用重组SAG1抗原检测弓形虫抗体

目的探讨重组SAG1抗原对弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体的检测效果。方法用rSAG1作抗原建立免疫印迹方法（rSAG1-WB）,与玻片虫体过氧化物酶免疫染色试验（TSHE）平行检测不同来源血清。结果15例病原学检查阳性小鼠血清和5例免疫兔血清的IgG抗体均为阳性,30例正常小鼠血清和10例正常兔血清均未出现阳性反应。rSAG1-WB检测可疑弓形虫病患者血清阳性率为60．3％（38／63）,献血员血清阳性率为6％（3／50）,与TSHE检测结果（65．1％和4％）均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。1例IgM强阳性血清和13例IgM弱阳性血清在Western—blot检测中分别出现相应的强阳性与弱阳性反应,50例献血员血清均未出现IgM阳性反应,结果与TSHE一致。结论rSAG1-WB检测弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体均具有高度的敏感性和特异性．与TSHE的符合率高。     

高度敏感与特异的微量固相放射免疫分析法检测人IgE

应用两个针对不同抗原决定簇的抗人IgE单克隆抗体分别作为固相抗体和标记~(125)I,建立了一步法微量固相放射免疫分析系统。该系统灵敏度为12.5-15.0pg/ml,特异性强,与100μg/ml人IgG,IgA,IgM和IgD均无反应;标准曲线的线性范围宽,为25-51200pg/ml。批内变异系数为2.4-17.1%。全部材料均可采用国产品,可用于定量测定人淋巴细胞体外培养上清及外分泌液中的微量IgE。     

185例不孕不育妇女辅助生殖前TORCH抗体的检测

目的 在准备作辅助生殖的不孕不育妇女中进行TORCH抗体的检测。方法 运用ELISA方法进行弓形体（TOX）、风疹病毒（RV）、巨细胞病毒（CMV）、单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型（HSVⅠ）、单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（HSVⅡ）五种病原体IgM、IgG抗体的检测。结果 185名患者中这五种病原体IgM、IgG抗体的阳性率分别为1.62％、1.08％、4.32％、2．70％、2．16％和3．24％、89．73％、91．35％、90．27％、74．59％。结论 CMV、HSVⅠ两种病原体有较高的感染性，HSVⅡ在不孕不育妇女中有较高的感染史。     

基于HSV-1型特异性表位的血清抗体ELISA检测方法建立与初步应用评价

目的建立并评价HSV-1型特异性抗体鉴别诊断的ELISA方法。方法以HSV-1-gG112-127型特异性表位的串联重组表达蛋白作为包被抗原，建立检测血清HSV．1特异性IgG的间接ELISA方法。同时以免疫印迹检测作为“金标准”，评价检测方法的真实性和可靠性。结果采用棋盘法确定了包被抗原、抗体的最佳浓度，建立ELISA检测方法。血清特异性IgG检测的灵敏度为91％，特异度为97．6％，阳性预测值为97％，阴性预测值为93％，符合率为94．5％，试验的一致率为98％。结论用串联重组蛋白作为包被抗原对HSV-1感染的血清进行ELISA分型检测，其特异性好。     

ELISA间接法检测肾综合征出血热患者血清中特异性抗体

以亲和层析法提取的HFRS 病毒结构蛋白为特异性抗原,建立了检测HFRS 病人血清中特异性IgM 抗体的ELISA 间接法。首先用方阵法找到抗原的最适反应浓度为25μg/ml,血清最低滴度为1∶1000。特异性反应表明,包被的病毒结构蛋白只能与     

斑点金免疫渗滤试验同步检测抗梅毒螺旋体IgM和IgG抗体的研究

目的探求一种可用于梅毒诊断及疗效考核的简便、快速、可靠的方法。方法建立检测抗梅毒螺旋体抗体的斑点金免疫渗滤试验（DIGFA），平行检测梅毒患者血清中IgM和IgG抗体，对患者在治疗前和治疗后血清中特异抗体水平的动态变化进行研究；以梅毒螺旋体血凝试验（TPHA）法为金标准，对临床上疑为梅毒患者的360份血清进行TPHA法和DIGFA法检测对比。结果用DIGFA法对已确诊为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期梅毒患者治疗前血清中特异IgM抗体的检出率分别为82．61％（38／46）、100．00％（24／24）和77．78％（t4／t8）；IgG抗体的检出率分别为60．87％（28／46）、91．67％（22／24）和88．89％（16／18）；在Ⅰ期梅毒患者血清中特异IgM抗体的阳性率高于I{$抗体（P〈0．05），在Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期梅毒患者血清中，两类抗体的阳性率均较高，且差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。58例两类抗体均阳性的梅毒患者经有效药物治疗后3个月、6个月、1年、1．5年、2年连续采血，经DIGFA检测连续观察的结果表明，IgM抗体出现较早，阴转较为明显和迅速，治疗后3个月的阴转率就达31．03％（18／58），1年的阴转率可达93．10％（54／58）；而IgG抗体出现较晚，阴转缓慢，治疗后1年的阴转率仅为34．48％（20／54）。结论DIGFA是检测抗梅毒螺旋体抗体的有效方法，早期梅毒的诊断和疗效考核可检测IgM抗体，而IgG抗体的检测则主要用于回忆性诊断，不适用于判断是否治愈或再感染。     

特异性体液免疫与传染性非典型肺炎患者病情的关系研究

目的：研究传染性非典型肺炎患者特异性体液免疫与其病情的关系。方法：采用间接酶联免疫法和双抗原夹心法检测不同病情SARS患者血清中特异性抗体。结果：间接法重症组SARS患者IgG的效价比轻症组高2．9倍，IgM的效价比轻症组高1．7倍；双抗原夹心法重症组SARS患者特异性抗体的效价比轻症组高2．6倍。可见两种血清学方法的检测结果均是重症组血清特异性抗体的效价显著高于轻症组；间接法重症组SARS患者IgG的阳性检出率比轻症组高58．2％，IgM高22．1％；双抗原夹心法重症组SARS患者特异性抗体阳性检出率比轻症组高53.9％。结论：SARS重症组血清特异性抗体效价显著高于轻症组；重症组血清特异性抗体阳性检出率显著高于轻症组。     

使用抗体-生物纳米磁珠复合体的免疫凝集检测法

使用从磁性细菌体内提取的生物纳米磁珠，在磁珠表面联上特定的抗体，以玻片免疫凝集检测法检测癌胚抗原（carcinoembryonic AntigenCEA）。结果表明使用5μg的CEA抗体-磁珠复合体，可以检测出100pg／ml浓度的CEA，在操作性、经济性上优于免疫荧光检测法。     

吉兰-巴雷综合征患者神经系统感染病原体抗体检测情况分析

目的 了解吉兰-巴雷综合征(Guillain-Barré syndrome,GBS)患者血清中神经系统感染病原体抗体的检测情况,探讨病原体感染与GBS发生的关系.方法 选取93例GBS患者为研究对象,以同期99例中枢神经系统其他疾病患者作为对照组,分别测定血清中巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)、EB病毒(Epstein Barr virus,EBV)、单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus,HSV)-1、HSV-2、风疹病毒(rubella virus,RV)、弓形虫(toxoplasma gondii,TOX)及柯萨奇病毒(coxsackievirus,COX)等7种病原体的14种IgG及IgM抗体,并进行脑脊液常规及生化检测.结果 93例GBS患者脑脊液检查表现为典型的蛋白-细胞分离现象,而糖及氯化物含量与对照组差异无统计学意义.两组患者血清中CMV IgG检出率最高,各病原体IgM抗体检出较少,未检测到RV IgM、TOX IgM、EBVCA-IgM及COX IgM等抗体.与对照组相比,93例GBS患者血清中HSV-2 IgG、TOX IgG检出率明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他病原体抗体在两组间的检出率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).对两组患者同时检出多种病原体抗体情况进行分析,GBS组同时检出6种病原体相应IgG或IgM抗体的检出率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 HSV-2和TOX感染可能与GBS发病有关联,但仍需进一步研究证实.     

应用蛋白微阵列同时检测人血清抗ToRCH抗体

目的：建立一种基于多元蛋白微阵列的免疫检测方法，用于同时检测人血清中识别弓形虫（TOXO）、风疹病毒（RV）、巨细胞病毒（CMV）、单纯疱疹Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型病毒（HSV-1、HSV-2）的特异性抗体。方法：将TOXO、RV、CMV、HSV-1和HSV-2抗原喷印到活化的玻片表面，抗原与活化基团共价结合后，制成蛋白微阵列。固定在玻片表面的抗原与病人血清中的特异性抗体反应、结合后，加入荧光标记的二抗，然后用高分辨率的激光共聚焦芯片扫描系统对蛋白微阵列进行扫描成像。所获得的图像用自行开发的软件进行分析，并自动判定并生成待测样本的定性结果。结果：使用此套蛋白微阵列系统检测抗TORCH抗体参考品，并与其它多种检测方法进行比较，各检测项目的符合率分别为92％～100％、92％～100％、96％、84％～96％、76％-96％。结论：多元蛋白微阵列法特异性强，灵敏度、准确度、精密度较高，具有应用和推广价值。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.