无创通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的 探讨无创正压通气(NIPPV)治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床疗效.方法 50例NIPPV合并呼吸衰竭患者的血气分析变化,住院时间气管插管率和病死率,并同以往未使用无创治疗的30例AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭的病例进行比较.结果 50例NIPPV治疗后2 h,48 h的血气分析指标明显改善,住院时间明显短,于对照组,气管插管率,住院病死率明显低于对照组,两者比较差异具有统计学意义.结论 NIPPV治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效确切,避免机械通气,缩短病程,是救治COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者的一种有效方法.     

无创正压通气治疗AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭

目的 探讨无创正压通气(NIPPV)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者治疗中的有效性和安全性.方法 对51例AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的住院患者进行经鼻或口鼻面罩的无创正压通气治疗,通过观察患者通气前后的动脉血气(pH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2)及呼吸频率的变化判断临床疗效.结果 51例AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者中,42例经过无创正压通气治疗,动脉血气、呼吸频率指标得到改善:PaCO2和呼吸频率明显降低,PaO2、pH、SaO2明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 无创正压通气可以改善AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的生命体征及动脉血气指标,帮助此类患者减轻呼吸肌疲劳,防止呼吸衰竭进一步加重,并减少气管插管率.无创正压通气是治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者经济有效的方法.     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床分析

目的 通过监测患者动脉血气（pH,PaO2,PaCO2）的变化,探讨无创正压通气（NIPPV）治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）并Ⅱ型呼吸哀竭的疗效.方法 38例AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者分为治疗组20例和对照组18例,在常规综合治疗的基础上治疗组应用BiPAP呼吸机进行无创正压通气治疗,对照组给予呼吸兴奋剂,观察治疗前、治疗3 d后的血气pH,PaCO2,PaO2指标变化及心率、呼吸频率的变化.结果 治疗3d后治疗组血气指标PaO2明显上升,PaCO2明显下降,心率、呼吸频率明显改善,与对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）.结论 无创正压通气治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者可提高PaO2,降低PaCO2,改善通气,明显改善心率、呼吸频率,值得临床推广应用.     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭

目的观察无创正压通气(NPPV)在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者中的临床疗效。方法治疗组42例AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在常规治疗的基础上进行NPPV治疗,对照组40例仅给予常规治疗(抗炎、解痉、吸氧等);观察血气指标、心率、血压、呼吸频率及住院时间的变化。结果治疗组和对照组在治疗后动脉血气pH值、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、心率和呼吸频率与治疗前比较均有明显改善。治疗组在降低PaCO2、呼吸频率和提高PaO2方面比对照组效果更明显。结论NPPV治疗AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭能更有效地降低PaCO2、呼吸频率,提高PaO2,缩短住院时间。     

无创正压通气治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

[目的]探讨无创正压通气（NPPV）在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD） 并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭中的价值.[方法]42例AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭分为通气组（22例）和对照组（20例）,在接受常规药物治疗的同时,通气组给予NPPV治疗,观察两组治疗后2 h、48 h心率、呼吸频率、动脉血气分析的改善情况,比较气管插管率、病死率、住院时间.[结果]通气组同期心率、呼吸频率、动脉血气分析较对照组明显改善,住院时间缩短,气管插管率、病死率明显降低.[结论]NPPV是治疗AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的一种有效方法,可提高氧分压、降低二氧化碳分压,缩短病程及降低插管率、病死率.     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病并呼吸衰竭

目的:探讨无创正压通气(NIPPV)治疗慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)并呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法:选择20例COPD并呼吸衰竭患者为治疗组,22例COPD并呼吸衰竭为对照组,对照组给予常规药物治疗,治疗组给予常规药物治疗联合应用鼻(面)罩进行NIPPV,两组主要观察指标:(1)治疗期间呼吸频率和心率的变化,(2)NIPPV3h后血气分析,(3)观察住院时间,气管插管率及住院病死率,结果:治疗组经NIPPV3h后,呼吸频率下降,心率降低,PaO2明显增加,PaCO2显著下降,PH值改善(P均<0.05),对照组治疗3h后各指标无明显改变(P均>0.05)。治疗组气管插管率和住院病死率与对照组相比,显著降低,住院时间缩短(P均<0.05)。结论:无创正压通气对COPD并呼吸衰竭是一种比较安全、切实有效的呼吸支持手段。     

无创正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺病合并呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用

目的:探讨无创正压通气(NIPPV)在慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用。方法:106例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者随机分为两组:治疗组56例和对照组50例。两组患者均采用抗生素、解痉、止咳、祛痰等常规治疗。治疗组在此基础上采用无创正压通气治疗。并观察两组的心率、呼吸频率及动脉血气的情况。结果:治疗组治疗后pH、PaCO2、PaO2、SaO2、心率、呼吸频率及辅助呼吸肌动作减轻与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。结论:NIPPV治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭,具有无创、简便、快捷、患者痛苦少、不影响进食和咳嗽、并发症少及疗效确切等优点,值得临床应用。     

无创正压机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病合并呼吸衰竭

目的 探讨无创正压机械通气（NIPPV）用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）合并呼吸衰竭的作用。方法 选择40例COPD合并呼吸衰竭的患者，随机分为NIPPV组（NIPPV＋常规综合治疗）和对照组（常规综合治疗）。观察动脉血气分析、呼吸频率、心率、血压、辅助呼吸肌动用评分，及住院时间、气管插管率、住院病死率等。结果 NIPPV组治疗后3h呼吸频率、心率、辅助呼吸肌动用评分均明显优于对照组（P〈0．05），PaO2较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．01），氧合指数明显改善（P〈0．05），PaCO2与治疗前及对照组治疗后3h比较，亦有明显下降（P〈0．05），NIPPV组较对照组住院时间缩短，气管插管率及病死率降低。结论 无创正压通气具有无创伤性、可早期使用、并发症少、易被患者接受和使用方便等特点，可以迅速缓解呼吸困难、改善呼吸肌疲劳，提高PaO2、氧合指数，降低PaCO2，缩短住院时间，降低气管插管率和病死率，对于COPD合并呼吸衰竭是一种切实有效的治疗措施。     

无创正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭治疗中的价值:一个为期4年的回顾性分析

目的 评价无创正压通气(NIPPV)治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭(呼衰)的价值.方法 选择2002年6月15日-2006年6月15日本院住院的COPD合并Ⅱ型呼衰患者351例,将进行面罩NIPPV者作为治疗组,未进行NIPPV治疗者作为对照组,再按血气分析的结果将患者分为4个亚组.轻度呼衰:50 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)≤动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)≤65 mm Hg;中度呼衰:66 mm Hg≤PaCO2≤80 mm Hg;重度呼衰:81 mm Hg≤PaCO2≤95 mm Hg;极重度呼衰:≥96 mm Hg.观察各组治疗前及治疗3 d后血气分析结果、住院时间、住院费用、插管率、病死率.结果 COPD伴不同程度Ⅱ型呼衰患者经NIPPV治疗后,其动脉血氧分压(PaO2)均有不同程度升高,PaCO2则均有不同程度降低,且重度和极重度呼衰患者治疗组与对照组pH值、PaO2、PaCO2比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).不同程度呼衰患者治疗组的住院时间、住院费用较对照组明显减少,插管率、病死率均较对照组明显降低;随呼衰程度加重,插管率、病死率均明显增加(P均<0.05).结论 NIPPV对不同程度COPD合并Ⅱ型呼衰患者有益.     

综合护理干预对COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者无创正压通气治疗效果的影响

目的:探讨综合护理干预对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者无创正压通气(NIPPV)治疗效果的影响。方法:将96例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者按照格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)分为两组,GCS≤8分34例为昏迷组,GCS>8分62例为对照组。比较两组在综合护理干预下NIPPV治疗后的转归和治疗前后动脉血pH值、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、PaCO2。结果:两组治疗后APACHEⅡ分值、呼气压力(EPAP)设定值、通气时间、住院时间、治疗成功率、有创通气比例、病死率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而两组吸气压力(IPAP)设定值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组经NIPPV治疗后2 h、24 h,动脉血pH值、PaO2/FiO2、PaCO2与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。NIPPV治疗前,治疗失败者的APACHEⅡ值高于治疗成功者(P<0.05),而两者间的GCS比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗2 h后,治疗成功者GCS高于治疗失败者,血气分析指标也比治疗失败者明显改善(P<0.05)。结论:在综合护理干预下,COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者NIPPV治疗效果提高。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.