中老年腰围与血脂水平及脂代谢异常的关系

目的探讨中老年人群腰围（WC）与血脂水平及脂代谢异常的关系。方法于2008年采用分层整群抽样的方法,抽取成都地区40～79岁的居民5205人进行身高、体重、腰围、血脂等测量,并进行问卷调查。结果中老年腹型肥胖人群三酰甘油（TG）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）水平均明显高于非腹型肥胖人群,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）水平明显低于非腹型肥胖人群;中老年女性腹型肥胖人群总胆固醇（TC）水平明显高于中老年女性非腹型肥胖人群。中老年腹型肥胖人群高TG血症、低HDL—C血症、高LDL—C血症患病率均明显高于非腹型肥胖人群;中老年女性腹型肥胖人群高TC血症患病率高于非腹型肥胖人群,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论中老年人群TG、LDL—C、HDL—C水平及中老年女性人群TC水平,中老年人群高TG血症、低HDL—C血症、高LDL—C血症及中老年女性人群高TC血症患病率均与WC相关,是心血管危险因素之一。进行中老年人群超重肥胖的干预,尤对腹型肥胖人群加强干预,对于脂代谢异常的防治有着重要意义。     

我国中老年人群高胆固醇血症的膳食影响因素分析

目的 分析我国中老年人群高胆固醇(TC)血症的膳食影响因素.方法 利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查的资料,根据区域分布特点和饮食习惯,抽取东南沿海地区、西南内陆地区和中部内陆地区共23个省的45岁及以上人群17 545名,分析高TC血症和TC正常组的膳食模式差异,并采用logistic回归分析模型分析高TC血症的膳食影响因素.根据2007年<中国成人血脂异常防治指南>中推荐的标准,TC≥6.22 mmol/L为高TC血症.结果 中老年人群高TC血症组的肉类、蛋类摄入量分别为146.2 g/d和26.3 g/d,均为TC正常组的1.3倍.高TC血症组的粮谷类食物摄入量和碳水化合物供能比分别为352.9 g/d和52.9%,TC正常组的粮谷类食物摄入量和碳水化合物供能比分别为411.5 g/d和57.7%,均高于高TC血症组(粮谷类食物摄入量:t=6.51,P＜0.01;碳水化合物供能比:t=7.18,P＜0.01).肉类消费＜50 g、50～99 g、100 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.6%、2.2%和2.5%(组间趋势性检验,x2=14.4,P＜0.01);蛋类消费＜50 g、50～99 g、100 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.9%、2.8%和2.7%(x2=8.6,P=0.007);动、植物摄人量比＜0.2、0.2～0.39、0.4～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.5%、2.2%和3.6%(x2=59.4,P＜0.01);脂肪供能比＜20%、20%～、40%～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.3%、2.0%和3.1%(x2=26.7,P＜0.01).粮谷类消费＜300 g、300～499 g、500 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为3.4%、1.8%和1.3%(x2=58.3,P＜0.01);碳水化合物供能比＜40%、40%～、60%～组高TC血症患病率分别为3.5%、2.4%和1.4%(x2=37.3,P＜0.01).在控制年龄、性别、城乡、地区、热能摄入、看电视时间、BMI和吸烟后,肉类摄入量(β=0.16,P＜0.01)、动植物摄入量之比(β=0.11,P＜0.01)与高TC血症正相关,碳水化合物供能比与高TC血症负相关(β=-0.28,P＜0.01).结论 高脂、高胆同醇的动物性食物是高TC血症的重要危险因素,而粮谷类食物则具有保护性作用.高TC血症的高危人群和患者应尽量减少动物性食物摄入量,在控制总能量的前提下适当增加粮谷类食物摄入量.     

中国成人膳食生糖负荷现状调查

目的了解目前中国居民碳水化合物的消费情况与成人膳食生糖负荷的现状。方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,根据食物血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)和碳水化合物摄入量计算膳食生糖负荷(glycemic load,GL)。分析中国成人膳食GL的性别、年龄和城乡分布,分析不同膳食GL/4184kJ水平居民的膳食结构,探索中国成人膳食GL/4184kJ的合理范围。结果我国成人膳食GL92%来源于粮谷类。每人每日膳食GL平均为269.5,农村287.3,城市233.0,农村高于城市。青年平均为279.0,中年272.2,老年238.8,青年最高,其次是中年,最低是老年。男性平均为292.8,女性249.0,男性高于女性。低膳食GL/44184kJ的人群膳食碳水化合物供能比低,脂肪供能比高,粮谷类消费低,脂肪消费高,超重和肥胖发生率高。结论粮谷类是我国成人膳食GL的最主要来源。我国居民低膳食GL/4184kJ的人群粮谷类消费过低,脂肪消费过高,膳食结构不合理。城市居民较农村居民更为严重。以人群粮谷类食物摄入量、碳水化合物供能比、脂肪供能比在推荐的合理范围为依据,初步认为中国成人的膳食GL/4184kJ适宜范围为80~120。     

深圳市福田区慢性病高风险人群血脂水平及其影响因素分析

目的了解深圳市福田区慢性病高风险人群血脂水平及其影响因素,为进一步制定有针对性的预防控制策略提供基础资料。方法从深圳市福田区随机选择12个社区,通过多种途径(体检资料查询、日常门诊发现、家庭医生发现、义诊发现)在被选取的社区中筛查发现慢性病高风险个体,并对其进行问卷调查,最终纳入慢性病高风险个体1 923名。结果研究人群血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平的算术均数分别为5.03、1.60、2.84、1.38 mmol/L。分别有302、35和296名研究对象患有高TG血症、高LDL-C血症和低HDL-C血症,患病率分别为15.70%、1.82%和15.39%。糖调节受损研究人群高TG血症和低HDL-C血症患病率均明显高于非糖调节受损研究人群对应的患病率,超重或肥胖型研究人群高TG血症患病率均明显高于体重正常研究人群高TG血症患病率;超重或肥胖型研究人群低HDL-C血症患病率均明显高于体重正常研究人群低HDL-C血症患病率。结论研究人群血脂成分异常率较高;血脂成分异常类型以高TG血症和低HDL-C血症为主;血脂成分异常与糖调节受损、超重或肥胖密切相关,应引起重视,积极进行干预控制。     

珠海市干部人群高尿酸血症患病率相关性分析

目的:了解机关干部高尿酸血症人群分布情况,分析体质指数(BMI)、血脂异常、饮酒、饮食习惯以及高嘌呤食物与其患病率的相关性。方法:以2008年度珠海市干部体检人群为研究对象,向其发放调查问卷,了解其饮食结构、劳动强度、运动、饮酒等生活习惯,并分别测定其BMI、血尿酸(UA)、血糖(Glu)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平。结果:珠海市干部人群高尿酸血症总患病率为35.42%,并随年龄增长而上升,有年轻化的趋势,以中老年人为主,其中男性患病率(43.74%)显著高于女性(15.39%)。高尿酸血症人群并发脂肪肝、超重或肥胖(BMI≥24)、高TC血症、高TG血症、LDL-C增高、HDL-C降低的患病率远远高于非高尿酸血症人群(P0.05)。经常摄入高嘌呤饮食者高尿酸血症的患病率明显增高。结论:干部体检人群高尿酸血症患病率随年龄增长而上升,有年轻化的趋势,并与性别、超重或肥胖、血脂异常、高嘌呤食物呈显著正相关性。     

2012年广西宾阳县居民健康状况监测报告

目的了解宾阳县居民健康状况以及与之相关的慢性非传染病的分布情况。方法参照2012年《中国居民营养与健康状况监测工作手册》方法执行,调查包括询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测和膳食调查等。结果宾阳县6岁以上人群超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖患病率分别为13．62％、3．56％、20．88％;≥18岁居民高血压、糖尿病患病率分别为19．47％、6．73％;≥18岁居民高TC血症（高胆固醇血症）、高TG血症（高甘油三脂血症）和血脂异常率患病率分别为11．38％、11．33％和43．04％;贫血患病率为6．89％;高尿酸率为25．81％。结论宾阳县城乡居民超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖及与营养有关的慢性非传染病高血压、糖尿病、高TC血症、高TG血症和血脂异常患病率呈上长趋势,提示宾阳县人群慢性病危险因素呈增长趋势,已成为宾阳县重要的公共卫生问题。其防治形势十分严峻。     

秦皇岛市成年超重肥胖人群多代谢异常分析

目的探讨秦皇岛市成年超重肥胖人群多代谢异常的流行特征。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法抽取秦皇岛市18岁以上居民6686人进行横断面调查。对血压、血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白及低密度脂蛋白等多代谢异常进行分析。结果不同体质指数男性人群高血糖、高血压、高TC、高TG、高LDL患病率和血脂异常率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随着体质指数的升高,男性高血糖患病率、高血压患病率、血脂异常患病率、高TC患病率、高TG患病率、高LDL患病率均呈现上升趋势,不同体质指数女性人群高血糖、高TC、高TG、高LDL患病率和血脂异常率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随着体质指数的升高,女性高血糖患病率、血脂异常患病率、高TC患病率、高TG患病率、高LDL患病率呈现上升趋势,有统计学意义。结论超重肥胖是多代谢异常的高发人群,对超重肥胖人群采取限制热量摄入、增加体力活动、改变行为等措施控制和减轻体重,能够有效减低高血压、高血糖及血脂异常的发病率。     

膳食脂肪对高血压人群血脂水平的影响

目的 探讨改善膳食脂肪摄入情况对血脂的影响。方法 对营养健康教育前后高血压患者的膳食脂肪摄入情况及血脂水平进行测定分析。结果 基线调查表明人群膳食脂肪及胆固醇摄入量过高,脂肪供能比占总热能的30％以上;血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL－L）水平偏高。相关分析表明,体质指数（BMI）和饱和脂肪酸（SFA）与血清TC、TG、LDL－C呈正相关;高密度脂蛋白（HDL－C）／TC与BMI、SFA呈负相关,而与单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）呈正相关。进行社区营养干预后,干预组脂肪供能比小于总热能的30％,与对照组相比及自身干预前后比较差异均有显著性,胆固醇摄入量有下降趋势;干预组人群血脂TC、LDL－C水平显著降低。结论 研究结果提示减少膳食脂肪和胆固醇摄入量,适当增加单不饱和脂肪酸摄入对高血压人群降低血脂水平,控制血压是有效的。     

浙江省居民营养与健康状况调查

目的了解浙江省居民营养与健康状况，为制定改善居民营养和预防控制慢性病提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，调查16个县区8425户25785名居民，采用询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测和膳食调查方法。结果城市农村动物性食物每日人均消费358克和229克，油脂36克和31克，食盐8．7克和10．0克，钙摄入576mg；总热能摄入2039千卡，脂肪供能比为30．16％；城市脂肪供能比为34．28％，蛋白质供能比13．04％，谷类供能比城市农村分别为36．33％和50．79％。贫血患病率18．86％；15岁以上高血压患病率19．80％，城乡和性别差异不明显；高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为37．13％、29．61％和10．15％；15岁以上糖尿病患病率3．02％；18岁以上肥胖患病率5．39％，超重率22．72％；血脂异常率24．66％，高胆固醇血症现患率8．34％，高甘油三酯血症现患率20．73％。15岁以上现在吸烟率27．28％，仅31．77％的人没有被动吸烟；15岁以上人群现在饮酒率28．07％；过去1年中参加锻炼的占15．12％，城市33．37％，农村6．40。结论浙江省居民膳食明显改善，但存在结构不合理；高血压、糖尿病、肥胖和血脂异常患病率高，行为危险因素流行率高，迫切需要加强改善公共营养和慢性病预防控制工作。     

城市社区超重与肥胖人群综合干预效果分析

目的了解开封市社区居民超重和肥胖的流行状况,对超重和肥胖人群进行综合干预,为防治肥胖提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法,抽取社区内35岁以上常住居民定期随访,采取群体干预和个体干预,进行改善行为和控制危险因素的研究。结果干预后筛查人群超重比例、肥胖比例明显下降(P<0.05);超重且中心性肥胖人群的膳食脂肪供能比>30%、膳食粮谷类供能比>65%、身体活动水平不足、日饮酒过量和血脂异常比例明显下降(P<0.05)。结论综合干预手段对于社区居民超重和肥胖的防治是切实可行的。     

某职业人群应用生活方式量化干预模式管理体重的效果评价

目的探索适合某职业人群,即北京市公安民警的体重管理的有效模式。方法根据知情同意原则,对北京市公安局符合条件的107名超重或肥胖在职民警采用生活方式量化干预模式,即金币减重法进行体重管理。按照参加研究活动的次数将其分为优秀组、较好组及失访组,优秀组及较好组视为干预对象。在研究开始及结束时集中进行基线数据调查,包括填写饮食模式问卷、测量体重、身高、腰围、血压、血总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇及空腹血糖等指标。金币减重法干预8周后,比较干预对象管理前后各项指标的变化情况。应用SPSS16．0统计软件进行数据分析,组间比较采用配对t检验。结果优秀组50名,占47％;较好组42名,占39％;失访组15名,占14％。优秀组及较好组参与者中,体重下降者83名,占90％,优秀组与较好组在干预后体重下降明显,前后比较差异均有统计学意义（t=13．31、5．04,均P〈0．05）。优秀组成员体重、体质指数、腰围、体脂肪、内脏脂肪指数明显下降,身体水分增加,差异均有统计学意义（t=13．31、13．72、10．8、8．59、6．83、-6．62,均P〈0．05）,而血压、血糖、血脂等生化指标间差异无统计学意义。经过干预后,优秀组成员每13膳食能量摄入平均降低74．1kJ,膳食脂肪摄入平均降低约11．6g,膳食脂肪供能比平均降低1．8％,谷类食物供能平均增加4．2％,食用盐摄入量平均减少1．3g,食用油摄入量平均减少约10g,膳食模式发生了一些变化。结论金币减重法对北京市公安局超重肥胖的在职民警管理体重有很好的效果,且操作简便、依从性较好、经费支出少,可以作为一种有效模式在全局甚至其他功能社区推广。     

Cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Chinese children

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a widespread and growing problem in the world. Body mass index (BMI) and weight-for-height criterion have been used to determine childhood obesity. No data was available to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Chinese children screened by weight-for-height index and Chinese newly developed BMI criterion. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Chinese children by using Chinese BMI and weight-for-height index as screening criterion. METHODS: A total of 215 children aged 7.5-13 years were recruited from 3 primary schools in Guangzhou, PR China. Measurements included body weight, height, waist and hip circumference, fasting serum glucose, insulin, total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A (apo A), apolipoprotein B (apo B). Chinese BMI and weight-for- height criterion were used to classify overweight and obesity. RESULTS: According to Chinese BMI criterion, 65 from 108 obese children originally identified by weight-for-height were reclassified as obese and other 41 children were classified as overweight. Compared with non-obese children, obese children screened by Chinese BMI and weight-for-height index had increased levels of TG, LDL-C, apo B, insulin; decreased levels of HDL-C, apo A; and significantly higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and high LDL-C. Children identified as overweight by Chinese BMI criterion had also shown high TG, LDL-C, apo B, insulin levels, low HDL-C, apo A levels, and significantly higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia than the normal weight children. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that overweight and/or obesity screened by both Chinese new BMI and weight-for-height criterion are associated with increased levels of cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., elevated serum TG, LDL, apo B, and reduced HDL-C, apo A levels). Using Chinese BMI criterion may underestimate the prevalence of childhood obesity but it could be adopted as a unique tool for screening children's overweight in population-based screening programs.     

Dietary intake of whole and refined grain breakfast cereals and weight gain in men

OBJECTIVE: Prospective studies have suggested that substituting whole grain for refined grain products may lower the risk of overweight and obesity. Breakfast cereal intake is a major source of whole and refined grains and has also been associated with having a lower BMI. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the association between whole and refined grain breakfast cereal intakes and risk of overweight (BMI >or= 25 kg/m(2)) and weight gain. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We examined 17,881 U.S. male physicians 40 to 84 years of age in 1982 who were free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer at baseline and reported measures of breakfast cereal intake, weight, and height. RESULTS: Over 8 and 13 years of follow-up, respectively, men who consumed breakfast cereal, regardless of type, consistently weighed less than those who consumed breakfast cereals less often (p value for trend = 0.01). Whole and refined grain breakfast cereal intake was inversely associated with body weight gain over 8 years, after adjustment for age, smoking, baseline BMI, alcohol intake, physical activity, hypertension, high cholesterol, and use of multivitamins. Compared with men who rarely or never consumed breakfast cereals, those who consumed >or=1 serving/d of breakfast cereals were 22% and 12% less likely to become overweight during follow-up periods of 8 and 13 years (relative risk, 0.78 and 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 0.91 and 0.76 to 1.00, respectively). DISCUSSION: BMI and weight gain were inversely associated with intake of breakfast cereals, independently of other risk factors.     

Carbohydrate quantity and quality in relation to body mass index

The increased prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States since approximately 1980 is temporally associated with an increase in carbohydrate intake, with no appreciable change in absolute intake of fat. Despite speculation that both carbohydrate quantity and quality have contributed significantly to excess weight gain, the relationship between carbohydrate intake and body mass index (BMI) is controversial. A review of relevant literature indicates that most epidemiologic studies show an inverse relationship between carbohydrate intake and BMI, even when controlling for potential confounders. These observational studies are supported by results from a number of dietary intervention studies wherein modest reductions in body weight were observed with an ad libitum, low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet without emphasis on energy restriction or weight loss. With few exceptions, high glycemic load is associated with lower BMI, even when adjusted for total energy intake. Data on the association between glycemic index and BMI are not as consistent, with more studies showing either no association or an inverse relationship, rather than a positive relationship. Whole-grain intake is generally inversely associated with BMI; refined grain intake is not. Because overall dietary quality tends to be higher for high-carbohydrate diets, a low-fat dietary strategy with emphasis on fiber-rich carbohydrates, particularly cereal fiber, may be beneficial for health and weight control.     

Dietary factors and body mass index in a group of Iranian adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study--2

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of overweight and obesity in an adolescent population in Tehran and to determine possible association with energy and nutrient intake and distribution of energy over the day. METHOD: A cross-sectional study on 177 boys and 244 girls between 10-19 years old was performed. Overweight and obesity were defined by using recommended body mass index (BMI) cut-off values for adolescents. Total energy intake, percent of energy derived from protein, carbohydrate and fat and percent of energy supplied by each meal and snack were assessed by means of two 24-hour dietary recalls. RESULTS: Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 10.7 and 5.1 in boys and 18.4 and 2.8 in girls, respectively. The composition of diet was not different between overweight/obese and normal weight subjects. BMI was related with breakfast energy percentage in girls (r = -0.18, p < 0.01), with total energy intake in boys (r = 0.23, p < 0.01), and with lunch energy percentage in both sexes. In boys (r = 0.16, p < 0.05) and in girls (r = 0.22, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: High prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents was seen. In boys some relationship between total energy intake, distribution of energy over the day and BMI was seen. In girls BMI was only related with distribution of energy over the day.     

Comparison of high- and low-glycemic-index breakfast cereals with monounsaturated fat in the long-term dietary management of type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: Results of 6-wk studies suggest that high-carbohydrate diets are deleterious for people with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to see whether long-term replacement of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) with carbohydrate from breakfast cereals with either a high or a low glycemic index (GI) affected blood glucose and lipids in subjects with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Subjects with type 2 diabetes (n = 91) were randomly assigned to receive approximately 10% of energy from a low-GI breakfast cereal, a high-GI cereal, or oil or margarine containing MUFA for 6 mo. Eating breakfast cereal was prohibited for subjects in the MUFA group. RESULTS: Seventy-two subjects completed the trial. The subjects who received cereals consumed approximately 10% more energy from carbohydrate than did the subjects in the MUFA group. Changes in glycated hemoglobin, body weight, and fasting cholesterol and triacylglycerol did not differ significantly among groups. HDL cholesterol increased by approximately 10% in the MUFA group compared with subjects who consumed either high- or low-GI cereals (P = 0.002). The ratio of total to HDL cholesterol was higher in the subjects who consumed the high-GI cereal than in the MUFA group at 3 mo but not at 6 mo (diet x time interaction, P = 0.041). During 8-h metabolic profiles, mean plasma insulin was higher and mean free fatty acids were lower in the 2 cereal groups than in the MUFA group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A 10% increase in carbohydrate intake associated with breakfast cereal consumption had no deleterious effects on glycemic control or blood lipids over 6 mo in subjects with type 2 diabetes. The increase in plasma insulin and the reduction in free fatty acids associated with higher carbohydrate intake may reduce the rate of progression of diabetes.     

成人体重指数和总体脂肪与血脂异常的相关性

目的观察成人体重指数(BMI)、总体脂肪率及分布与血脂异常的相关性。方法对2006年1月至2007年4月在北京协和医院接受年度查体的302例健康成人进行横断面调查,采用多频生物电阻抗测定体重(BW)、总体脂肪(TBF)、腹部脂肪(AF)、内脏脂肪(VF)、内脏脂肪面积(VFA)和腰臀围比值(WHR),同时测定血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),分析BMI、TBF及分布与血脂异常的相关性。结果男性BMI肥胖和超重的发生率、WHR异常和血脂异常的发生率均显著高于女性(P<0.05),但女性表现为TBF%显著增高(P<0.05)。超重和肥胖组的TBF、WHR、AF、VF、VFA、CHO、TG和LDL-C均显著高于体重正常组(P<0.05)。血脂正常组,女性BMI和TBF与CHO、TG和LDL-C呈正相关(P<0.05),与HDL-C呈负相关(P<0.05)。血脂异常组,男性和女性均表现为BMI和TBF与TG呈正相关(P<0.05),男性BMI和TBF与TG和HDL-C呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论肥胖/超重和体脂总量超标可增加成年男性和女性血脂异常的发生风险。     

Breakfast quality differences among children and adolescents in Croatia

The aim of this study was to establish nutrient intake from breakfast in children and adolescents in Croatia (n = 1190). A quantified FFQ method was used. The results showed that 1.7% of subjects skip breakfast. Energy intake from breakfast was 26% RDA. Adolescents obtained significantly more energy from carbohydrates and less from fat than children. Children had significantly higher cholesterol and significantly lower dietary fiber intake than adolescents. Intakes of almost all examined micronutrients differed significantly according to age. Milk and dairy products were major energy contributors in children's breakfast whereas most of the adolescents' energy came from cereal products. Breakfasts containing at least one dairy food, one cereal food and fruit/fruit juice were consumed by 13.7% and 21.9% of children and adolescents respectively. A total of 33.3% and 47.6% of subjects respectively consumed milk every day while 15.9% and 10.4% did not consume milk for breakfast at all. Subjects with BMI > 85th percentile had significantly higher energy intake while those with BMI < 25th percentile had significantly lower energy intake than those of normal weight. Education about adequate nutrition and human health and providing breakfast at schools would improve dietary habits of this population.     

The role of breakfast cereals in the diets of 16–17-year-old teenagers in Britain

Dietary data was collected from almost 5000 16–17-year-old teenagers throughout Britain using 4-day unweighed dietary diaries. The data was quantitatively coded and analysed to investigate the role of breakfast cereals in the diets of teenagers. The total daily nutrient intakes of consumers and non-consumers of breakfast cereals have been examined, by both frequency of cereal consumption and type of cereal consumed. Using generalized linear-modelling techniques, the relationships between nutrient intake, region, social class, frequency of breakfast cereal consumption and type of cereal consumed were investigated. Regular consumption of any type of breakfast cereal was associated with a significantly lower intake of fat when expressed as a percentage of energy intake, having allowed for regional or social-class differences. Non-consumers of breakfast cereals had significantly lower intakes of some micronutrients and a significant proportion of those who ate no breakfast cereal failed to achieve the reference nutrient intakes for riboflavin, vitamin B₆ and folates. The consumption of breakfast cereals appears to be associated with an increased intake of micronutrients amongst teenagers in Britain, and while these associations may be due to the cereals (and milks consumed with them), they may also be due to the effect that eating cereals has on subsequent feeding during the day. However, this may be important amongst those consuming diets lower in energy or high in foods of low-micronutrient density.     

Relations of lipoprotein lipase gene polymorphism at Pvu II locus and dietary intervention predisposition in hyperlipidemia population]

In order to investigate the relation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene polymorphism at Pvu II locus and dietary intervention predisposition in hyperlipidemia population, 436 hyperlipidemia patients were screened selected from some communities in western urban districts in Beijing, and then separated into two groups, intervention (248) and control group(188). The serum lipids profile, dietary intakes data were collected and physical examination was conducted in all subjects. Also, the LPL-Pvu II polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. The results showed that the total energy intake, cholesterol level and percentage of energy from dietary fat, and the serum levels of TC, LDL-C and HDL-C were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after 6-month dietary intervention in intervention group compared with the control group. The decrease range of TC and LDL-C in carriers with LPL-Pvu II (+/+) genotype was much more than others(+/- and -/- genotypes). The results from multiple linear regression analysis showed that the susceptible factors of dietary intervention included LPL-Pvu II (+) allele, the high baseline levels of TC and LDL-C and overweight. The conclusions could be primarily drawn that the variants of LPL-Pvu II locus were important determinants of variation in serum cholesterol response to dietary change in hyperlipidemia population.