消化道类癌内镜治疗方法的比较

目的 比较内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）、内镜下黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）和深凿活检钳除术治疗消化道类癌的效果.方法 回顾性分析我院2007年1月-2012年12月经病理确诊的49例消化道类癌的临床资料,结合超声内镜检查表现,比较ESD（n=25）、EMR（n=16）和内镜深凿活检钳除（n=8）治疗消化道类癌的组织学完全切除率、并发症及内镜随访情况.结果 内镜治疗消化道类癌的组织学完全切除率为59 2%（29/49）.ESD组的组织完全切除率76.0%（19/25）明显高于EMR组43.8%（7/16）和深凿活检钳除组37.5%（3/8）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.048）,其中ESD组组织完全切除率明显高于EMR组（χ^2=4.374,P=0.036）.直径≥1 cm的11例类癌中,4例（36.4%）组织学不完全切除.组织学不完全切除的20例中,仅3例术前进行了超声内镜检查,占超声内镜检查的15.0%（3/20）;组织学完全切除的29例中,17例进行了超声内镜检查,占超声内镜检查85.0%（17/20）.1例ESD治疗后发生出血,其余患者未出现并发症.22例（44.9%,22/49）随访1-23个月（平均10.4月）,均未复发.结论与EMR相比,ESD在组织完全切除方面更具有优势.超声内镜检查对于术前评估具有重要意义.     

早期胃癌内镜黏膜下剥离术相关并发症及其处理原则

正早期胃癌由于淋巴转移和远处转移率很低,故其预后明显优于进展期胃癌。近年来随着内镜技术的发展,内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)和内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)已广泛应用于早期胃癌的治疗。ESD治疗适用范围较EMR扩大,提高了整块切除率,减少病灶残留,降低了复发率,提高了对消化道病变的治愈率。因此目前ESD是早期胃癌主要的内     

内镜黏膜剥离使用或不使用圈套器治疗结直肠肿瘤

目的探讨采用内镜黏膜剥离使用或不使用圈套器治疗结直肠肿瘤的价值。方法前瞻性研究58例结直肠肿瘤(直径≥2.0cm),非随机分为两组,黏膜剥离使用圈套器(ESD-S)治疗29例,黏膜剥离术(ESD)治疗29例,比较两组手术的临床指标及术后结肠镜随访情况。结果 ESD-S组在手术时间和术中出血量方面优于ESD组,肿瘤直径≥3cm,整块切除率ESD组优于ESD-S组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而两组在术后并发症以及肿瘤直径<3cm,整块切除率等方面,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与ESD相比,ESD-S比较适合治疗直径<3cm大型浅表结直肠肿瘤。     

ESD治疗结直肠早癌及癌前病变30例疗效观察

目的:观察内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗结直肠早癌及癌前病变的疗效。方法:将60例结直肠早癌及癌前病变患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。观察组患者采用ESD治疗,对照组患者采用内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)治疗,比较2组患者手术指标、手术切除情况及术后并发症发生情况。结果:观察组患者手术时间、标本直径均长于对照组(P<0.05),术中出血量、标本厚度均多于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者整体切除、完全切除率高于对照组(P<0.05),不完全切除率低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者术后并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:ESD治疗结直肠早癌及癌前病变可减少术后并发症的发生,提高病变组织切除率。     

胃黏膜内癌的EMR与ESD治疗

一些早期胃癌可采用缩小手术，甚至内镜下手术如内镜黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosalre—section．EMR）及内镜黏膜下层剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection．ESD）就可达到根治目的。胃癌内镜治疗的根治切除前提条件包括：1）无淋巴结转移；2）保证水平方向（黏膜内浸润范围）和垂直方向（浸润深度）有足够的安全切缘；3）术后切除标本可进行详细的病理组织学检查。其内镜治疗具体适应证为：所有无淋巴结转移的无溃疡糜烂的分化型黏膜内癌，直径3cm以下的有溃疡糜烂的分化型及2cm以下的无溃疡糜烂的未分化型黏膜内癌；直径3cm以下无溃疡糜烂的分化型黏膜下层癌，直径2cm以下无溃疡糜烂的未分化型黏膜下层癌。ESD和EMR可能成为治疗早期胃癌的标准方法；且ESD的1次切除率高，局部复发率低。     

3种直肠类癌内镜治疗方法的比较研究

为探讨多种直肠类癌内镜下切除术的优缺点,Zhao等通过回顾性分析,比较了传统的内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）、透明帽辅助内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR-C）及内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）的手术时间和并发症发生率。该研究共纳入了30例直肠类癌患者,3种方法各10例,肿瘤直径均小于1cm。研究结果：传统EMR组、EMR．C组及ESD组中各有8、8及10例的肿瘤被一次性完全切除;     

内镜下黏膜切除术与内镜黏膜下剥离术对早期胃癌疗效的Meta分析

目的：系统评价内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）与内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗早期胃癌（EGC）的疗效及安全性。 方法：检索多个国内外数据库,收集相关临床研究文献,筛选出符合纳入标准的合格文献后行Meta分析。 结果：最终纳入15个临床病例对照研究,共4 673例患者,其中ESD组2 154例,EMR组2 519例。Meta分析显示,ESD组的手术时间长于EMR组,但整块切除率、完整切除率、治愈切除率均高于EMR组（均P<0.05）;并发症方面,两组出血的发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但ESD组的穿孔发生率高于EMR组（P<0.05）;ESD组术后局部复发率低于EMR组（P<0.05）。 结论：ESD治疗EGC切除率高、局部复发率低,但手术时间长、穿孔率高,但以上结论还需要大样本、高质量的研究进一步证实。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumor,SMT)的疗效和安全性。方法对内镜发现的19例消化道SMT(食管6例,胃6例,十二指肠1例,乙状结肠1例,直肠5例)进行超声内镜检查(18例病变位于黏膜下层,1例位于固有肌层),应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行ESD治疗。黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病变,使病变与肌层相分离,预切开病变周围黏膜,剥离病变下方黏膜下层结缔组织,完整切除病变。结果病变最大直径0.5～3.0cm(平均1.6cm)。18例成功完成ESD治疗,手术时间15～105min(平均45min)。2例ESD术中出现内镜难以控制的大出血,1例成功保守治疗(三腔管食管囊压迫),1例转开腹手术。无术后出血。ESD穿孔3例:2例术中消化道穿孔(十二指肠球部和胃底),应用金属夹缝合成功,未转开腹手术;1例直肠类癌剥离深至肌层,术后出现皮下气肿,保守治疗气肿减退。所有ESD剥离病变包膜完整,基底和切缘未见病变累及。结论ESD治疗消化道SMT安全、有效,可以完整切除消化道黏膜下层病变,提供完整的病理诊断资料。对于来源于固有肌层的SMT,应慎行ESD。     

内镜下不同术式治疗早期结直肠癌的临床效果比较

目的 比较内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）与内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）治疗早期结直肠癌的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析本院2019年3月至2022年3月收治的92例早期结直肠癌患者的临床资料,按照手术方式不同分为ESD组、EMR组,各46例。比较两组患者围术期情况、不同肿瘤直径患者手术切除效果,比较手术前后血清超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平及术后并发症发生率、术后1年复发率。结果 ESD组手术时间、住院时间、住院费用均长于/多于EMR组,有统计学意义（P<0.05）;ESD组肿瘤直径≥2 cm的患者整块切除、完全切除率均高于EMR组,有统计学意义（P<0.05）;ESD组术后1 d血清hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平,术后并发症发生率均比EMR组高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;随访1年显示,ESD组复发率明显低于EMR组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 ESD、EMR治疗早期结直肠癌患者各有优势,可根据不同患者进行个体化选择,对于肿瘤直径<2 cm的患者可选择EMR,可减少手术时间、...     

内镜下黏膜切除术及黏膜剥离术治疗早期胃癌和癌前病变的疗效对比研究

目的对比分析内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）和内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）对治疗早期胃癌（EGC）和癌前病变的效果和安全性。 方法选取2015年1月至2016年1月无锡市第二人民医院收治的60例EGC和癌前病变患者为研究对象，根据治疗方式分为EMR组（32例）和ESD组（28例），对比分析两组患者的手术时间、禁饮禁食时间、术中出血情况、术后病理、整块切除率、治愈性切除率、肿瘤局部复发率、肿瘤残留率和术中、术后不良反应及预后情况。 结果ESD组患者手术时间长于EMR组［（53.35±7.12）min vs（34.23±5.74）min，t=2.009，P=0.043］，术中出血量多于EMR组［（10.26±3.42）ml vs（3.35±0.71）ml，t=2.511，P=0.018］，差异有统计学意义。ESD组患者病灶整块切除率（92.9% vs 62.5%，χ²=7.693，P=0.006）及治愈性切除率（78.6% vs 43.8%，χ²=7.545，P=0.006）均高于EMR组患者，差异有统计学意义。ESD组不良反应率为14.3%（4/28），高于EMR组的3.1%（1/32），差异有统计学意义（χ²=8.765，P=0.001）。两组患者术后2年总生存率比较，差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.643，P=0.423）。 结论与EMR相比，ESD可能是治疗EGC及癌前病变的一种较为安全有效的手术方式。     

Reliability of endoscopic esophageal mucosectomy using TxHood,a multipurpose treatment hood

Endoscopic mucosectomy, comprising both endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), is a minimally invasive treatment for patients with early esophageal carcinoma. The use of ESD is appropriate for mucosal lesions of any size. However, ESD techniques are relatively difficult and can lead to serious complications such as perforation and massive bleeding, which have been reported more frequently after ESD than after EMR. This study describes a novel technique for ESD using a newly designed multipurpose treatment hood (TxHood) as well as basic experiments to ensure its safety. The TxHood includes various therapeutic tools such as an electric needleknife, a snare wire, and an injection needle, and the lines can be selected freely before insertion of an enodoscope covered by a TxHood. The main techniques for ESD are endoscopic submucosal saline injections on demand through a working channel of the endoscope or TxHood and a cut or swing cut with a needleknife attached to the TxHood. Moreover, the target area can be grasped with a grasping forceps through a working channel of the endoscope to obtain effective countertraction. In these experiments, an electric needleknife set parallel to the shaft of the endoscope offered safety and ease of handling for the dissecting procedures. Altogether, 16 resections of mucosa with an average size of 3.5 × 2.5 cm (range, 2 × 2 to 7 × 4 cm) were performed. The average time required for each targeted endoscopic resection area was about 15 min. No perforations or instances of uncontrollable bleeding occurred. In conclusion, this basic study demonstrates that the new ESD technique with the TxHood provides a useful treatment for early esophageal carcinoma and may be applicable for all mucosal or submucosal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. Presented at the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) 2006 meeting in Dallas, April 2006, during the New Technology session.     

内镜下治疗伴发静脉曲张的上消化道早癌患者的出血风险

目的研究内镜下治疗伴发食管胃静脉曲张的上消化道早癌患者的出血风险。方法回顾性分析2005年4月至2011年8月行内镜下治疗伴发食管胃底静脉曲张的7例上消化道早癌患者的临床资料。静脉曲张采用LDRf分型进行分型。对于早癌或癌前病变采用内镜下黏膜剥离术（ESD）或内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）治疗。结果本组7例患者行ESD或EMR,7例患者中4例早期胃癌,3例早期食管癌;6例食管静脉曲张,1例胃底静脉曲张。均完整切除病变,内镜下早癌治疗术中及术后均未发生静脉曲张出血。结论内镜下治疗伴发食管胃静脉曲张的上消化道早癌不增加静脉曲张的出血风险。     

The modern treatment of early gastric cancer: our experience in an Italian cohort

Background  Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been developed as treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC) by Japanese authors. However, there are no reports about its possible implementation in the Western setting. The aim of the present work is to determine the safety and efficacy of the endoscopic treatments for EGC in an Italian cohort. Methods  Forty-five patients for a total of 48 gastric lesions were enrolled in the study. Thirty-six EMR procedures were performed with the strip biopsy technique using a double-channel endoscope. En bloc resection refers to resection in one piece, while piecemeal refers to resections in which the lesion was removed in multiple fragments. A total of 12 ESD were performed and completed with IT knife. We define as curative treatment lateral and vertical margins of the resected specimens free of cancer and repeat endoscopic finding of no recurrent disease. Results  Out of 36 EMR procedures, 10 were piecemeal resections (28%), while 26 were en bloc (72%). ESD led to en bloc resection in 11/12 cases (92%). Histological assessment of curability in the EMR group was achieved in 56% of the cases, and in 92% of the ESD group. Mean follow-up period was 31 months (range: 12–71 months). There was no local recurrence or distant metastasis in the curative group patients. Conclusions  These results seem to confirm the safety and the clinical efficacy of the ESD procedure in the Western world too.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术与外科切除治疗早期残胃癌长期疗效的比较研究

目的本研究旨在对内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)与外科手术切除治疗胃癌外科R0切除术后早期残胃癌(early remnant gastric cancer,ERGC)的远期疗效进行比较。 方法收集2008年1月至2016年12月就诊于解放军总医院的胃癌外科R0切除术后经内镜活检诊断为ERGC患者的临床和病理资料,根据患者接受治疗措施的不同将其分为ESD治疗组和外科手术组,在2020年5月对所有患者进行电话随访。计算ESD治疗组的整块切除率、完全切除率、治愈性切除率。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算ESD组和外科手术组患者5年总生存率和病因特异性生存率,采用Log-Rank检验比较ESD组和外科手术组患者生存率的差异。 结果共纳入ERGC患者32例,其中ESD组21例、外科手术组11例。32例ERGC患者中男性31例(96.9%)。ESD治疗组的整块切除率76.2%(16/21)、完全切除率71.4%(15/21)、治愈性切除66.7%(14/21)。ESD组及外科手术组5年总生存率差异无统计学意义(78.8%比77.1%,P＝0.764),5年病因特异性生存率差异无统计学意义(78.8%比90.0%,P＝0.538)。 结论残胃空间有限及黏膜下严重纤维化都增加了ESD的难度,但ESD与外科手术切除治疗ERGC患者的长期疗效相当,ESD可作为ERGC的一种安全、有效的治疗选择。     

食管胃交界部固有肌层来源黏膜下肿瘤内镜下切除方法的选择与评价

目的评价以内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）为基础的各种内镜切除技术在食管胃交界部（EGJ）固有肌层来源黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）治疗中的临床价值和适应证的选择。方法回顾性分析复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心所有接受内镜下切除治疗的患者资料库．筛选出2007年3月至2011年6月间经内镜下超声或CT证实固有肌层来源的EGJ处SMT患者143例。详细记录患者的临床病理资料、内镜切除方法、完整切除率、并发症发生率及术后随访资料。结果143例患者中男74例,女69例,平均年龄49．1岁。135例（94-4％）病变成功完成内镜下整块切除,其中接受内镜黏膜下挖除术126例,无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术6例,内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术3例：另外8例肿瘤于内镜下部分切除后,基底部尼龙绳套扎。肿瘤平均直径为17．6mm．平均手术时间45．1min．平均出血量50．0ml。术中穿孔6例,贲门黏膜撕裂1例。均通过内镜下处理及保守治疗好转。术后病理示,平滑肌瘤121例,胃肠间质瘤20例。颗粒细胞瘤1例．肌间脂肪瘤1例。术后经3。48个月的随访,未见局部复发和远处转移病例。结论在EGJ固有肌层来源SMT治疗中．各种内镜切除方法均安全有效．临床医师需根据肿瘤的临床特征具体选择．     

Advantages of endoscopic submucosal dissection with needle-knife over endoscopic mucosal resection for small rectal carcinoid tumors: a retrospective study

Background

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a new, widely accepted method for the treatment of early gastric cancer and was developed to increase the en bloc resection rate. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ESD compared with conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for small rectal carcinoid tumors.

Methods

A retrospective study was carried out that included 43 patients with small rectal carcinoid tumors (<10 mm). The cohort comprised two groups: Group A (N = 23) underwent conventional EMR from January 2004 to August 2005, while group B (N = 20) underwent ESD with needle-knife from September 2005 to December 2006. The rate of curative en bloc resection, the procedure time, and the incidence of complications were evaluated.

Results

The en bloc resection rate and the rate of completeness of resection of group B were higher than those of group A (100 vs. 87%, 100 vs. 52.5%, respectively). The average operation time required for resection was significantly longer in group B (28.4 ± 17.2 min) compared with group A (12.3 ± 15.4 min) (p < 0.05). None of the patients had immediate or delayed bleeding during the procedure. Perforation occurred in one case of group B and the patient recovered after several days of conservative treatment. Three patients had local recurrence after EMR, while no patient experienced recurrence after ESD.

Conclusion

ESD, compared with conventional EMR, increased en bloc and histologically complete resection rates and may reduce local recurrence rate for small rectal carcinoid tumors. Increased operation time and complication risks with ESD remain problematic. Further technique and investigation are required to confirm the safety and to assess the long-term prognosis of ESD.     

Efficacy of hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection with SOUTEN in gastric lesions: An ex vivo porcine model basic study

BACKGROUNDHybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) that comprises mucosal incision and partial submucosal dissection followed by snaring in a planned manner, has been developed for endoscopic resection of gastrointestinal neoplasms to overcome the technical barrier of ESD. Although the superiority of hybrid ESD with SOUTEN, a single multifunctional device, over conventional ESD has been indicated, the actual effect of snaring itself remains unclear since SOUTEN could be applied to hybrid ESD group, but not to the conventional ESD group, due to ethical issue in clinical practice. AIMTo determine whether and how hybrid ESD was superior to conventional ESD in the endoscopic treatment of gastric lesions in an ex vivo porcine model basic study.METHODSSixteen endoscopists participated in this basic study in August 2020 at Kyushu University, performing 32 procedures each for hybrid ESD and conventional ESD. Mock lesions (10-15 mm, diameter) were created in the porcine stomach. The primary outcome was total procedure time and secondary outcomes were en bloc or complete resection, perforation, procedure time/speed for both, mucosal incision, and submucosal dissection. Factors associated with difficulty in ESD including longer procedure time, incomplete resection, and perforation, were also investigated. Categorical and continuous data were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test, respectively.RESULTSThe median total procedure time of hybrid ESD was significantly shorter than that of conventional ESD (median: 8.3 min vs 16.2 min, P < 0.001). Time, speed, and the amount of hyaluronic acid during submucosal dissection were more favorable in hybrid ESD than conventional ESD (time, 5.2 min vs 10.4 min, P < 0.001; speed, 43.7 mm²/min vs 23.8 mm²/min, P < 0.00; injection volume, 1.5 mL vs 3.0 mL, P < 0.001), although no significant differences in those factors were observed between both groups during mucosal incision. There was also no significant difference between both groups in the en bloc/complete resection rate and perforation rate (complete resection, 93.8% vs 87.5%, P = 0.67; perforation, 0% vs 3.1%, P = 1). Selection of conventional ESD as the treatment method was significantly associated with difficulties during ESD (odds ratio = 10.2; highest among factors). CONCLUSIONHybrid ESD with SOUTEN improves the treatment outcomes of gastric lesions. It also has the potential to reduce medical costs since SOUTEN is a single multifunctional device that is inexpensive.