雌激素受体α和雌激素受体β的表达及其对乳腺癌预后的影响

雌激素是乳腺癌重要的有丝分裂刺激剂,这种促分裂作用是通过乳腺组织中的雌激素受体（estrogenreceptor,ER）介导的。ER是雌激素信号通路中的一个关键蛋白,属于核受体超家族成员,是一类重要的核转录因子,因其在生殖系统、骨组织、心血管和中枢神经系统中发挥着重要的生理作用,故成为治疗乳腺癌药物的作用靶标。     

选择性雌激素受体调节剂对AD的作用研究进展

雌激素能够改善学习认知功能,防治阿尔茨海默病,但是乳腺癌、子宫内膜癌等生殖系统癌症发病率的增加限制了其临床应用。选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERMs)是能选择性与雌激素受体结合而发挥类雌激素作用的一类非类固醇类配体,由于其对组织受体选择的特异性,从而减少了雌激素治疗的副作用。本文就近年来选择性雌激素受体调节剂发挥神经保护作用的可能机制进行综述。     

雌激素受体与抑郁症的相关性研究进展

雌激素主要通过雌激素受体发挥抗抑郁作用。目前研究较多的是雌激素受体 α（ERα）、雌激素受体 β （ERβ）和 G蛋白偶联雌激素受体（GPER）。三者在雌激素的抗抑郁作用中发挥不同的效应,其中 GPER可能与雌激 素的快速抗抑郁作用有关。深入了解雌激素受体的不同效应对于寻找治疗抑郁症的新靶点,充分发挥雌激素的抗 抑郁作用,最大程度减少其不良反应具有重要意义。     

雌激素受体基因与绝经后骨质疏松

绝经后骨质疏松(postmennopausal osteoporosis,PMOP)是指绝经后妇女由于体内卵巢功能低下,雌激素水平低落,骨偶联过程失衡,破骨细胞的骨吸收大于成骨细胞的骨形成作用所导致的骨量减少,骨脆性增加,进而易于发生骨折的代谢性骨疾病.雌激素水平降低是绝经后骨质疏松发病的首要原因,激素替代疗法(HRT)至今仍然为治疗PMOP的一线疗法.雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)是介导雌激素发挥生物学作用的核内生物大分子,随着分子生物学技术的应用,对ER的研究日益深入,尤其是对ER基因多态性与绝经后骨质疏松的关联性研究,使从基因水平筛查高危人群成为可能.     

G蛋白偶联雌激素受体在雌激素相关肿瘤发生中的作用

在经典的雌激素核受体α和β之外,雌激素或雌激素样物质也可以经过膜受体,即G蛋白偶联雌激素受体(GPER)发挥功能。G蛋白偶联雌激素受体是雌激素非基因通路信号转导过程的重要介导因子,在雌激素相关肿瘤细胞的发生和治疗中具有重要的意义。现针对G蛋白偶联雌激素受体在雌激素相关肿瘤细胞中介导的效应及有关机制的研究进展进行综述。     

雌激素、雌激素受体与乳腺癌

目的研究雌激素、雌激素受体与乳腺癌的关系。方法收集2006至2010年天津西青医院病理科47例乳腺癌病例,用免疫组织化学染色进行雌激素受体检测。结果 32例乳腺癌患者雌激素受体阳性,15例阴性。结论雌激素、雌激素受体与乳腺癌三者之间的关系密切。     

选择性雌激素受体调节剂研究现状

乳腺癌已经成为危害女性健康的主要恶性肿瘤,选择性雌激素受体调节剂作为治疗乳腺癌的有效药物越来越受到人们的广泛关注。笔者对选择性雌激素受体调节剂的研究现状进行综述。     

孕激素及雌激素对乳腺癌细胞RANKL及其受体的调节作用

目的 观察孕激素及雌激素对不同乳腺癌细胞系中核因子kB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)及其受体(RANK、OPG)表达的调节作用.方法 取对数生长期的乳腺癌细胞系T47D、MCF-7及MDA-MB-231,分别给予孕激素及雌激素刺激.采用RT-PCR测定各乳腺癌细胞系中RANKL、RANK、OPG以及孕激素受体(PR)的表达.结果 孕激素可以明显提高T47D及MCF-7细胞中RANKL的表达.孕激素和雌激素作用后,RANK在乳腺癌细胞系T47D及MCF-7中的表达明显下降.然而孕激素及雌激素对于OPG在T47D及MCF-7细胞中表达的调节作用却不明显.结论 RANKL及其受体在T47D与MCF-7细胞系中的表达受到孕激素及雌激素的调节,提示孕激素和雌激素有可能通过RANKL及其受体影响乳腺癌细胞的骨转移.     

雌激素受体及与雌激素相关疾病的研究进展

雌激素是一种由雌激素受体基因表达的重要类固醇激素,在体内靶组织众多,具有广泛的生物学活性。雌激素受体是类固醇激素受体超家族成员之一,由于其分布的广泛性及生物效应的复杂性,因而受到广泛关注。该文就雌激素受体及与雌激素不同途径的生物效应相关的疾病研究进展情况进行阐述,旨在进一步认识其广泛性作用,为临床雌激素相关性疾病的预防和治疗提供借鉴。     

雌激素受体在中枢神经系统疾病中的作用

雌激素受体包括核受体和膜受体,分别通过基因组和非基因组效应来发挥转录调控功能。雌激素受体在大脑的皮层、海马、杏仁核和下丘脑中均有表达,发挥着与突触可塑性,学习记忆,认知和神经保护有关的作用。本文就雌激素受体的结构,分类以及在包括阿尔兹海默病,帕金森病,精神分裂症和脑缺血在内的多种中枢神经系统疾病中的作用作一综述。     

雌激素受体和选择性雌激素受体调节剂相互作用的分子模拟

目的:研究一类高活性消旋化的雌激素受体调节剂与其受体间的相互作用机制.方法:分子力学优化的方法获得这类刚性的raloxifene类似物的活性构象,受体与配基间的相互作用能用分子对接程序计算.结果:化合物的R和S构型均可进入雌激素受体的结合腔.其羟基直接与受体氨基酸形成氢键,其酚环相当于雌激素的A环.活性最好的配基带有两个羟基,并已模拟雌激素A环为含16位羟基的酚环的S构型化合物.结论:消旋化对该类化合物的活性影响不大.羟基对于化合物在活性11袋中的取向及与受体的结合有着重要意义.     

Molecular structural characteristics of estrogen receptor modulators as determinants of estrogen receptor selectivity

This review will discuss the structural determinants and requirements necessary for estrogen receptors alpha and beta selectivity and ligand-receptor binding affinity. In addition, strategies likely to result in the development of a pharmacophore model that account for the differences in estrogenic effects between different ligands will be discussed.     

Benzoxepin-derived estrogen receptor modulators: a novel molecular scaffold for the estrogen receptor

We present and examine the efficacy of a novel benzoxepin-based scaffold for modulation of the human estrogen receptor. Receptor tolerance of this new molecular scaffold is examined through presentation of experimentally determined antiproliferative effects on human MCF-7 breast tumor cells and measured binding affinities. The effect of functional group substitution on the benzoxepin scaffold is explored through a brief computational structure-activity relationship investigation with molecular simulation.     

A new series of estrogen receptor modulators that display selectivity for estrogen receptor beta

A series of 1,3,5-triazine-based estrogen receptor (ER) modulators that are modestly selective for the ERbeta subtype are reported. Compound 1, which displayed modest potency and selectivity for ERbeta vs ERalpha, was identified via high-throughput screening utilizing an ERbeta SPA-based binding assay. Subsequent analogue preparation resulted in the identification of compounds such as 21 and 43 that display 25- to 30-fold selectivity for ERbeta with potencies in the 10-30 nM range. These compounds profile as full antagonists at ERbeta and weak partial agonists at ERalpha in a cell-based reporter gene assay. In addition, the X-ray crystal structure of compound 15 complexed with the ligand binding domain of ERbeta has been solved and was utilized in the design of more conformationally restrained analogues such as 31 in an attempt to increase selectivity for the ERbeta subtype.     

Virtual screening of the estrogen receptor

Background: For > 30 years, the estrogen receptor (ER) has been the most important biomarker in breast cancer, principally because of its role in indicating the potential of patients to benefit from endocrine therapy. The search for modulators of ER (selective estrogen receptor modulators) through the use of computational methods such as virtual screening (VS) has redefined the area. Objective: We demonstrate how this receptor has become a key target in the computational (docking and scoring, pharmacophore) arena for algorithm development and validation. The use of quantitative structure–activity relationship for estimation of binding affinity to ER is also discussed, and finally all examples of lead identification through VS are exemplified using several VS campaigns carried out to identify environmental endocrine disruptors. Method: This review comprehensively details all current applications of virtual screening to the estrogen receptor and demonstrates how its use has pushed the boundaries of VS in general. Conclusion: The widespread application of the estrogen receptor to VS has allowed identification of numerous pitfalls within the process flow of VS such as library generation, correct validation procedures for docking/scoring functions, and inclusion of receptor flexibility.     

Recent advances in estrogen receptor modulators

Modulation of estrogen action is an effective treatment for alleviating the symptoms associated with menopause, and also provides an alternative to ablative surgery for the treatment of breast cancer. The side effects associated with the currently used estrogen receptor-modulating drugs have resulted in the pursuit of agents with an improved therapeutic profile. Recent advances in understanding the molecular determinants of estrogen receptor signaling have contributed to the continued discovery and development of novel chemical compounds designed to exploit this knowledge. This review focuses on the recent clinical and preclinical development of novel classes of ligands that modulate the two estrogen receptor subtypes.     

Pharmacokinetics of selective estrogen receptor modulators

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a class of compounds used to treat and prevent breast cancer and osteoporosis. SERMs currently approved for use in patients include tamoxifen, toremifene and raloxifene. These compounds are well tolerated in patients, and the most common adverse effects experienced in patients undergoing SERM therapy include vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal discharge. New SERMs currently under development for use in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and breast cancer include ospemifene, a derivative of toremifene, and arzoxifene, a compound very similar in structure to raloxifene. SERMs are administered orally at doses ranging from 20 to 60 mg/day. Tamoxifen and toremifene have a bioavailability of approximately 100%, whereas that of raloxifene is only 2%. SERMs are very highly bound to plasma proteins (>95%). Tamoxifen and toremifene are metabolised by the cytochrome p450 enzyme system, and raloxifene is metabolised by glucuronide conjugation. The terminal elimination half-lives of these drugs range from 27.7 hours to 7 days. The pharmacokinetics of these compounds are affected in hepatically impaired patients, but not in renally impaired patients. SERMs have several potential drug interactions with other agents, such as warfarin, rifampicin (rifampin), cholestyramine and aromatase inhibitors.