83％；平均带病毒率为2．83％，抗体阳性率为3．77％。在捕获的9种小兽中，社鼠、黑线姬鼠中查到汉坦病毒抗原或／和抗体，其他鼠无汉坦病毒感染。结论 北京市东北部燕山山脉小兽类中存在汉坦病毒感染。     

黄河三角洲不同生态环境大仓鼠习性调查

[目的 ]探明黄河三角洲地区不同生态环境的大仓鼠生态习性及发生规律 ,为控制其密度提供生态依据。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 1年在黄河三角洲地区选择不同的生态环境 ,以观察法、夹夜法调查大仓鼠的时间、空间分布与发生规律 ,了解冬季不同温度下大仓鼠的活动范围和频率。 [结果 ]大仓鼠平均密度 ,槐树林为 5 6 % ,农田和杂草地为 2 8% ,居民区边缘为 1 0 %。不论何种环境 ,大仓鼠年发生高峰分别在 5月、1 0月中旬 ;- 5℃以下活动减弱 ,- 1 0℃以下基本上停止户外活动。 [结论 ]大仓鼠在不同生态环境的活动范围与发生高峰季节有所不同 ,应采取相应措施灭鼠     

九华山地区肾综合征出血热监测预警

目的对九华山地区肾综合征出血热发生流行情况进行监测预警。方法用夹夜法调查获得该地区宿主动物种类、种群密度相关数据;用免疫学方法检测动物血清标本中HV抗体和肺标本中HV抗原;根据带毒指数进行预警。结果该地区捕获9种小型兽类动物,其中在黑线姬鼠、社鼠、小家鼠、褐家鼠和麝鼩标本检测出肺抗原阳性或血抗体阳性。从2005年到2010年宿主动物带毒率和总感染率呈逐年上升趋势,2009年宿主带毒率最高12.00%,2010年宿主动物总感染率最高达12.50%。不同年份宿主带毒指数总体不超过0.05,但2008年室内褐家鼠带毒指数达到0.11。结论宿主动物带毒率上升,麝鼩作为本省新的宿主动物出现,增加了该地区人群感染出血热的风险。必要时开展居民区灭鼠活动,控制室内啮齿动物种群数量来降低感染风险。     

黄河三角洲不同生态环境大仓鼠习性调查

[目的]探明黄河三角洲地区不同生态环境的大仓鼠生态习性及发生规律，为控制其密度提供生态依据。[方法]2001年在黄河三角洲地区选择不同的生态环境，以观察法、夹夜法调查大仓鼠的时间、空间分布与发生规律，了解冬季不同温度下大仓鼠的活动范围和频率。[结果]大仓鼠平均密度，槐树林为5．6％，农田和杂草地为2．8％，居民区边缘为1．0％。不论何种环境，大仓鼠年发生高峰分别在5月、10月中旬；-5℃以下活动减弱，-10℃以下基本上停止户外活动。[结论]大仓鼠在不同生态环境的活动范围与发生高峰季节有所不同，应采取相应措施灭鼠。     

2005年泰山景区鼠类及肾综合征出血热病毒携带调查

[目的]了解泰山景区鼠的种类、密度及肾综合征出血热病毒携带情况,为科学灭鼠、创建无鼠害山,保证中外游客安全提供依据。[方法]2005年10月采用夹夜法,在泰山景区按不同的海拔高度共选点5处,野外、室内分别布夹,野外间距5 m,室内20 m^2布一夹,以花生米为诱饵。鼠肺HFRS抗原检测采用间接免疫荧光法。[结果]5处景点共布夹2 500夹次,捕获79只,鼠密度为3.16%,隶属2目2科7种。其中,黑线姬鼠30只、大林姬鼠19只、褐家鼠9只、社鼠8只、大仓鼠7只、小家鼠3只和首次发现的麝鼩3只,鼠肺带毒的3只,分别为黑线姬鼠、褐家鼠和大林姬鼠,阳性率3.80%。[结论]要想保持无鼠害山,必须坚持长期灭鼠。     

肾综合征出血热地区农田鼠数量变动，分布与发病关系调查

目的：了解肾综合征出血热（HFRS）地区农田鼠逐月数量变动,分布以及与发病的关系,方法：鼠夹法。结果：农田鼠密度为2．31％,以黑线姬鼠,大麝鼯为绝对优势种,全年出现5－7月数量高峰,与HFRS发病高峰6－8相吻合,黑线姬鼠,大麝鼯在室外分布广泛,但以河边沟渠,宅周,稻田为主,环境零乱,垃圾众多会影响鼠形动物密度,结论：控制野鼠性HFRS,应强化室外农田灭鼠,适宜时间为5月和冬季。     

河北省不同地区住宅区鼠密度监测结果分析

目的监测河北省不同地区住宅区鼠类消长规律、季节分布和鼠种构成。方法夹夜法和粉迹法。结果共捕获各种鼠类2科4属6种,以褐家鼠为优势种,占60．99％,其次为小家鼠、黑线姬鼠、大仓鼠和黑线仓鼠,分别占25．30％、9．38％、2．89％和0．48％;但不同地区鼠类优势种略有不同。鼠密度高峰期出现在4月和10月。廊坊地区采用不同监测方法的监测结果显示,夹夜法监测鼠平均密度为0．87％;粉迹法监测鼠平均密度为3．36％。石家庄和唐山地区住宅区采用夹夜法监测鼠密度年平均值分别为0．83％和0．67％,两个地区农村的鼠密度均高于城镇。结论褐家鼠是河北省重点防制鼠种。     

太原航空口岸鼠、蚤调查报告

[目的]全面掌握太原航空口岸鼠类、蚤类密度、种群结构和季节消长规律，指导制定长期有效的鼠类防制措施，为控制口岸传染病的发生提供科学依据。[方法]2002年4月～2003年3月采用Elton夹日法对太原航空口岸的鼠类、蚤类的种群、密度、季节消长情况进行调查。[结果]经调查共捕获鼠类115只，经鉴定啮齿动物种群构成1目3科5属6种；其中优势鼠种为大仓鼠和长尾仓鼠，分别占35．6％和20．8％。6月份鼠密度最高为9．06％，1月份最低，全年平均鼠密度为2．98％。鼠体染蚤率为27．59％。[结论]做好口岸鼠类本底调查工作，根据鼠类、蚤类的种群、密度、季节消长特点，采取有效的灭鼠措施，可降低口岸鼠密度。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.