Alzheimer病的记忆与注意障碍

本文综述了Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病在有关即刻与延缓回忆、短时与远期记忆、情景与语义记忆、外现与内隐记忆、注意广度、注意选择、注意转移等测验上的表现，并指出上述测验在ＡＤ早期诊断与鉴别诊断上的作用。     

抽动-秽语综合征内隐和外显记忆的研究

目的：研究抽动－秽语综合征的外显记忆与内隐记忆特点。方法：采用配对病例对照研究设计，选取确诊的抽动－秽语综合征患者及匹配健康对照各26例，用加工、分离程度的方法测定其意识性提取及自动提取在丙认测验中的贡献。结果：与健康对照组相比，抽动－秽语综合征患者的外显记忆显著低于对照组，内隐记忆差异无显著性。按年龄分层比较后，病例组7－8岁年龄段的外显记忆与同年龄对照组相比差异有显著性，其他年龄段差异无显著性。结论：抽动－秽语综合征患者的外显记忆受损而内隐记忆正常，说明外显记忆与内隐记忆属于两个独立的记忆系数。     

内隐记忆及其在精神分裂症中的表现

内隐记忆作为一个较新的研究领域,它在精神疾病人群身上的研究还相对较少,为了进一步了解内隐记忆的特点,该文结合其在精神分裂症患者身上的表现,概述了近期国内外关于精神分裂症内隐记忆的研究状况,并在此基础上提出精神分裂症内隐记忆研究的不足和建议.     

内隐记忆与重性精神病

内隐记忆课题已成为心理学研究中最为活跃的领域,但国内有关其在精神科领域的研究报道较少。作者介绍了近几年来国外对Alzheimer病、精神分裂症及抑郁症等重性精神病的内隐记忆方面的研究进展。     

化学遗传学技术在癫痫治疗中的探索与展望

目前癫痫的治疗方法尚不完善,药物治疗仍为首选。但仍有高达30%的癫痫患者因药物控制效果不佳或不能耐受药物的不良反应而成为药物难治性癫痫。因此开发药物难治性癫痫治疗的新方法有非常重要的临床意义。目前已有众多研究聚焦于这一领域,其中化学遗传和光遗传学技术能够通过精准地选择治疗靶点控制某一类型神经元的兴奋性,进而通过调控致痫网络而达到控制癫痫发作的作用。而化学遗传学技术又具有相对无创性的优点,更利于临床转化。本综述简要介绍了化学遗传学中应用最广泛的,仅由特定药物激活的受体(DREADDs)技术的机制及其在癫痫治疗中的研究现状;并对该技术今后的临床转化进行展望。     

《神经调控手术学》出版

由栾国明教授和王保国教授主译的《神经调控手术学》(Operative Neuromodulation)已于2010年12月由海洋出版社出版。神经调控技术发展迅速并涉及生物医学和生物技术等多学科领域。这一技术不但为患者提供了治疗方法的新选择和可能性,同时也能更好地理解神经系统对其他系统进行调控的机制。这一领域的发展需要多学科不同领域的众多专家共同合作研究。国际神经调控学会(INS)的目标是"促进、传播及倡导神经调控的科学、教育、最佳实践和易接受的各个方面"。国际神经调控学会与国际功能电刺激学会合作共同促进电刺激治疗的研究、应用和理解,以便这一技术在医学领域更好地开展。世界神经科学联合会(WFNS)已经意识到这一领域的发展潜力,并且创建了神经调控委员会。而许多其他专业也成立了相应的     

《神经调控手术学》出版

由栾国明教授和王保国教授主译的《神经调控手术学》(Operative Neuromodulation)已于2010年12月由海洋出版社出版。神经调控技术发展迅速并涉及生物医学和生物技术等多学科领域。这一技术不但为患者提供了治疗方法的新选择和可能性,同时也能更好地理解神经系统是如何对其他系统进行调控的。这一领域的发展需要多学科领域的众多专家共同合作研究。国际神经调控学会(INS)的目标是"促进、传播及倡导神经调控的科学、教育、最佳实践和易接受的各个方面"。国际神经调控学会与国际功能电刺激学会合作共同促进电刺激治疗的研究、应用和理解,以便这一技术在医学领域更好地开展。世界神经科学联合会(WFNS)已经意识到这一领域的发展潜力,并且创建了神经调控委员会。而许多其他专业也在成立相应的神     

MicroRNA在精神疾病中的作用

本文就microRNA在精神疾病中的作用进行综述,以了解这一领域的研究进展.     

认知功能障碍患者病前智力评价

神经心理学测验是痴呆和认知功能障碍诊断的重要依据。不同个体健康状态下基础认知水平不同,故发病后不应采用相同的评价标准来判断神经心理学测验结果。病前智力评价是修正此类误差的有效方法,但临床对该领域的重视程度仍较低,本文对国内外病前智力评价方法及其在认知功能障碍中的应用进行综述。     

《神经调控手术学》出版

由栾国明教授和王保国教授主译的《神经调控手术学》(Operative Neuromodulation)已于2010年12月由海洋出版社出版。神经调控技术发展迅速并涉及生物医学和生物技术等多学科领域。这一技术不但为患者提供了治疗方法的新选择和可能性,同时也能更好地理解神经系统对其他系统进行调控的机制。这一领域的发展需要多学科不同领域的众多专家共同合作研究。国际神经调控学会(INS)的目标是"促进、传播及倡导神经调控的科学、教育、最佳实践和易接受的各个方面"。国际神     

Implicit memory in aging adults with mental retardation with and without Down syndrome

Effects of age and IQ on implicit memory in adults with mild or moderate mental retardation with and without Down syndrome were examined. When the etiologically defined groups were equated on age (and IQ), an age-associated difference in implicit memory performance was not evident. When data were reanalyzed, including only participants with unspecified mental retardation from a broader age range, we found a significant but small age-related difference and a significant but small IQ-related effect on implicit memory. In summary, although implicit memory showed an age-associated difference and IQ-associated variation in adults with mental retardation, these effects were relatively small. Data support existing theories proposing the relative invariance of implicit processes across a range of individual differences in age and intelligence.     

A comparison of implicit memory tasks in Korsakoff and alcoholic patients

Korsakoff patients generally perform at a normal level on implicit memory tasks in contrast to explicit memory tasks. While this difference is sometimes explained in terms of different memory systems underlying the tasks, the different roles of perceptual and conceptual/semantic processes in these tasks have also been emphasized: explicit tasks require mainly conceptual/semantic processes and implicit tasks are based principally on perceptual processes. However, it has been suggested recently that conceptual/semantic processes may also be involved in some implicit memory tasks (e.g. a Free Association task). Therefore, the performance of Korsakoff and alcoholic patients is here compared in three implicit memory tasks (Stem Completion, Word Identification and Free Association) and one explicit memory task (Cued Recall), allowing us to disentangle what really matters: the nature of the task (implicit or explicit), or the underlying processes (perceptual or conceptual/semantic). The results show only semantic priming in the Free Association and Cued Recall tasks of the alcoholic patients, suggesting that Korsakoff patients have problems particularly with conceptually-driven processing. The implicit or explicit nature of the memory task is not critical.     

Allocentric memory impaired and egocentric memory intact as assessed by virtual reality in recent-onset schizophrenia

Present evidence suggests that schizophrenia is associated with explicit memory deficits, whereas implicit memory seems to be largely preserved. Virtual reality studies on declarative allocentric memory in schizophrenia are rare, and studies on implicit egocentric memory in schizophrenia are lacking. However, virtual realities have a major advantage for the assessment of spatial navigation and memory formation, as computer-simulated first-person environments can simulate navigation in a large-scale space. Twenty-five subjects with recent-onset schizophrenia were compared with 25 healthy matched control subjects on two virtual reality tasks affording the navigation and learning of a virtual park (allocentric memory) and a virtual maze (egocentric memory). Compared with control subjects, schizophrenia subjects were significantly impaired in learning the virtual park. However, schizophrenia subjects were as able as control subjects to learn the virtual maze. Stronger disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia subjects were significantly related to more errors on the virtual maze. It is concluded that egocentric spatial learning adds to the many other implicit cognitive skills being largely preserved in schizophrenia. Possibly, the more global neural network supporting egocentric spatial learning is less affected than the declarative hippocampal memory system in early stages of schizophrenia and may offer opportunities for compensation in the presence of focal deficits.     

Implicit and Explicit Memory in Autism: Is Autism an Amnesic Disorder?

Medial temporal lobe amnesic disorder is characterized by an impairment in explicit memory (e.g., remembering a shopping list) and intact implicit memory (e.g., a woman seems familiar although you cannot remember having met her before). This study examined whether children with high-functioning autism have this same dissociation between explicit and implicit memory abilities. Children with autism and normal development participated in three memory tasks: one implicit task (perceptual identification) and two explicit tasks (recognition and recall). Children with autism showed intact implicit and explicit memory abilities. However, they did not show the typical pattern of recalling more items from both the beginning and end of a list and instead only recalled items from the end of the list. These results do not support the theory that high-functioning autism is a type of medial temporal lobe amnesia. However, these findings suggest that persons with autism use different organizational strategies during encoding or retrieval of items from memory.     

Implicit memory for object locations depends on reactivation of encoding-related brain regions

This study explored the correspondence between implicit memory and the reactivation of encoding-related brain regions. By using a classification method, we examined whether reactivation reflects only the similarities between study and test or voxels at the reactivated regions are diagnostic of facilitation in the implicit memory task. A simple detection task served as incidental encoding of object-location pairings. A subsequent visual search task served as the indirect (implicit) test of memory. Subjects did not know that their memory would be tested. Half of the subjects were unaware that some stimuli in the search task are the same as those that had appeared during the detection task. Another group of subjects was made aware of this relationship at the onset of the visual search task. Memory performance was superior for the study-test aware, compared to study-test unaware, subjects. Brain reactivation was calculated using a conjunction analysis implemented through overlaying the neural activity at encoding and testing. The conjunction analysis revealed that implicit memory in both groups of subjects was associated with reactivation of parietal and occipital brain regions. We were able to classify study-test aware and study-test unaware subjects based on the per-voxel reactivation values representing the neural dynamics between encoding and test. The classification results indicate that neural dynamics between encoding and test accounts for the differences in implicit memory. Overall, our study demonstrates that implicit memory performance requires and depends upon reactivation of encoding-related brain regions.     

Implicit and explicit memory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an event-related potential study

The implicit and explicit memory in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was investigated using the event-related potential (ERP). For the assessment of implicit memory, a lexical decision task was administered. Among a total of 320 words and 140 non-words, 200 words were repeated, while the remaining 120 words and the 140 non-words were not repeated. For explicit memory, a continuous recognition task was administered, in which 280 words were repeated and 100 were not repeated. On the recognition task, both the controls and OCD patients showed more positivity to the old words than to the new words during the 200-600 ms period post-stimulus. Both groups showed faster response time to the old words than to the new words. On the lexical decision task, the controls showed the old/new effect during the 200-500 ms period post-stimulus, while the OCD patients did not. However, OCD patient showed faster response time to the old words than to the new words, although OCD patients showed prolonged response times to the old words compared to the controls. These results indicate that OCD patients have preserved explicit and implicit memory. The absence of old/new effect on ERP in OCD patients was discussed in terms of dysfunction of frontostriatal system, which plays an important role in both OCD and implicit memory.     

Diagnosis threat and underperformance: The threat must be relevant and implicit

Introduction: The diagnosis threat (DT) phenomenon shows that, in some cases, reminding people with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) about their past neurological history diminishes subsequent cognitive performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of personal relevance (i.e., domain identification) and type of threat (i.e., implicit vs. explicit) as moderating variables. We investigated intrusive thoughts as a potential mediator.

Method: Control (non-mTBI) and mTBI participants were recruited and completed a domain identification questionnaire. Under either an implicit or an explicit DT condition, they completed neuropsychological tasks assessing working memory, episodic memory, and executive processing, as well as measures of intrusive thoughts.

Results: As expected, the main results showed that, for working memory and episodic memory, high identifier mTBI participants scored worse in the implicit DT condition than in the explicit condition. The implicit DT condition also led high identifier mTBI participants to score worse than low identifiers for working memory. Conversely, the explicit DT condition led high identifier mTBI participants to perform better than low identifiers for both working and episodic memory. Unexpectedly, low identifier mTBI participants scored better on working memory tasks in the implicit DT condition than in the explicit condition. We found no evidence of mediation by intrusive thoughts.

Conclusions: Domain identification and the explicit or implicit nature of the DT must be taken into account, as they can impact mTBI participants’ cognitive performance. This study suggests the influence of DT as a factor biasing neuropsychological assessment.     

Assessment of nondeclarative learning in severe Alzheimer dementia: the Implicit Memory Test (IMT)

Although patients with Alzheimer dementia (AD) have impaired explicit memory, more automatic, implicit aspects of learning and memory may be relatively preserved. However, neuropsychological tests for the assessment of implicit memory are lacking. This study examines a newly developed test, the Implicit Memory Test, in 28 patients with severe AD (mini-mental state examination 5 to 12) and 22 cognitively unimpaired matched controls (mini-mental state examination 25 to 29). The Implicit Memory Test consists of visually presented word (stem-completion) and picture (fragmented picture identification) subtests, each comprising 3 learning trials and a delayed test. Explicit memory was also assessed, using the verbal paired-associate learning subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale and the Visual Association Test. Patients with AD obtained a floor performance on both explicit memory tests, whereas a significant learning curve was found for both the stem-completion and the fragmented pictures subtests of the Implicit Memory Test. Delayed testing on the fragmented pictures subtest showed a preserved performance that may have been mediated by implicit learning. Delayed performance on the stem-completion subtest, however, showed clear memory decay that suggests contamination by explicit memory function, at least in the controls. These findings extend the earlier results on word-stem completion and fragmented picture identification in patients with mild-to-moderate AD and indicate that residual learning capacity can be assessed in severe AD.     

Implicit and explicit memory for spatial information in Alzheimer's disease

There is abundant evidence that memory impairment in dementia in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is related to explicit, conscious forms of memory, whereas implicit, unconscious forms of memory function remain relatively intact or are less severely affected. Only a few studies have been performed on spatial memory function in AD, showing that AD patients' explicit spatial memory is impaired, possibly related to hippocampal dysfunction. However, studies on implicit spatial memory in AD are lacking. The current study set out to investigate implicit and explicit spatial memory in AD patients (n=18) using an ecologically valid computer task, in which participants had to remember the locations of various objects in common rooms. The contribution of implicit and explicit memory functions was estimated by means of the process dissociation procedure. The results show that explicit spatial memory is impaired in AD patients compared with a control group (n=21). However, no group difference was found on implicit spatial function. This indicates that spared implicit memory in AD extends to the spatial domain, while the explicit spatial memory function deteriorates. Clinically, this finding might be relevant, in that an intact implicit memory function might be helpful in overcoming problems in explicit processing.