血流动力学对能量多普勒显像的影响：血流速度的影响

目的：在实验模型中观察血流速度对能量多普勒显像（ＰＤＩ）的影响。方法：在３ｍｍ内径硅胶管中模拟不同血流速度（２．０～３３．２ｃｍ／ｓｅｃ）的血流。记录ＰＤＩ血流图，用计算机分析血流的彩色像素面积（ＣＰＡ）和彩色亮度（ＣＶ）。结果：血流速度与ＰＤＩ血流的ＣＰＡ和ＣＶ呈正相关，其中ＣＰＡ：ｒ＝０．８３４，Ｐ＜０．０１；ＣＶ：ｒ＝０．８４８，Ｐ＜０．０１，尤其在血流速度为８．３ｃｍ／ｓｅｃ以下时变化最明显。结论：血流速度对ＰＤＩ血流的血流面积和亮度均有影响。     

彩色多普勒流速剖面技术对正常人门脉血流动力学的研究

运用新近研制的彩色多普勒流速剖面（ＣＤＶＰ）技术检测３５例正常人门脉血流动力学。结果示门脉主干（ＰＴ）、右前支（ＲＡＢ）及脾静脉（ＳＶ）流速剖面呈瞬时变化，剖面参数ｎ值分别为３．１９±０．７８，２．７０±０．５３，２．９８±０．８１，提示它们的流速剖面介于抛物线形与平台形之间，其中ＰＴ较ＲＡＢ更平坦（Ｐ＜０．０５）。最大截面平均流速及流量分别为ＰＴ３０．５２±６．７５ｃｍ／ｓ，１０６２．７±１５２．３ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，ＲＡＢ１２．８２±２．６９ｃｍ／ｓ，４１５．５±１３６．４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，ＳＶ１４．１０±３．６５ｃｍ／ｓ，３０４．４±１０４．６ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，各个部位流量重复测定值间的变异系数分别为８．３８±４．０７％，７．１０±３．４３％，９．２６±５．１１％。观测血流量的动态变化，６４．５％ＲＡＢ和５９．３％ＳＶ保持基本恒定状态，６２．１％ＰＴ，３５．５％ＲＡＢ和４０．７％ＳＶ随心搏呈周期性改变，另有３７．９％ＰＴ呈不规则性变化。本研究表明ＣＤＶＰ比传统的脉冲多普勒技术可提供更多更准确关于门脉系统血流动力学方面的诊断信息，是一种有用的检测方法     

经颅多普勒超声在脑动静脉畸形中的应用

本文报告了我院１９９１年８月至１９９２年１２月间２２例脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ）经ＴＣＤ检测的结果，并观察了进行微导管栓塞（ＤＳＡ）治疗前后ＴＣＤ的变化，结果为：①检出供血动脉５１支，平均每例２、３支。检测供血动脉ＴＣＤ与ＤＳＡ造影结果相符率为９５．５％。②４例ＴＣＤ诊断困难，均为轻度者，确诊率为８１．８％。③本组血流速度增高平均为１２６．７±３３．４（ｃｍ／ｓｅｃ），ＰＩ降低，平均为０．５１，频谱异常占８１．８％，声频异常占６３．６％。④经栓塞治疗后，ＴＣＤ改变明显，血流速度平均降低２９．２（ｃｍ／ｓｅｃ），ＰＩ升高０．２５，频谱及声频均有明显好转。     

二尖瓣狭窄球囊扩张术前、后肺静脉血流和左房压力的关系

目的： 探讨定量评估左房压力和左室舒张功能的新途径。方法： 利用经胸多普勒超声测量１５例窦性心律风心病二尖瓣狭窄患者在二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ） 前、后的肺静脉血流, 并与ＰＢＭＶ术前、后的左房压力对比。结果： １、成功的ＰＢＭＶ术后, 立即引起窦性心律患者肺静脉收缩血流的增加。收缩期血流峰值（Ｓ） 从４３．９１±７．６９ｃｍ ／ｓ增至５０．９７±１０．０９ｃｍ ／ｓ, Ｐ＜ ０．００２。收缩期血流速度时间积分 （ＳＶＴＩ） 从７．８８±３．１７ｃｍ 增至９．８５±３．１３ｃｍ , Ｐ＜ ０．００１。２．左房压力和肺静脉血流有良好的相关性。左房压力和收缩分数（ＳＦ＝ ＳＶＴＩ／ＳＶＴＩ＋ ＤＶＴＩ） 相关性最好为ｒ＝ － ０．７１, Ｐ＜ ０．０５。结论： 肺静脉血流可以评估左房压力。即ＳＦ％ ＜ ５０％ 时, 左房压力＞ １８ｍ ｍ Ｈｇ。     

多巴酚丁胺超声心动图对扩张型心肌病血流动力学的研究

目的： 探讨小剂量多巴酚丁胺对扩张型心肌病的血流动力学改变。方法： 应用小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图对 ２５ 例扩张型心肌病 （ＤＣＭ ） 合并二尖瓣返流 （Ｍ Ｒ） 患者的血流动力学进行了检测。结果： 在静息状态下,二尖瓣口舒张期血流呈限制性充盈方式, Ｅ／Ａ 为２．３±１．５, Ｅ 波减速时间 （ＤＴ） 为１１７．６±１３．２ｍ ｓ; 肺静脉血流收缩期与舒张期最大流速 （Ｓ／Ｄ） 比值为０．５４, 心房收缩期逆向血流速度 （ＰＡ） 为２８．２±１４．３ｃｍ ／ｓ; 左室－ｄｐ／ｄｔｍ ａｘ、ｄｐ／ｄｔｍ ａｘ 和ＥＦ 均减小, 左室松弛时间常数 （Ｔ） 延长, 收缩期左房压 （ＳＬＡＰ） 升高。应用多巴酚丁胺后Ｅ／Ａ 明显减小, ＤＴ 延长, Ｓ波增加, ＰＡ 波减小 （Ｐ 均＜ ０．０５）, －ｄｐ／ｄｔｍ ａｘ 和ｄｐ／ｄｔｍ ａｘ 显著增加, Ｔ 值缩短; 主动脉血流量增加, 二尖瓣返流量和返流口面积均减小。结论： ＤＣＭ 合并Ｍ Ｒ 患者存在心肌收缩功能和舒张功能的降低, 应用小剂量多巴酚丁胺可改善这部分患者的心脏功能。     

高频超声波不同作用方式下对正中神经运动纤维传导速度的影响

目的：为了解小剂量高频超声波对正中神经传导速度的影响。方法：在超声波作用前后,分别测试了８０例正常人双侧正中神经前臂段的运动纤维传导速度（ＭＣＶ）。超声仪的工作频率为１．６５ＭＨｚ,分六组。Ａ组：０．３Ｗ／ｃｍ２连续波固定法１ｍｉｎ;Ｂ组：０．３Ｗ／ｃｍ２脉冲波固定法５ｍｉｎ;Ｃ组：０．６Ｗ／ｃｍ２连续波移动法１０ｍｉｎ;Ｄ组：１．２Ｗ／ｃｍ２脉冲波移动法１０ｍｉｎ;Ｅ、Ｆ为假超声组。结果：Ａ组作用后ＭＣＶ明显加快（Ｐ＜０．００１）;而Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ三组的ＭＣＶ明显减慢（Ｐ＜０．００１）;Ｅ、Ｆ组ＭＣＶ没有明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。３０ｍｉｎ后各组基本恢复到超声作用前水平。结论：小剂量高频超声波可使正中神经运动纤维传导速度出现可逆性改变。     

脑死亡的经颅多普勒超声观察

本文采用经颅多普勒超声仪检测１２例临床诊断脑死亡患者的大脑中动脉血流速度及频谱表现。发现Ｖｍｃａ介于－３ｃｍ／ｓ－１６ｃｍ／ｓ，平均５．８ｃｍ／ｓ．频谱变化表现为“震荡波”形（１１支ＭＣＡ），收缩期尖峰信号（１０支），另３支未探及。上述表现与正常及重度颅脑外伤均有明显不同。１２例患者均告死亡。我们认为：ＴＣＤ在脑死亡诊断中准确性高，是一种有用的辅助手段。     

经颅多普勒超声检测分析椎底动脉供血不足(附540例报告)

目的观察应用ＴＣＤ检测椎－基底动脉供血不足病人颅血流动力学变化的意义。方法仪器为美国ＭｅｄａｓｏｎｉｃｓＴＣＤ仪，探头频率２ＭＨｚ，对５４０例椎－基底动脉供血不足病人按年龄设置３组进行检测。结果ＴＣＤ总异常率为７８．７％，流速异常率为ＶＡ４１．２％、ＢＡ３５．２％、ＩＣＡ３１．９％。其中，高血压、动脉硬化和颈椎病ＴＣＤ异常率分别为９４．０％、８９．４％和８０。０％。全组频谱形态异常率为４７．６％，年龄越大，异常率越高。结论ＴＣＤ对研究椎－基底动脉供血不足血流动力学变化有较大意义。     

Shy—Drager综合征的经颅多普勒检测结果分析

本文利用经颅多普勒（ＴＣＤ）对１７例Ｓｈｙ－Ｄｒａｇｅｒ综合征（ＳＤＳ）患者进行了颅内血管的检测，结果显示：卧位时，大脑中动脉（ＭＣＡ）和大脑前动脉（ＡＣＡ）峰血流速度分别为７８．５２±１６．８１ｃｍ／ｓ和６９．７３±１４．３１ｃｍ／ｓ，立位时为６７．９７±１６．３５ｃｍ／ｓ和６２．３０±１３．３８ｃｍ／ｓ，两者比较有显著差异（ｐ＜０．０５）；立位时大脑中动脉峰血流速度平均下降１１．７９±７．４８ｃｍ／ｓ，大脑前动脉下降９．７７±４．８１ｃｍ／ｓ。实验提示，经颅多普勒作为一种辅助检查，对Ｓｈｙ－Ｄｒａｇｅｒ综合征的诊断具有一定的指导意义     

双功能经颅彩色多普勒超声对冠心病患者脑血流动力学的研究

本文应用双功能经颅彩色多普勒超声（ＴＣＣＤ）对３４例冠心病患者进行了脑血流动力学的检测，结果表明，冠心病患者频谱形态，第二峰高于第一峰２０例，第一峰高于第二峰６例。大脑中动脉（ＭＣＡ）血流速度低于正常对照组，搏动指数（ＰＩ）、阻力指数（ＲＩ）均增高Ｐ＜０．００１。椎动脉（ＶＡ）的ＰＩ升高Ｐ＜０．００１。而基底动脉（ＢＡ）Ｖｓ、Ｖｄ、Ｖｍ及ＰＩ、ＲＩ均有显著差异Ｐ＜０．０５和Ｐ＜０．００１。我们认为ＴＣＣＤ可以反映冠心病患者脑血流动力学变化及血管病变的程度，也可对冠心病患者并存脑动脉硬化的诊断具有一定临床应用价值     

闭锁综合征的临床和影像学表现(附10例分析)

目的　探讨闭锁综合征的临床和影像学变化。方法　 10例患者均在发病 72h内行头颅CT、MRI检查 ,并应用经颅多普勒 (TCD)检测大脑中动脉平均血流速度 (MCAVm)和基底动脉的平均血流速度(BAVm)及其频谱变化。结果　头颅CT示 3例单侧桥脑基底部梗死 ,6例为双侧桥脑基底部梗死 ,1例为双侧桥脑基底部出血。MRI均显示为双侧桥脑广泛受损的长T1、T2 异常信号。MCAVm和BAVm分别为5 1.3cm/s和 15 .1cm/s,与正常对比降低 9.4 %和 5 1.6 %。结论　闭锁综合征患者后循环血流速度比前循环降低更明显 ,与头颅MRI表现一致 ,与CT相比 ,MRI对闭锁综合征的检出率更高。     

Accuracy of transcranial Doppler sonography for predicting cerebral infarction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography using different criteria for predicting cerebral infarction due to symptomatic vasospasm. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and radiologic data of consecutive patients admitted with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the anterior cerebral circulation between January 2001 and June 2002. TCD sonographic examinations were performed on alternate days up to 20 days after admission. Cerebral infarction was defined on CT as a new hypodensity in the vascular distribution with corresponding clinical symptoms. Vasospasm was diagnosed as mild or severe when TCD sonography revealed a mean blood flow velocity (MBFV) greater than 120 and 180 cm/s in the middle or anterior cerebral artery and in the intracranial part of the internal carotid artery, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 93 patients with aneurysmal SAH in the anterior cerebral circulation were included. Vasospasm was demonstrated by TCD sonography in 60 patients (64.5%) and was shown via multivariable logistic regression analysis to be predictive of cerebral infarction (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.46-6.59), with an 82.6% and 69.6% sensitivity, a 41.4% and 77.1% specificity, a 31.7% and 50.0% positive predictive value, and an 87.9% and 88.5% negative predictive value when the MBFV was greater than 120 and 180 cm/s, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Vasospasm on TCD was found to be predictive of symptomatic cerebral infarction on CT, but its positive predictive value remained low despite the adoption of restrictive TCD criteria for vasospasm.     

TCD评估大脑中动脉区脑梗死患者的血流动力学变化

目的采用TCD评估大脑中动脉(MCA)区脑梗死后的血流动力学变化。方法对35例经头颅磁共振证实的MCA区急性脑梗死患者(病例组)和30例健康对照组行TCD检查。结果病例组患侧MCA流速低于健侧,两侧MCA流速比值低于对照组,两组间有显著性差异;病例组患侧与健侧大脑前动脉(ACA)流速比值高于对照组,两组间有显著性差异;病例组双侧大脑后动脉(PCA)流速比值跟对照组相比无显著性差异;所有病例组患侧MCA脉动指数减低(P<0.001)。结论TCD提供的血流动力学参数可以部分反映MCA病变后的侧支循环情况,MCA区脑梗死后侧支循环代偿以ACA为主。     

脑外伤后综合征与重型颅脑外伤的脑血流和血液流变学研究

目的 研究脑外伤后综合征(PTS)和重型颅脑外伤的脑血流、血液流变学的变化规律。方法 PTS组122例为A组，重型颅脑外伤组113例为B组，采用经颅多普勒分别探测大脑中(MCA)、前(ACA)、后动脉(PCA)和椎动脉(VA)、基底动脉(BA)。检查全血粘度、血浆粘度和红细胞变形指数。结果 PTS患者左右半球各动脉与重型颅脑外伤相比主要表现为血流缓慢，以MCA、ACA、VA、BA更为明显。A组左半球MCA和VA血流缓慢比右半球明显，B组左右半球血管痉挛无差异。2组患者均有明显的全血粘度增高、血浆粘度增高和RBC变形性降低。结论 PTS存在器质性脑损伤，以左半球为主，TCD主要表现为血流缓慢；PTS患者和重型颅脑外伤患者均存在严重的血液流变学异常。     

超声评估远隔缺血适应对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑血流的影响

目的:探讨远隔缺血适应(RIC)对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)患者脑血流的影响。方法:选择2017年11月至2018年5月首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科重症监护病房连续收治的aSAH患者24例,所有患者在aSAH后72 h内接受动脉瘤夹闭和栓塞治疗,术后7 d内进行RIC干预5次。在RIC干预前、后采用经颅超声多普勒(TCD)评估脑血流,包括前循环:双侧大脑前动脉(ACA)、双侧大脑中动脉(MCA)、同侧MCA/颈内动脉(ICA)终末段血流速度比值(ratio);后循环:双侧大脑后动脉(PCA)、双侧椎动脉颅内段(VA)、基底动脉(BA)。RIC干预结束后复查头颅CT或MRI,判断有无新发梗死。结果:RIC干预后,患者前循环血流R-MCA、L-ACA及R-ratio较干预前升高(均P0.05),升高幅度均20%,其余参数差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。RIC干预后,患者后循环血流L-VA及BA较干预前升高(均P0.05),升高幅度均20%,其余参数差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。RIC干预结束后,CT或MRI均未发现新发脑梗死。结论:RIC干预在aSAH应用中对脑血流影响不明显,未导致新发脑梗死,其安全性得到初步证实。     

Basilar and middle cerebral artery reactivity in patients with migraine

BACKGROUND: Migraine has been reported as a possible risk factor for ischemic stroke. The mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia in the anterior and posterior circulation of patients with migraine, as reduced cerebrovascular reactivity is associated with a predisposition to stroke in various clinical conditions. METHODS: Using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, changes in flow velocity during apnea were measured in both middle cerebral arteries and in the basilar artery of 15 control subjects and 30 patients with migraine (15 with aura and 15 without aura) during an attack-free period. Cerebrovascular reactivity was evaluated using the breath-holding index, which is calculated by dividing the percent increase in mean flow velocity recorded during a breath-holding episode by its duration (in seconds) after a normal inspiration. RESULTS: Vascular reactivity in the middle cerebral arteries was similar in patients and controls and significantly lower in the basilar artery of patients with migraine with aura compared with the other 2 groups (P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that in patients with migraine with aura, there is an impairment in the adaptive cerebral hemodynamic mechanisms in the posterior circulation. This fact could have pathogenetic implications since the association between migraine and stroke frequently regards patients with migraine with aura, and cerebral infarcts occur more commonly in the vertebrobasilar district.     

Blood flow velocity and pulsatility index differences in patients with unilateral migraine

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate blood flow velocity and pulsatility in unilateral migraine without aura during the headache-free period using transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography. METHODS: Patients with unilateral headache were recruited during the headache-free period. Maximum mean flow velocity (MFV) and pulsatility index (PI) were measured in the middle cerebral (MCA) and basilar arteries. Controls were headache-free individuals without cerebrovascular disease. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with right-sided migraine, 25 patients with left-sided migraine, and 19 controls were studied. The MCA PI was higher on the right headache side versus the left headache side (0.97 +/- 0.2 versus 0.86 +/- 0.1 cm/s, P =.02) and versus controls (0.9 +/- 0.2 cm/s, NS). The basilar artery MFV was higher in patients with right-sided headache versus left-sided headache (39.5 +/- 5.6 versus 34.7 +/- 8.2 cm/s, P =.02) and versus controls (38.2 +/- 8 cm/s, NS). No decrease in MFV with age was observed in patients with migraine. CONCLUSIONS: Middle cerebral artery flow pulsatility and basilar artery velocity are higher in patients with right-sided migraine compared with left-sided migraineurs, during the headache-free period. Although these parameters were similar to controls, the differences found during the headache-free period in migraineurs may indicate vascular involvement predisposing to the unilateral headache recurrence.     

牵引按摩改善颈源性头痛脑血管机能障碍

目的：探讨牵引按摩对颈源性头痛（CH）患者脑血管机能障碍改善的机理。方法：用经颅多谱勒超声（TCD）检测125例有颈椎曲度异常或颈椎退行性改变的颈源性头痛患者牵引按摩前后与正常对照组90例的9条颅内血管（双侧大脑前、中、后动脉、椎动脉及基底动脉），并对TCD结果做统计学分析。结果：1．颈源性头痛组（125例）牵引按摩治疗后，大脑中、前动脉的平均血流速度（Vm），较治疗前降低，其值更接近于正常对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。2．治疗后颅内成对动脉的Vm差异缩小，其代表值-非对称指数（AI）的异常率以及均值显著低于治疗前，与正常对照组更接近（P〈0．01）。结论：牵引按摩治疗可双向调整颅内动脉的异常血流速度增高和减低，从而改善颈源性头痛患者的脑血管机能紊乱。     

经颅多普勒超声在老年人椎动脉型颈椎病的诊断及治疗中的价值

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对老年人椎动脉型颈椎病的诊断及疗效评定价值。方法 按临床诊断标准收集椎动脉型颈椎病患者36例,平均年龄53.6岁,对照组为年龄相近的健康人28例。采用MT－1000型彩色经颅多普勒超声仪于治疗前后对基底动脉（BA）、椎动脉（VA）、大脑后动脉（PCA）、大脑前动脉（ACA）和大脑中动脉（MCA）的血流峰速度（Vp）、血流平均速度（Vm）及血流频谱图像进行检测分析。结果 疾病组椎基底动脉（VBA）流速明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）。疾病组TCD异常率为80.6％（29例／36例）,以VBA流速降低为主要特点。治疗后椎基底动脉系统血流速度明显改善（P＜0.05）。结论 TCD可作为老年人椎动脉型颈椎病患者诊断及疗效评定的参考依据。     

Reproducibility of transcranial Dopplersonography: a validation study.

Transcranial Doppler-sonography (TCD) is a useful noninvasive technique for the measurement of intracranial arterial blood flow velocity. The present study evaluated the reproducibility of this method for repeated measurements of flow velocity in the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral, and basilar arteries. Thirty-six patients (23 males and 13 females) were studied. Three measurements were made by the same examiner on each patient with a time interval of 1 h between the first and the second examination, and about 24 h between the first and the third examination. The statistical evaluation for the reproducibility was performed by calculating the correlation coefficient (r). The results showed good reproducibility of TCD for all arteries both between the first and second and between the first and third measurements (r = 0.78-0.97; p less than 0.001), but when the middle cerebral artery mean velocity is low the posterior cerebral artery reproducibility is poorest (r = 0.42-0.54).