首次住院恢复期精神病患者心理需求调查分析

目的 探讨首次住院恢复期精神病患者心理需求特点及影响因素,指导临床护理人员有针对性地进行护理.方法 采用自行设计的心理需求调查表,对96例首次住院恢复期精神病患者进行问卷调查.结果 患者对疾病知识的需求率为54.17%,对治疗期望的需求率为66.67%,对心理支持的需求率为48.91%,对周围环境的需求率为54.17%.4个病种在治疗期望和心理支持2个方面差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);患者对疾病知识的需求与文化程度、婚姻状况,对周围环境的需求与职业呈显著正相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论首次住院恢复期精神病患者心理需求程度高,需针对患者的需求特点及影响因素,提供针对性的健康教育和心理支持,以提高治愈率和其社会功能.     

不同类型肝硬化患者心理状态调查分析

目的 了解不同类型肝硬化患者的心理状态,为采取针对性的护理干预措施提供依据.方法 采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)分别对60例病毒性肝炎肝硬化患者(肝炎组)、60例酒精性肝硬化患者(酒精组)进行问卷调查.结果 肝炎组SCL-90总分及抑郁、焦虑、偏执因子分显著高于常模(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);酒精组焦虑、敌对、偏执因子分显著高于常模(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).两组焦虑、敌对、偏执因子分比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01).肝炎组B/C级与A级在押郁、精神病性、饮食睡眠方面差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),而酒精组除饮食睡眠外,其它各项差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01).结论 不同类型肝硬化患者心理健康状况均较差,应采取针对性的护理措施进行干预.     

外科住院患者创伤后应激障碍相关因素及护理需求研究

目的调查外科住院患者创伤后应激障碍(post-traumatic stress disorder,PTSD)的相关因素及护理需求,为护理干预提供依据.方法对93例创伤事件后外科住院患者于伤后1个月进行PTSD诊断,并采用精神卫生症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和自制创伤事件后护理需求调查量表进行评估.结果确诊PTSD 31例(33.33%),PTSD组性别、受教育年限、外伤情况与非PTSD组(62例)比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).PTSD患者各项SCL-90因子分及总分均显著高于非PTSD组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).PTSD患者的精神病性(P)、神经质或情绪(N)和人格稳定性(L)评分显著高于非PTSD组,而内外向性(E)评分显著低于非PTSD组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).PTSD患者的心理需求、精神需求和护理需求总分均显著高于非PTSD组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论遭遇创伤事件的外科住院患者并发PTSD概率较高,且PTSD患者护理需求高,需及早采取能满足其需求的针对性护理干预措施,以提高患者的应对能力,降低PTSD发生率.     

鼻咽癌放化疗患者癌性厌食现状及影响因素分析

目的 探讨鼻咽癌放化疗患者癌性厌食现状并分析其影响因素,为实施针对性护理干预提供参考.方法 采用癌性厌食量表、症状困扰量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表对200例鼻咽癌放化疗患者进行调查.结果 鼻咽癌放化疗患者癌性厌食总分为(20.99±6.70)分,发生率为62.5％;症状困扰条目均分为(6.16士1.29)分,呈中度困扰水平;焦虑、抑郁得分分别为(11.70±3.12)分、(11.18±3.43)分.多元线性回归分析结果显示,患者文化程度、放射性口腔黏膜反应、症状困扰程度、焦虑、抑郁状态是癌性厌食的主要影响因素(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 医务人员应重视评估鼻咽癌放化疗患者癌性厌食状况,并根据患者癌性厌食状况制订针对性饮食管理策略,改善患者生活质量.     

APACHEⅢ在老年急性腹膜炎手术患者护理中的应用

目的 探讨APACHEⅢ对老年急性腹膜炎手术患者护理干预的指导意义.方法 将110例老年急性腹膜炎患者随机分为观察组(66例)和对照组(44例),于入院时及手术后每天行APACHEⅢ评分;对照组行常规护理,观察组根据入院评分分层实施护理干预,并根据术后评分及时调整护理措施.结果 观察组并发症发生率、病死率及住院时间显著低于或少于对照组(均P＜0.05),其中评分41～100分患者效果最为显著(P＜0.05);护士满意度及患者满意度观察组显著高于对照组(均P＜0.05).结论 APACHEⅢ用于老年患者急性腹膜炎手术危险性评估,对采取合理有效的护理干预措施有指导意义.     

冠心病患者的心理健康状况及其影响因素调查

目的 探讨冠心病患者的心理健康状况及其影响因素,为临床制订心理干预提供理论依据.方法 采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对234例冠心病患者进行调查.结果 冠心病惠者SCL-90总均分和各症状因子分显著高于国内常模(均P＜0.01);年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、经济收入、居住情况为冠心病患者心理健康状况的影响因素(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 应重视冠心痛患者的心理健康,年龄大、文化程度低、无配偶、低收入、独居患者应成为干预的重点.     

耳鸣患者恐惧感现状及影响因素研究

目的 探讨耳鸣患者恐惧感现状及其影响因素,为实施针对性护理干预提供参考.方法 采用一般资料问卷、耳鸣恐惧量表、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数及耳鸣致残量表对326例耳鸣患者进行调查.结果 耳鸣患者恐惧感总分为(9.00±2.75)分.多元线性回归显示,年龄、文化程度、睡眠状况、耳鸣严重程度是耳鸣患者恐惧感的影响因素(均P＜0.01...     

妊娠剧吐患者的心理健康水平及其相关因素研究

目的探讨妊娠剧吐(HG)患者的个性、应对、社会支持等心理社会因素与心理健康水平的相关性,为有效实施心理干预提供依据.方法以艾森克个性问卷、简易应对方式问卷、社会支持评定量表和症状自评量表(SCL-90)为工具,对41例HG患者进行调查分析,并与46例无妊娠剧吐孕妇(对照组)进行比较.结果HG患者的SCL-90总分及各因子得分显著高于对照组(均P＜0.01);情绪的稳定性与SCL-90总分及所有的因子呈显著正相关(均P＜0.01);内外倾向性与总分及大部分因子呈显著负相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);HG患者的应对方式、主观支持、支持的利用度及支持总分显著低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论HG患者的心理健康水平较低,需针对影响其心理健康水平的相关因素实施早期心理行为干预.     

脑卒中患者口腔健康素养现状及其影响因素分析

目的 调查脑卒中患者口腔健康素养现状并分析其影响因素,为制订个体化干预方案提供参考.方法 采用人口学资料及相关影响因素调查表、脑卒中患者口腔健康素养量表、口腔生活质量影响程度量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表对199例脑卒中患者进行调查.结果 脑卒中患者口腔健康素养总分为(82.24±5.90)分;脑卒中患者口腔健康素养与口腔生活质量影响程度及抑郁呈负相关(均P＜0.01).文化程度、居住地、领悟社会支持、营养状态、婚姻状态、医疗支付方式、经济来源、吞咽功能、患慢性病种数、自觉经济压力、神经系统功能、自我感受负担、主要陪护者是脑卒中患者口腔健康素养的影响因素(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 脑卒中患者口腔健康素养有待提高,其影响因素较多.医护人员应采取针对性措施提高患者的口腔健康素养.     

慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者焦虑状况及影响因素

目的 了解慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(下称慢性乙肝)患者的焦虑状况及其影响因素,为实施针对性的心理护理提供依据.方法 应用自行设计的问卷及状态一特质焦虑量表对67例慢性乙肝患者进行调查.结果 慢性乙肝患者的状态焦虑和特质焦虑得分显著高于北京及长春地区的正常人(均P＜0.05);影响慢性乙肝患者状态焦虑的主要因素有年龄、职业、经济状况、文化程度(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),影响特质焦虑的主要因素有经济状况、婚姻状况和文化程度(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 慢性乙肝患者焦虑水平较高,年龄、职业、经济状况、文化程度及婚姻状况是主要影响因素;护理人员应重视其人口学资料的收集及心理状况的评估,以实施针对性心理护理.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.