上肢气囊止血带充气压力的对照研究

目的 探讨上肢气囊止血带不同充气压力对手术效果的影响.方法 选取60例健康成年志愿者按右上臂周径大小分为A、B、C三组,A组上臂用径≤25 cm,B组上臂周径26～30 cm,C组上臂周径>30 cm,监测右肱动脉基本阻断时气囊止血带的充气压力值.测得A、B、C组平均充气压力值分别为(25.12±1.11)kPa、(28.32±1.51)kPa、(32.51±1.22)kPa.将120例上肢手术患者随机分成观察组和对照组各60例.对照组按传统充气压力值(33.33～40.00kPa)充气阻断术野血流,观察组按照肢体周径大小选择同健康志愿者相同压力值,观察两组患者手术中的止血效果及肢体损伤情况.结果 两组患者的充气时间比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05).观察组患者手术中止血效果及肢体损伤情况显著优于对照组(P<0.01).结论 根据肢体周径大小选择充气压力值,在达到止血效果的同时,能使组织损伤减轻到最低限度.     

下肢手术气囊止血带充气压力个体化的研究

目的探讨下肢手术时气囊止血带适宜的个体充气压力。方法选择152例健康成年志愿者,用彩色多普勒超声血流显像仪测定腘动脉血流100%阻断时的压力,以测定值和足背动脉搏动消失时的压力为依据确定手术时充气压力,以足背动脉搏动消失的压力加5~8 k Pa作为个体化的气囊止血带充气压力值。选择236例骨科择期下肢手术患者,随机分为观察组(121例)和对照组(115例),观察组止血带压力采用足背动脉搏动消失的压力加5~8 k Pa,对照组止血带压力采用气囊止血带参考数值(下肢为40~50 k Pa),观察术中创面的止血效果和术后止血带损伤发生情况。结果预实验组152例腘动脉血流100%阻断时气囊止血带充气压力为(23.85±3.26)k Pa,足背动脉搏动消失时气囊止血带充气压力为(22.65±3.18)k Pa。观察组与对照组的止血效果均满意,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组与对照组的止血带副损伤比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论足背动脉搏动消失法可用于下肢手术时个体化气囊止血带充气压力的测定。     

四肢解剖型多普勒气囊止血带的止血压力研究

目的设计四肢解剖型多普勒气囊止血带,并与传统直型气囊止血带进行比较,评价新型止血带的应用效果。方法自2014-01—2016-12征集40名不同年龄段的男性健康志愿者,按年龄段分成4组(每组10人),21~30岁组、31~40岁组、41~50岁组、51~60岁组。按体重指数(BMI)分为3组,偏瘦组(BMI20)、正常组(20≤BMI25)、偏胖组(25≤BMI30);偏瘦组9人,正常组19人,偏胖组12人。将四肢解剖型多普勒气囊止血带和传统直型充气止血带环绕绑缚于志愿者的上臂及大腿,比较2种止血带阻断血流所需压力。结果各组上臂使用解剖型止血带时阻断血流压力均低于直型止血带,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);大腿使用解剖型止血带时阻断血流压力均明显低于直型止血带,差异有显著统计学意义(P0.01)。结论四肢解剖型多普勒气囊止血带可有效降低止血压力,减少止血带相关并发症。     

膝关节镜手术中止血带充气压设定探讨

目的 探讨膝关节镜手术中使用气压止血带充气压力的设定范围.方法 选择2010年11月至2011年3月在山西医科大学第二医院骨科住院接受膝关节镜手术患者66例,按接受手术时间分成实验组和对照组两组.实验组患者下肢气压止血带充气压力设定:止血带充气后肢体动脉血流阻断压(LOP)加8～10 kPa;对照组患者压力设定:止血带...     

气囊止血带充气压力对下肢手术患者应激反应的影响

目的 探讨下肢手术患者术中气囊止血带的合适压力及其对患者应激反应的影响.方法 对10例自愿者采用彩色多普勒诊断仪行下肢动脉血循阻断压力试验,确定适宜的止血带压力.根据试验结果对38例择期下肢手术患者采用阻断血循压力(180 mmHg)加120 mmHg(共300 mmHg)缚绑患肢实施手术.于止血带充气前(T0)、充气后即刻(T1)、充气30 min(T2)、松止血带后(T3)分别测定患者皮质醇、血糖、胰高血糖素的变化;观察不同时段血压、脉搏、呼吸变化;判断术中止血带使用效果.结果 不同时段皮质醇、胰高血糖素比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01),各时段血压、脉搏、呼吸均有不同程度的变化,但差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05); 38例患者术中止血带使用达优率100%.结论 止血带止血能引起人体应激激素水平的升高,而适宜的压力可减轻患者应激反应.     

局部静脉麻醉在基层卫生院中应用的体会

自1978年至1990年共应用局部静脉麻醉于尺、桡骨骨折手法复位(26例)、手外伤清创(5例、尺桡骨骨折切开固定(1例)、脚外伤清创1例和包皮环切(7例)等手术。四肢手术常规用止血带阻断血流后于远端静脉内注入利多卡因溶液,上肢为0.5%40ml,下肢为0.25%60ml。包皮环切则用橡皮筋在阴茎根部阻断血流后向背静脉内一次注入1%利多卡因5ml。手术时间除1例外分别为40±10min,70min和30±5min,全组均取得良好的止痛效果。超过30~+min时,病人感止血带痛时则靠近原止血带的远端另换止血带,全组术中均未用辅助药。术后止血带痛一般不作处理,严重者肌注哌替啶1mg/kg。术毕时(须在注药30min后)缓慢和     

乳腺癌患者两侧上肢周径生理性差异状况的研究

目的了解乳腺癌患者术前两侧上肢周径的生理性差异及其影响因素,为乳腺癌术后淋巴水肿诊断提供参考。方法采用便利抽样方法选择乳腺癌术前患者161例,采用上臂连续周径测量法测量上肢周径。使用配对t检验比较患者优势侧与非优势侧的周径差异,使用秩和检验分析年龄、体重指数与上肢周径差值的关系。结果患者优势侧与非优势侧上肢周径在手正中、腕横纹、横纹上4cm、横纹上16cm、横纹上20cm、横纹上24cm以及横纹上44cm 7个部位存在统计学差异(P0.05,P0.01);不同年龄、体重指数患者两侧上肢周径差值无统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论乳腺癌患者两侧上肢周径主要受是否为优势侧影响,术后淋巴水肿的诊断应考虑患者术前两侧上肢的生理性差异。建议在术前常规测量两侧上肢周径,作为术后淋巴水肿评估的参考。     

乳腺癌术后患者上肢周径与淋巴水肿相关症状关系的研究

目的了解乳腺癌术后患者双上肢周径及淋巴水肿相关症状发生情况,并分析两者之间的关系。方法对154例乳腺癌术后患者,采用上臂连续周径测量法确定患者双上肢周径;采用乳腺癌淋巴水肿症状体验指数评估患者淋巴水肿相关症状情况。结果19例(12.3%)双上肢周径差2cm,99例(64.3%)双上肢周径差1cm,36例(23.4%)双上肢周径差1~2cm。不同双上肢周径差患者淋巴水肿症状个数、症状严重程度、症状困扰及症状体验总分比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01);双上肢周径差越大,症状个数、症状严重程度、症状困扰总分及症状体验总分显著增加(P0.05,P0.01)。腋窝淋巴结清扫术患者双上肢周径差大于前哨淋巴结活检术患者(P0.01)。结论较大比例的乳腺癌术后患者存在淋巴水肿相关症状。通过症状评估可筛查出早期的隐匿水肿患者,需尽早为其提供干预措施预防或延缓淋巴水肿的发生。     

改良静脉淋巴管吻合技术在乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿中的临床价值

探讨改良静脉淋巴管吻合技术在治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿中的临床价值。取2013年1月—2015年1月乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿患者80例作为研究对象,按照随机数字化原则,将其分为观察组和对照组,对照组采用创痛静脉淋巴管吻合术进行治疗,观察组采用改良静脉淋巴管吻合术进行治疗。治疗周期结束后,比较各时期上臂、前臂周径及两组患者2年内上肢情况及生活质量。治疗前两组患者的上臂、前臂周径无明显差异(P0.05);治疗后3个月、24个月时观察组上臂、前臂周径分别为(30.9±3.4)cm、(30.8±3.4)cm,对照组上臂、前臂周径分别为(32.6±3.7)cm、(32.5±3.6)cm,观察组上臂、前臂周径明显小于对照组(P0.05)。经过治疗,观察组上肢及前臂疼痛、肿胀均减轻,无丹毒发作,生活质量评分增加,治疗效果明显优于对照组(P0.05)。改良静脉淋巴管吻合术能有效促进淋巴液进入静脉循环,通过多切口吻合,促进淋巴液回流,改善上肢水肿,提高患者生活质量,减轻疼痛、肿胀,手术操作简单,安全性较高,临床效果显著,对治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿具有可靠的临床价值。     

植皮术中透明气囊加压的临床应用

临床应用透明气囊加压直视监测下游离植皮术48例,气囊内充气压力为5.33～6.0kPa,维持压力在4.0kPa((?)±S=32.45+1.87mmHg)以上;皮片全部成活病例在95%以上,经与同期所行传统法比较相差有显著性(P<0.05)。具有可随时检测皮片成活情况和囊内压力的优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.