果糖二磷酸钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的 研究细菌内毒素法检查果糖二磷酸钠注射液的热原。方法 应用鲎试剂检查果糖二磷酸钠注射液中的热原。考察果糖二磷酸钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查法的干扰行为。结果 果糖二磷酸钠注射液稀释10倍，对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。结论 选用鲎试剂，用细菌内毒素检查法代替果糖二磷酸钠注射液热原检查是可行的。     

香丹注射液内毒素检查法的可行性研究

目的验证香丹注射液兔法热原试验用细菌内毒素检查法代替的可行性。方法按中国药典2015年版四部1143细菌内毒素检查法和1142热原检查法进行试验。结果该注射液稀释一定倍数后检测结果与热原检查法检测结果相同。结论香丹注射液经过60倍稀释,去除对细菌内毒素检查法的干扰后,可采用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)进行细菌内毒素检查代替热原检查法。     

硫酸妥布霉素注射液的细菌内毒素检测

用不同厂家生产的鲎试剂对不同厂家不同批号的硫酸妥布霉素注射液分别进行干扰试验,考察确立细菌内毒素检查法,结果表明,将硫酸妥布霉素注射液稀释160倍后,可以消除干扰作用,与热原检查法比较。结果一致。因此,用细菌内毒素检查法代替热原检查法是可行的。     

细菌内毒素检测法与家兔法同步检测红花注射液热原的比较

目的:考察细菌内毒素检查法对红花注射液进行检查的可行性。方法:用细菌内毒素检查法对红花注射液进行干扰试验;用细菌内毒素检测法对家兔热原试验不同结果的红花注射液进行比较试验。结果:供试品对鲎试剂与内毒素的反应无干扰作用。家兔热原检查法阴性结果与细菌内毒素检查法结果相吻合,而热原检查阳性结果却不吻合。结论:用细菌内毒素检查法检测红花注射液热原不可行。     

甲硝唑葡萄糖注射液中细菌内毒素的检查

用鲎试剂对甲硝唑葡萄糖注射液进行细菌内毒素检测研究。甲硝唑葡萄糖注射液对细菌内毒素检查无干扰，并与兔法热原检查进行对照，细菌内毒素检查法的灵敏度高于热原检查法，实验结果表明，鲎试剂法可用以检测供试品的细菌内毒素，以替代热原检查法。     

环丙沙星氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的：探讨环丙沙星氯化钠注射液应用于细菌内毒素检查法的可行性。方法：制定实验,不同灵敏度的鲎试剂对环丙沙星氯化钠注射液进行干扰试验,将细菌内毒素检查法和热原检查法结果进行比较。结果：环丙沙星氯化钠注射液液稀释2倍后,对细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用,细菌内毒素检查法和热原检查法经比较完全相符。结论：通过系列实验,说明环丙沙星氯化钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法可替代热原检查法。     

细菌内毒素检测法与家兔法同步检测磷酸川芎嗪注射液热原的比较

目的:考察细菌内毒素检查法对磷酸川芎嗪注射液进行检查的可行性。方法:用细菌内毒素检查法对磷酸川芎嗪注射液进行干扰实验;用细菌内毒素检测法对家兔热原试验不同结果的磷酸川芎嗪注射液进行比较试验。结果:供试品对鲎试剂与内毒素的反应无干扰作用。家兔热原检查法阴性结果与细菌内毒素检查法结果相吻合,并且热原检查阳性结果也吻合。结论:用细菌内毒素检查法检测磷酸川芎嗪注射液热原是可行的。     

硫酸妥布霉素注射液的细菌内毒素检测

用不同厂家生产的鲎试剂对不同厂家不同批号的硫酸妥布霉素注射液分别进行干扰试验,考察确立细菌内毒素检查法,结果表明,将硫酸妥布霉素注射液稀释160倍后,可以消除干扰作用,与热原检查法比较,结果一致.因此,用细菌内毒素检查法代替热原检查法是可行的.     

痰热清注射液的细菌内毒素检测方法

目的 建立痰热清注射液的细菌内毒素检查法以替代热原检查法.方法 用不同厂家的鲎试剂对不同批号的产品分别进行干扰试验,考察确立痰热清注射液的细菌内毒素检查法.结果 痰热清注射液在1：130的稀释倍数下可消除干扰作用,结果准确可靠.结论 痰热清注射液可用细菌内毒素检查法取代热原检查法.     

肝素钠注射液中细菌内毒素的检测

目的 建立肝素钠注射液中细菌内毒素的检查方法。方法 采用中国药典2000年版附录细菌内毒素检查法。结果 肝素钠注射液在稀释至250倍时对细菌内毒素的检查无干扰。结论 所用方法检查肝素钠注射液中细菌内毒素可行，可用细菌内毒素检查法代替家兔热原检查法。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.