心肌顿抑中的氧化应激作用及氨基胍干预的效果

背景氧化应激的超氧阴离子(O-.2)可与细胞一氧化氮合酶(NOS)释出的一氧化氮(NO)结合,生成过氧亚硝酸阴离子(ONOO-)。ONOO-是氧化应激各种产物[如O2.-、H2O2、羟自由基(.OH)等]之一,统称为反应性氧族(ROS)。ROS在心肌顿抑中的作用研究不多,氨基胍作为NOS抑制剂对ROS的作用也不清楚。目的探讨ONOO-在心肌顿抑发生中的作用和机制以及氨基胍的干预作用。方法24条雄性杂种犬,随机分为4组:1)短顿抑组[左前降支冠状动脉(LAD)阻断15min/再灌注120min];2)长顿抑组(LAD阻断60min/再灌注120min);3)氨基胍组[LAD阻断60min/再灌注120min加一氧化氮合酶抑制剂氨基胍(100mg/kg)干预];4)假手术组。在不同观察时间点测定超声心功能和冠状静脉窦血浆NO浓度。实验完毕后心肌标本行电镜检查,并行硝基酪氨酸免疫组化检查以证实是否有ONOO-生成。结果1)LAD结扎后缺血心肌节段收缩期增厚百分率和左室射血分数显著下降,缺血心肌节段表现为矛盾运动;再灌注开始后心肌节段收缩功能和左室射血分数呈进行性改善,短顿抑组和氨基胍组心功能的恢复快于长顿抑组。2)短顿抑组和长顿抑组再灌注期血浆NO浓度明显升高,氨基胍组再灌注期血浆NO浓度无显著升高。3)短顿抑组顿抑心肌硝基酪氨酸免疫组化染色见阳性染色的心肌细胞灶;长顿抑组见较大、较多的强阳性染色心肌细胞灶,主要是胞浆尤其横纹处染色较深;氨基胍组顿抑心肌偶见心肌细胞弱阳性染色。4)透射电镜观察发现,短顿抑组心肌细胞偶见线粒体轻度脱颗粒;长顿抑组心肌细胞部分肌丝断裂,收缩带溶解,线粒体肿胀、脱颗粒,胞质水肿;氨基胍组心肌超微结构保存良好。结论1)顿抑心肌生成NO增多伴ONOO-形成;2)ONOO-主要攻击的蛋白质对象是肌丝上的蛋白质;3)氨基胍抑制顿抑心肌过多的NO生成,显著减少ONOO-形成,并对顿抑心肌的超微结构和功能有明显保护作用。     

心肌顿抑中的氧化应激作用及氨基胍干预的效果

背景氧化应激的超氧阴离子(O-·2)可与细胞一氧化氮合酶(NOS)释出的一氧化氮(NO)结合,生成过氧亚硝酸阴离子(ONOO-).ONOO-是氧化应激各种产物[如O-·2、H2O2、羟自由基(·OH)等]之一,统称为反应性氧族(ROS).ROS在心肌顿抑中的作用研究不多,氨基胍作为NOS抑制剂对ROS的作用也不清楚.目的 探讨ONOO-在心肌顿抑发生中的作用和机制以及氨基胍的干预作用.方法 24条雄性杂种犬,随机分为4组:1)短顿抑组[左前降支冠状动脉(LAD)阻断15 min/再灌注120 min];2)长顿抑组(LAD阻断60 min/再灌注120 min);3)氨基胍组[LAD阻断60 min/再灌注120 min加一氧化氮合酶抑制剂氨基胍(100 mg/kg)干预];4)假手术组.在不同观察时间点测定超声心功能和冠状静脉窦血浆NO浓度.实验完毕后心肌标本行电镜检查,并行硝基酪氨酸免疫组化检查以证实是否有ONOO-生成.结果 1)LAD结扎后缺血心肌节段收缩期增厚百分率和左室射血分数显著下降,缺血心肌节段表现为矛盾运动;再灌注开始后心肌节段收缩功能和左室射血分数呈进行性改善,短顿抑组和氨基胍组心功能的恢复快于长顿抑组.2)短顿抑组和长顿抑组再灌注期血浆NO浓度明显升高,氨基胍组再灌注期血浆NO浓度无显著升高.3)短顿抑组顿抑心肌硝基酪氨酸免疫组化染色见阳性染色的心肌细胞灶;长顿抑组见较大、较多的强阳性染色心肌细胞灶,主要是胞浆尤其横纹处染色较深;氨基胍组顿抑心肌偶见心肌细胞弱阳性染色.4)透射电镜观察发现,短顿抑组心肌细胞偶见线粒体轻度脱颗粒;长顿抑组心肌细胞部分肌丝断裂,收缩带溶解,线粒体肿胀、脱颗粒,胞质水肿;氨基胍组心肌超微结构保存良好.结论 1)顿抑心肌生成NO增多伴ONOO-形成;2)ONOO-主要攻击的蛋白质对象是肌丝上的蛋白质;3)氨基胍抑制顿抑心肌过多的NO生成,显著减少ONOO-形成,并对顿抑心肌的超微结构和功能有明显保护作用.     

实验性顿抑心肌微血管结构和功能改变

目的 探讨心肌顿抑时心肌微血管结构和功能改变。方法 制备冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）不同阻断时间（15min和60min)后再灌注犬心肌顿抑模型，在不同观察时间点静脉注射含全氟丙烷声振白蛋白微泡造影剂，采用二次谐波成像和间歇发射技术行心肌声学造影。由主动脉根部分别注射乙酰胆碱（ACH）和硝酸甘油（NG）后重复心肌声学造影，并计算用药后／前二维超声上所示心肌灰阶峰值比值（PVIR）和顿抑区与正常区心肌灰阶峰值比值的比值PVIRR。心肌标本行透射电镜检查。结果 （1）LAD阻断15min组再灌注早期NG－PVIR和ACH－PVIR明显减低，但分别在再灌注60min和120min时恢复至结扎前水平；（2）LAD阻断60min组再灌注早期NG－PVIR减低，至再灌注120min时才恢复到结扎前水平，而再灌注ACH-PVIR明显减低，随着再灌注时间的延长虽有逐渐回升趋势，但至再灌注120min仍未恢复至结扎前水平；（3）两组PVIRR的变化与PVIR一致，唯恢复稍慢；（4）LAD阻断15min组心肌毛细血管和内皮细胞结构未见明显改变，而LAD阻断60min组毛细血管内皮细胞肿胀，内皮细胞间连接间隙稍增宽。结论 顿抑心肌微血管舒张功能受损，缺血时间较长则还有微血管结构改变，其受损的细胞主要是内皮细胞。     

L-Arg和L-NAME对大鼠脑缺血再灌注早期P-选择素及炎症损伤的影响

目的 研究一氧化氮(NO)底物L-精氨酸(L-Arg)和NO合酶抑制剂N-亚硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME )对大鼠脑缺血再灌注(I/R)早期P-选择素及炎症损伤的影响.方法 建立大鼠I/R模型,并设立假手术组.入选I/R模型大鼠随机分为3组,分别于缺血早期给予L-Arg、L-NAME和等体积生理盐水.测定缺血2 h再灌注8 h后脑组织NO、P-选择素含量、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性及脑梗死体积.结果 I/R加L-Arg组再灌注后NO含量明显高于I/R加盐水组(P<0.01),而P-选择素表达和MPO活性显著降低(P<0.01),同时脑梗死体积减小(P<0.05);而给予L-NAME后减少了脑NO含量(P<0.01),增加了P-选择素表达(P<0.05),导致脑缺血再灌注损伤的加重.结论 大鼠脑缺血早期使用L-Arg可以通过减低P-选择素的表达对脑缺血再灌注起到保护作用.     

超声心肌造影同步检测犬顿抑心肌血流灌注的实验研究

目的　探讨心肌超声造影评判心肌顿抑的可能性和价值。方法　结扎犬左前降支冠状动脉不同时间 (1 5、6 0min)后再灌注 1 2 0min ,在不同观察时间点静脉注射含全氟丙烷声振白蛋白微泡造影剂 ,采用二次谐波成像和间歇发射技术行心肌超声造影 ,以心肌视频密度峰值表示心肌血流灌注 ,顿抑区与正常区视频密度峰值比值表示顿抑区相对血流灌注。每次心肌超声造影后 ,用超声诊断仪测得心肌节段室壁厚度 ,计算室壁节段收缩期增厚百分率。实验完毕后 ,心肌标本行氯化三苯四唑染色和普通病理切片HE染色光镜检查。结果　 (1 )动物心肌顿抑模型建立的成功率1 0 0 %。 (2 )两组再灌注前缺血心肌节段收缩期增厚百分率显著下降 ,再灌注后逐渐改善 ,但至再灌注1 2 0min尚未恢复至结扎前水平。 (3)两组再灌注早期顿抑心肌视频密度峰值增高 ,随后逐渐恢复至结扎前水平 ;两组再灌注期心肌视频密度峰值比值的变化与顿抑心肌变化相似 ,惟恢复较慢。结论　心肌超声造影结合超声心功能测定能可靠地评判心肌顿抑。     

实验性顿抑心肌的微循环改变

心肌顿抑是一种可逆性心肌缺血再灌注损伤 ,其具体发生机制尚未完全明了。顿抑心肌是否存在微循环障碍 ,目前尚有争议。本研究应用静脉心肌声学造影 (ｍｙｏｃａｒｄｉａｌｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｅｃｈｏｃａｒｄｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ ,ＭＣＥ)在犬心肌顿抑模型中观察不同缺血时间后再灌注心肌微循环改变 ,并检测冠状静脉窦血乳酸浓度 ,以探讨顿抑心肌内微循环改变的机制。一、材料与方法1.动物实验方法 :体重 13～ 18ｋｇ的雄性杂种犬随机分入顿抑Ｓ组、顿抑Ｌ组和假手术组 ,以各组成功完成犬 6只为目标。动物模型建立、ＭＣＥ和图像分析、心肌标本…     

实验性顿抑心肌的微循环障碍

为了探讨顿抑心肌微循环改变及机制，制备左前降支冠状动脉不同阻断时间(15min和60min)后再灌注犬心肌顿抑模型，在不同观察时间点静脉注射舍全氟丙烷声振白蛋白微泡造影剂，采用二次谐波成像和间歇发射技术行心肌声学造影，计算心肌声学造影图像上心肌视频密度峰值、心肌声学造影曲线上升斜率和曲线早期下降斜率，测定相应时间点冠状静脉窦血乳酸浓度，结果发现，心肌顿抑早期心肌视频密度峰值显著增高，1h后恢复至结扎前水平；再灌注期顿抑区与正常区视频密度峰值比值、心肌声学造影曲线上升斜率比值、心肌声学造影曲线早期下降斜率比值显著高于左前降支冠状动脉结扎前，随着再灌注时间的延长比值逐渐回降；再灌注期冠状静脉窦血乳酸浓度明显增高。以上结果提示，心肌顿抑早期心肌微循环处于“高动力”状态，血流灌注增加与排空加快并存；顿抑心肌缺氧代谢加强；心肌内微循环短路可能是心肌顿抑微循环障碍的机制。     

兔顿抑心肌局部5-HT NE血小板聚集率及心肌超微结构改变

目的 :探讨顿抑心肌局部 5 羟色胺 (5 HT) ,去甲肾上腺素 (NE)和血小板聚集率的变化及顿抑心肌超微结构改变。方法 :采用冠状动脉结扎法建立兔顿抑心肌模型。用硝酸镧灌注固定心肌的电镜技术观察顿抑心肌超微结构改变。结果 :缺血后心肌局部 5 HT ,NE稍有升高 ,再灌注后心肌局部 5 HT ,NE含量明显高于正常对照组差别显著。血小板聚集率再灌注后明显升高 ,与对照组相比差异显著。顿抑心肌局部线粒体明显肿胀 ,基质紊乱 ,线粒体内外均有镧颗粒沉积 ,随着再灌注时间延长线粒体肿胀减轻 ,胞膜及线粒体膜完整。结论 :单胺类神经介质 5 HT ,NE参与了顿抑心肌的发生 ,血小板聚集率增加及 5 HT、NE含量增加是导致心功能延迟恢复的重要因素。顿抑心肌超微结构呈可逆性通透性改变 ,维持细胞膜结构的完整是心肌可逆性损伤的关键     

左旋精氨酸对未成熟心肌的保护作用

体外循环中心肌的缺血再灌注损伤是不可避免的,而一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum,NO)合成及释放的减少是导致心肌缺血再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemical reperfusion injury,MIRI)的重要因素.本文通过对婴幼儿心肌的特点、NO与MIRI的关系、未成熟心肌缺血再灌注时NO生成量的变化、左旋精氨酸(left-arginine,L-Arg)对未成熟MIRI的保护作用及其机制、L-Arg的心肌保护作用与剂量及年龄的关系等方面进行综述,阐明提供外源性的L-Ars,通过L-Arg-NO通路,促进体内NO浓度增加,可产生对心肌细胞保护作用的机制.     

丙酮酸对顿抑心肌功能及能量代谢的作用

目的　了解丙酮酸对顿抑心肌功能及能量代谢的影响 ,并分析其可能机制。方法　结扎家兔左冠状动脉前降支 2 0min后 ,再灌注 6h造成短暂缺血 再灌注心肌顿抑模型 ,观察血流动力学、抗氧化酶、脂质过氧化物、血清游离脂肪酸 (FFA)、乳酸 (LD)以及心肌组织的ATP含量和超微结构变化。结果　与顿抑组比较 ,丙酮酸可明显缓解缺血及再灌后心肌功能的损害 ,抑制血清FFA、LD水平的升高 ,降低MDA含量 ,提高SOD活性 ,抑制心肌组织ATP含量降低 ;电镜所见心肌损伤明显比顿抑组轻。丙酮酸组与对照组比较 ,各指标均为显著性差异。结论　丙酮酸可以减少心肌细胞能量消耗 ,保护线粒体的结构和功能 ,对顿抑心肌具有一定保护作用     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.