去甲肾上腺素引起C6胶质瘤细胞中钙的动员

目的:研究去甲肾上腺素引起大鼠C6神经胶质瘤细胞中钙离子浓度([Ca~(2 )])增加的机理.方法:以荧光染料fura-2为指示剂,采用双波长荧光比值成像 的方法测定细胞中钙离子浓度.结果:通过激活细胞上的α_1肾上腺素能受体,去甲肾上腺素剂量依赖地使C6细胞中钙离子浓度增加.这种反应不依赖细胞外钙,且不受百日咳毒素(PTX)处理的影响.将细胞与磷酯酶C(PLC)抑制剂U73122或内质网Ca~(2 )-ATP酶抑制剂thapsigargin预孵育,去甲肾上腺素引起的胞内钙反应则消失;蛋白激酶C激动剂佛波醉酯(PMA)预处理细胞可以使去甲肾上腺素引起的胞内钙离子浓度升高幅度降低,而佛波醇酯的效应能够被蛋白激酶C抑制剂Ro31-8220或GF-109203X完全阻断.但是,改变胞内蛋白激酶A活性的药物对去甲肾上腺素的作用没有影响.结论:通过激活胞内的磷酯酶C,去甲肾上腺素使C6细胞的胞内钙库释放钙离子.去甲肾上腺素引起的细胞内钙离子浓度增加受蛋白激酶C的负性调节.     

RED BLOOD CELL IONIZED CALCIUM CONCENTRATION IN SPONTANEOUS HYPERTENSION: MODULATION IN VIVO BY THE CALCIUM ANTAGONIST PN 200.110

1. Altered calcium regulation has been observed in experimental and human hypertension. In this study erythrocyte (RBC) intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was compared in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive controls (WKY) at rest and after injection of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist PN 200.110. 2. Resting [Ca2+]i was similar in SHR and WKY. 3. PN 200.110 administration induced a rapid decrease in blood pressure in SHR and WKY. Five minutes after the injection no change in [Ca2+]i was observed; at 1 h [Ca2+]i was significantly decreased in SHR, but not in WKY. 4. These results suggest that the mutual adaptation of the rate of calcium influx through calcium channels and the activity of the calcium extruding pump differ between WKY and SHR.     

小檗碱对培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞内游离钙含量的影响

采用Ｃａ２＋指示剂Ｆｕｒａ－２作为细胞内钙离子的荧光探针，利用ＡＲ－ＣＭ－ＭＩＣ阳离子测定系统。检测了培养新生大鼠心肌细胞内游离钙的浓度，并观察了小檗碱对去甲肾上腺素，Ｈ２Ｏ２，高Ｃａ２＋及高Ｋ＋引起细胞内钙离子浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）变化的影响。小檗碱对心肌细胞静息［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ无明显影响，能浓度依赖地抑制去甲肾上腺素和Ｈ２Ｏ２引起的［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的升高。小檗碱５０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１能抑制高Ｋ＋引起的［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的升高，而小剂量（１－１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）则无作用。对搏动细胞，小檗碱能抑制其［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ瞬间变化的最大值，对最小值则无作用。     

粉防己碱对大鼠心肌细胞电压依赖性钙通道的作用

运用钙离子荧光指示剂Ｆｕｒａ－２／ＡＭ，检测了粉防己碱（Ｔｅｔ）对成年大鼠心室肌细胞电压依赖性钙通道的影响。结果显示：基础状态下心肌细胞内钙离子（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）为１６２．６±７．３ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，５０ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１氯化钾能使［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ增加至４８０．８±９．３ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１（Ｐ＜０．０１），在无细胞外钙条件下，这种增加作用消失，而预先给予Ｔｅｔ和维拉帕米（Ｖｅｒ）则能阻断高钾升高［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的作用。结果提示：Ｔｅｔ是通过阻断电压依赖性钙通道而发挥作用的。     

Underlying mechanism of ASIC1a involved in acidosis-induced cytotoxicity in rat C6 glioma cells

Aim： To investigate the underlying mechanism of acid-sensing ion channel （ASIC） la involved in the acidosis-induced cytotoxicity of rat C6 glioma cells. Methods： The stable ASIC 1 a-silenced C6 cells built with the RNA interference technology were confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Intracellular calcium （[Ca^2＋]i） in both the wild-type rat C6 glioma cells and the ASIC 1 a-silenced C6 cells were analyzed before and after acid application/exposure with the calcium imaging experiment. Results： The rapid extracellular pH drop induced the increase of [Ca^2＋]i in the wild-type C6 cells, but not in the ASICla-silenced C6 cells. During the prolonged acid exposure, [Ca^2＋]i was lower in the ASICla-silenced C6 cells than that in the control cells. Conclusion： The resultant toxicity of [Ca^2＋]i might contribute to the acidosis-induced cytotoxicity.     

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates glutamate-induced cytotoxicity via intracellular Ca modulation in PC12 cells

1. The effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, on glutamate-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) and cytotoxicity in PC12 cells were investigated. 2. Changes in [Ca2+]i were measured using Fura-2/AM calcium indicator dye and cellular viabilities were determined by a viable cell count and a 3-(4,4-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. 3. Glutamate increased [Ca2+]i in PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate attenuated this glutamate (30 mmol/L)-induced [Ca2+]i increase and EGCG (50 micromol/L) increased the viability of PC12 cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. The EGCG effect was also found to be independent of its general anti-oxidant mechanism. In contrast, EGCG directly suppressed both N-methyl-D-aspartate (50 mmol/L)- and kainate (20 mmol/L)-mediated Ca2+ influx, but not metabotropic receptor-mediated Ca2+ release. 4. These results suggest that EGCG reduces the glutamate-induced [Ca2+]i increase by attenuating ionotropic Ca2+ influx and that this promotes the viability of PC12 cells.     

大黄素对豚鼠单个心室肌细胞胞浆游离钙浓度及L-型钙电流的影响

目的研究大黄素(emodin)对豚鼠心室肌细胞钙信号的影响。方法酶解法分离豚鼠单个心室肌细胞,应用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜联合全细胞膜片钳技术测量豚鼠心室肌细胞钙信号的变化。结果在静息状态下,1～100 μmol·L^-1大黄素对［Ca²⁺］i均无影响;对60 mmol·L^-1 KCl诱导的外钙内流引起的胞浆钙升高有不同的影响,1 μmol·L^-1表现为促进作用;10 μmol·L^-1无作用;100 μmol·L^-1则表现为抑制作用。膜片钳研究结果表明,1 μmol·L^-1大黄素可明显促进L-型钙电流,10 μmol·L^-1对L-型钙电流无影响;100 μmol·L^-1明显抑制L-型钙电流。结论大黄素对心肌细胞内钙及L-型钙电流具有双向调节作用。     

Effect of tetramethylpyrazine on potassium channels to lower calcium concentration in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells

1. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the active principles contained in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Umbelliferae), a herb that has been used widely in China to treat vascular disorders. 2. In an attempt to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action of TMP, the effect of TMP on intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) was investigated in cultured vascular smooth muscle (A7r5) cells using the Ca(2+)-sensitive dye Fura-2 as an indicator. 3. The increase in [Ca2+]i in A7r5 cells produced by vasopressin (1 micromol/L) or phenylephrine (1 micromol/L) was attenuated by TMP in a concentration-dependent manner. Only inhibitors specific to ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels or small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SKCa) channels attenuated the action of TMP (10 micromol/L) on [Ca2+]i. However, blockers of other K+ channels failed to modify the inhibitory action of TMP (10 micromol/L) on [Ca2+]i. 4. The action of TMP on membrane potential in A7r5 cells was monitored by the fluorescence of bisoxonol. Tetramethylpyrazine caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of changes in membrane potential elicited by KCl (20 mmol/L) or phenylephrine (1 micro mol/L), an effect that was totally reversed by glibenclamide (100 micromol/L) and apamin (100 nmol/L) in combination. 5. The results obtained indicate that the decrease in [Ca2+]i in A7r5 cells produced by TMP is mediated mainly by opening of KATP and/or SKCa channels.     

Activation by calcium alone of chloride secretion in T84 epithelial cells.

1. The goal of this study was to determine if an increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), in the absence of additional second messengers derived from membrane phospholipid turnover, is a sufficient signal to induce chloride secretion across monolayers of the human colonic epithelial line, T84. 2. Thapsigargin was used to increase [Ca2+]i by inhibiting the endomembrane Ca(2+)-ATPase. [Ca2+]i was monitored in monolayers by fura-2 fluorescence spectroscopy, chloride secretion by measuring changes in short circuit current (Isc) in modified Ussing chambers, and inositol phosphates were measured by radio-h.p.l.c. of extracts of cells prelabelled with [3H]-inositol. 3. Thapsigargin increased [Ca2+]i and Isc in parallel, without increasing any inositol phosphates. The effect of thapsigargin on Isc was abolished by the intracellular calcium chelator, bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N"-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). 4. Increasing [Ca2+]i with thapsigargin did not prevent a subsequent calcium response to carbachol or histamine if extracellular calcium was available. In the absence of extracellular calcium, only one such release of calcium to hormonal stimulation occurred when cells were pretreated with thapsigargin, and a second response to either carbachol histamine was essentially abolished. 5. Addition of carbachol or histamine to thapsigargin-treated cells mounted in Ussing chambers caused a transient further increase in Isc followed by termination of the response, even though [Ca2+]i continued to rise. 6. We conclude that an elevation in [Ca2+]i is a sufficient signal to induce chloride secretion in T84 cells. Rather than being required to stimulate secretory responses, additional second messengers induced by hormonal secretagogues (such as inositol phosphates) may in fact serve to limit the secretory response.     

Ginsenosides inhibit NMDA receptor-mediated epileptic discharges in cultured hippocampal neurons

Epilepsy or the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs, seizures) is one of the most common neurological disorders. Shift in the balance of brain between excitatory and inhibitory functions due to different types of structural or functional alterations may cause epileptiform discharges. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunctions have been implicated in modulating seizure activities. Seizures and epilepsy are clearly dependent on elevated intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) by NMDA receptor activation and can be prevented by NMDA antagonists. This perturbed [Ca2+]i levels is forerunner of neuronal death. However, therapeutic tools of elevated [Ca2+]i level during status epilepticus (SE) and SREDs have not been discovered yet. Our previous study showed fast inhibition of ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside Rg3 on NMDA receptor-mediated [Ca2+]i in cultured hippocampal neurons. We, therefore, examined the direct modulation of ginseng on hippocampal neuronal culture model of epilepsy using fura-2-based digital Ca2+ imaging and neuronal viability assays. We found that ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside Rg3 inhibited Mg2+ free-induced increase of [Ca2+]i and spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that ginseng may play a neuroprotective role in perturbed homeostasis of [Ca2+]i and neuronal cell death via the inhibition of NMDA receptor-induced SE or SREDs.     

CD40-CD40配体相互作用对培养的人单核细胞二酰基甘油-蛋白激酶C信号通路及胞内Ca^2＋的影响

目的：探讨CD40-CD40配体(CD40L)相互作用是否能激活人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)内二酰基甘油(DAG)-蛋白激酶C(PKC)信号通路．方法：细胞内DAG含量采用放射酶标记、薄层层析和放射自显影方法检测．细胞PKC活性及胞内游离钙分别采用[γ-^32P]ATP磷酸转移法和Fluo-3荧光负载流式细胞术检测．结果：CD40L以剂量依赖方式刺激人外周血单核细胞合成DAG,并具有双时限性变化,第一峰值在20s,第二峰值在10min时出现．然后DAG水平缓慢下降,至少持续20-30min．单核细胞蛋白激酶,C总活性受CD40L刺激后明显增加,峰值在12min,持续20min以上．并且这种作用主要是胞浆PKC活性向胞膜PKC活性转位所致．CD40L,能刺激胞内游离Ca^2 出现短暂的快速升高,继之为持续阶段．移去细胞外Ca^2 ,胞内快速阶段无影响,而持续阶段明显受到抑制．抗CD40抗体能显著抑制CD40L引起的胞内DAG-PKC信号通路激活及[Ca^2 ]i的动态变化．结论：CD40-CD40L相互作用能激活人外周血单核细胞[Ca^2 ]i动态变化及二酰基甘油-蛋白激酶C信号通路．     

汉防己甲素抑制三种神经递质引起的新生大鼠脑细胞内游离钙的升高

应用Ｐｕｒａ－２技术测定游离新生大鼠脑［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ浓度的技术、研究了Ｔｅｔ对静息脑［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ和３种递质引起的脑［Ｃａ２］ｉ变化的影响。Ｔｅｔ（１，１０和２０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）对静息脑［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ无明显影响。Ｔｅｔ（１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）可降低Ｌ－Ｇｌｎ（０．１、１．０和１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）引起的脑（Ｃａ２＋）ｉ的升高。在Ｈａｎｋ＇ｓ液Ｃａ２＋为１．３ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，Ｔｅｔ１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１可降低Ｈｉｓ（５０和１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）和５－ＨＴ（０．１、１．０、１０和１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）引起的脑［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的升高。但不能降低Ｈａｎｋ＇ｓ液无Ｃａ２＋时Ｈｉｓ和５－ＨＴ引起的脑［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的升高。研究表明Ｔｅｔ可阻滞Ｌ－Ｇｉｎ、Ｈｉｓ和５－ＨＴ受体调控的钙通道。但对Ｈｉｓ和５－ＨＴ引起的细胞内贮存钙的释放并无明显影响。Ｔｅｔ的这种降低脑［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的作用可能是其治疗脑缺血性疾病的机理之一。Ｐ＜０．０１在Ｔｅｔ１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１作用下，相同浓度的细胞外液钙和Ｈｉｓ（０、５０和１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１），脑［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ分别是２２１±５、２４５±５和３０２±６ｎｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１。增加了１１．８?     

Measurement of free cytosolic calcium in single cells: method and application.

Intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i acts as an important intracellular messenger system for secretion and synthesis, cell growth and differentiation. In order to demonstrate definitively that a change in [Ca2+]i is responsible for a physiological event, one has to measure [Ca2+]i directly within intact cells and correlate the time course of any [Ca2+]i changes with the biological response. Measurement of [Ca2+]i was done in a single cell preloaded with fluorescent Ca indicator fura2 using a fluorescent unit (lonoquant) consisting of an inverted microscope (Zeiss IM 35) equipped with a mercury lamp and a rotating filter wheel containing filters at wavelengths of 340 and 380 nm. Cells were alternately excited and emission signals of fura 2-loaded cells were collected by a photomultiplier and recorded on-line on a computer screen. As a model system, the rat C-cell carcinoma cell line rMTC 6-23 secreting calcitonin was used. An acute elevation of extracellular calcium resulted in an increase in [Ca2+]i within 5 sec and rapid release of preformed calcitonin. This tight linkage between extracellular calcium and [Ca2+]i is mediated via Ca influx through voltage-dependent Ca channels. These channels are modulated by intracellular cAMP, yielding a rhythmic oscillation of [Ca2+]i, as well as by extracellular somatostatin blocking the Ca channel and the increase of [Ca2+]i via a pertussis toxin sensitive Gi protein. The change in [Ca2+]i is associated with changes in calcitonin secretion, confirming the stimulus secretion coupling via voltage-dependent Ca channels in C-cells.     

SERCA function declines with age in adrenergic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion

1. Intracellular calcium is a universal second messenger integrating numerous cellular pathways. An age-related breakdown in the mechanisms controlling [Ca2+]i homeostasis could contribute to neuronal degeneration. One component of neuronal calcium regulation believed to decline with age is the function of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) pumps. 2. Therefore we investigated the impact of age on the capacity of SERCA pumps to control high (68 mM) [K+]-evoked [Ca2+]i-transients in acutely dissociated superior cervical ganglion (SCG) cells from 6- and 20-month-old Fisher-344 rats. Calcium transients were measured by fura-2 microfluorometry in the presence of vanadate (0.1 microM) to selectively block plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) pumps, dinitrophenol (100 microM) to block mitochondrial calcium uptake and extracellular sodium replaced with tetraethylammonium to block Na+/Ca2+-exchanger, thus forcing the neuronal cells to rely on SERCA uptake to control [Ca2+]i homeostasis. 3. In the presence of these calcium buffering blockers, the rate of recovery of [Ca2+]i was significantly slower and time to recover to approximately 90% of resting [Ca2+]i was significantly greater in SCG cells from old (20 months) compared with young (6 months) animals. 4. This age-related change in the recovery phase of [K+]-evoked [Ca2+]i-transients could not be explained by differences in the sensitivity of SCG cells to the calcium buffering blockers, as no age-related difference in basal [Ca2+]i was observed. 5. These studies illustrate that when rat SCG cells are forced to rely on SERCAs to buffer [K+]-evoked [Ca2+]i-transients, an age-related decline in SERCA function is revealed. Such age-related declines in calcium regulation coupled with neuronal sensitivity to calcium overload underscore the importance of understanding the components of [Ca2+]i homeostasis and the functional compensation that may occur with advancing age.     

肺动脉高压模型大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞内钙的改变

目的分析肺动脉高压时肺动脉平滑肌细胞Ryanod-ine受体[Ca2+]i释放功能的改变。方法腹腔注射野百合碱建立大鼠肺动脉高压模型,原代培养肺动脉平滑肌细胞,Fura-2/AM负载培养细胞,荧光测钙技术测量Ryanodine受体激动剂对[Ca2+]i变化的影响。结果10nmol.L-1Ry-anodine使对照组[Ca2+]i平均增加(93.31±12.41)nmol.L-1,使PAH组[Ca2+]i平均增加(141.71±13.59)nmol.L-1。两组样本[Ca2+]i增加的数值差异有显著性(P<0.01);10mmol.L-1Caffine使对照组[Ca2+]i平均增加(149.02±13.02)nmol.L-1,使PAH大鼠PASMC的[Ca2+]i平均增加(191.2±21.26)nmol.L-1,两组样本[Ca2+]i数值的变化差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论肺动脉高压大鼠原代培养的肺动脉平滑肌细胞对Ryanodine受体激动剂的敏感性增强,提示肺动脉高压时Ryanodine受体释放[Ca2+]i的功能发生了异常改变。     

Rise in intracellular calcium concentration elicited by isradipine in Gin-1 cells.

We performed experiments to examine whether isradipine (Isr), a calcium antagonist, would raise the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in Gin-1 cells and, if so, to elucidate the mechanism of the [Ca2+]i rise. Gin-1 cells, which are human normal gingival fibroblasts were used as the material. The [Ca2+]i was measured with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye fura-2/AM. Changes in the fluorescence intensity of fura-2 in the cells were recorded with a video-imaging analysis system. Isr concentration-dependently raised the [Ca2+]i. A Ca2+-free saline significantly inhibited the Isr-induced [Ca2+]i rise. Whereas Isr in Ca2+-containing solution weakly raised the [Ca2+]i by pretreatment with thapsigargin, an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from Ca2+ stores, the Ca2+-free saline plus thapsigargin completely depressed the Isr-induced [Ca2+]i rise. The same response was observed in the case of pretreatment with cyclopiazonic acid (1 microM), another inhibitor of Ca2+ release from the Ca2+ stores. Isr raises the [Ca2+]i in Gin-1 cells and that the Isr-induced [Ca2+]i rise is ascribable to both the Ca2+ influx through the plasma membrane and Ca2+ release from the intracellular Ca2+ store.     

丹酚酸B镁盐对兔洗涤血小板聚集和5-HT释放反应的影响(英文)

AIM: To study the effects and mechanism of magnesium lithospermate B(MLB) on rabbit platelet aggregation and 5-HT release. METHODS: The platelet aggregation was determined by Born's method. Release of serotonin (5-HT) and formation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) were measured by fluorophotometry and radioimmunoassay (RIA) respectively. Cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in platelets was measured by Fura 2-AM fluorescence technique. RESULTS: In washed platelets, thrombin (200 U/L) or arachidonic acid (AA) (30 mumol/L)-induced aggregation was inhibited by MLB 50-800 mg/L in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, MLB had more inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation in the absence of extracellular calcium with IC50 of 102 mg/L than in the presence of CaCl2 1 mmol/L with IC50 of 194 mg/L. MLB concentration-dependently decreased the thrombin-activated release of 5-HT, whereas it did not affect the formation of TXA2 in platelets. Furthermore, MLB not only inhibited the rise of [Ca2+]i in thrombin stimulated platelets, but decreased the [Ca2+]i in resting platelets. CONCLUSION: MLB inhibited the aggregation and 5-HT release in rabbit platelets and it is probably by attenuating intracellular calcium concentration.     

毒毛旋花子苷元对豚鼠心室肌细胞内钙浓度的影响

观察毒毛旋花子苷元(strophanthidin, Str)对分离豚鼠心室肌细胞内游离钙浓度(［Ca²⁺］_i)的影响。酶解分离豚鼠心室肌细胞, 用Fluo 3-AM负载, 激光共聚焦显微镜法测定单个豚鼠心室肌细胞［Ca²⁺］_i的荧光密度。Str可浓度依赖性地升高［Ca²⁺］_i, Str (10 μmol·L^-1)在［Ca²⁺］_i升高达峰值时, 可使细胞挛缩, 而Str (1和10 nmol·L^-1)对细胞形态无影响。TTX、 尼索地平或升高细胞外钙可影响Str (1和100 nmol·L^-1)对［Ca²⁺］_i的升高作用,而对Str (10 μmol·L^-1)无明显影响。在外液中加入ryanodine或去除细胞外钙, 则3个检测浓度的Str升高［Ca²⁺］_i作用均被明显抑制。在无K⁺、 无Na⁺液中, 10 μmol·L^-1 Str升高［Ca²⁺］_i的作用减弱, 而Str (1和100 nmol·L^-1)升高［Ca²⁺］_i的作用无明显影响。加入TTX、 尼索地平或增加细胞外的钙离子浓度, 则3个检测浓度Str的作用均受到影响。提示低浓度Str对［Ca²⁺］_i的升高作用与抑制Na⁺、K⁺-ATP酶活性无关, 而与促进L-型钙通道和TTX敏感性钠通道的“slip-mode”钙电导有关; 高浓度Str升高［Ca²⁺］_i的作用则是抑制Na⁺、K⁺-ATP酶的结果。此外, Str对［Ca²⁺］_i的升高作用还与直接作用于ryanodine受体促进内钙释放有关。     

维拉帕米、噻庚啶和山莨菪碱拮抗TNFα诱导单个内皮细胞胞内游离Ca^2＋浓度的增高

目的：研究肿瘤坏死因子（TNFα）对单个内皮细胞胞内游离Ca^2 浓度（[Ca^2 ]i)的影响及维拉帕米（Ver)、噻庚啶（Cyp)和山莨菪碱（Ani)对TNFα介导休克和Cyp、Ani的抗休克的机制。方法：人脐静脉内皮细胞株（ECV304）接种于35mm含有2mL DMEM培养基的组织培养盘中培养,Fluo-3/AM负载细胞,激光扫描共聚集显微技术测定单个内皮细胞[Ca^2 ]i。结果：TNFα使单个内皮细胞[Ca^2 ]i呈剂量依赖性升高,在60s内达到峰值,然后下降并保持在基础水平之上。共聚焦扫描图像显示细胞核区[Ca^2 ]i升高比胞浆区明显,下降比胞浆区慢。维拉帕米1和2,噻庚啶30和60或山莨菪碱20和40μmol/L均能显著抑制由TNFα 1.2nmol/L诱导的单个内皮细胞[Ca^2 ]i升高。结论：TNFα介导休克的重要机制;维拉帕米、噻庚啶和山莨菪碱对TNFα诱导的[Ca^2 ]i升高有拮抗作用,可能是噻庚啶和山莨菪碱抗休克作用的机制之一。     

Adenosine inhibits the rise in intracellular calcium and platelet aggregation produced by thrombin: evidence that both effects are coupled to adenylate cyclase

Platelet aggregation and secretion are associated with a rise in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Adenosine has been postulated as an endogenous inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The antiaggregatory effects of adenosine are related to activation of adenylate cyclase. We studied the effect of adenosine on the rise in [Ca2+]i and platelet aggregation produced by thrombin. Human platelets were obtained from dextrose/citrate-treated plasma. [Ca2+]i was determined by fluorescence-dye techniques (fura-2). Adenosine inhibited the slope of the first phase of aggregation and the rise in [Ca2+]i produced by thrombin, in a dose-dependent manner. The dose that produced 50% inhibition of both aggregation and the rise in [Ca2+]i was approximately 500 nM. The effects of adenosine on [Ca2+]i were shared by its stable analogs, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine being approximately 10-fold more potent than (-)N6-phenylisopropyladenosine, suggesting that these effects were mediated through adenosine A2 receptors. Furthermore, caffeine antagonized the inhibitory effects of adenosine on platelet aggregation and [Ca2+]i. The effects of adenosine on [Ca2+]i appear to be mediated through a rise in intracellular cAMP, because they were prevented by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine (1 mM) and were potentiated by phosphodiesterase inhibition with papaverine (1 microM). Adenosine also inhibits the rise in [Ca2+]i produced by thrombin in a calcium-free medium, suggesting that adenosine inhibits both calcium influx and the release of calcium from intracellular stores.