A posterior inverted L-shaped approach for the treatment of posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures

Objectives

To present a case series of patients with posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures treated by direct exposure and buttress plate fixation through posterior inverted L-shaped approach.

Methods

Between August 2007 and July 2010, eight middle aged patients were identified to have posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. All the eight patients underwent direct fracture exposure, reduction under visualization, and buttress plate fixation through posterior inverted L-shaped approach.

Results

All the cases were followed for an average of 28.1 months (24–36 months). All the cases had satisfactory reduction except one case, which had a 3-mm stepoff postoperatively. None of the complications such as infection, necrosis of the skin incision or the loosening and breakage of the internal fixator occurred. The average radiographic bony union time and full weightbearing time were 11.5 weeks (10–14 weeks), and 13.8 weeks (11–17 weeks) respectively. The average range of motion of the affected knee was from 3.6° to 127.8° at 1 year after the operation.

Conclusions

The posterior inverted L-shaped approach would not involve osteotomy, tendotomy or division of muscles, while allowing satisfied visualization of the entire posterior aspect of tibial plateau and appropriate placement of hardware. This approach is a safe and effective way for the treatment of posterior bicondylar tibial plateau fractures.     

胫骨后侧平台骨折的治疗

目的 探讨膝后外、后内入路治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折的临床效果.方法 7例胫骨平台后髁骨折患者中6例采用膝后外、后内入路直视下复位骨折,由后向前置入螺钉或钢板固定;1例非手术治疗.结果 随访6～22个月.根据Merchant膝关节功能评分标准评定疗效:6例手术治疗者,优4例,良2例;非手术治疗者为可.未见关节面明显塌陷,无膝关节内、外翻畸形和创伤性关节炎等并发症.结论 采用膝后外、后内入路治疗胫骨后侧平台骨折能充分地显露骨折面和骨折块,能准确地进行解剖复位和牢固固定,膝关节功能良好;而非手术治疗效果欠佳.     

胫骨平台后侧骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨膝关节后内侧入路和后外侧入路手术治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折的手术方法和临床疗效.方法 2006年1月至2008年6月,采用后侧入路手术治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折获得随访的患者21例,男12例,女9例;年龄28～68岁,平均39.5岁.致伤原因:车祸伤13例,高处坠落伤8例.按Khan骨折分型:后内侧骨折7例,后外侧骨折8例,同时累及后内及后外侧骨折6例;均为新鲜闭合性骨折.采用胫骨平台后内侧入路7例,胫骨平台后外侧入路8例,后内外联合人路6例.结果 21例患者均获得随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均16.2个月.无一例发生切口感染、血管神经损伤、内固定松动及断裂,骨折均愈合,无膝关节内、外翻畸形和骨折再移位.术后Rasmussen膝关节功能为13～30分,平均24.2分,其中优12例,良7例,可2例,优良率为90.5%;Rasmussen放射学评分为10～18分,平均15.6分,其中优13例,良7例,可1例,优良率为95.2%.术后1例膝关节伸屈活动明显受限,经二期关节镜下松解并行功能锻炼后改善;2例发生创伤性关节炎,经向关节内注射玻璃酸钠及口服非甾体类抗炎药物后疼痛缓解.结论 膝关节后内侧和后外侧入路手术治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折,有利于平台后侧骨折的复位和固定,具有暴露清楚、内固定安放方便、创伤小及临床疗效好等优点.运用合适的内固定和恰当的功能锻炼可取得满意的临床疗效.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the operative procedures and clinical result of posteromedial and posterolateral approaches in treatment of posterior condylar tibial plateau fractures. Methods From January 2006 to June 2008, 21 patients of posterior condylar tibial plateau fractures were treated by posteromedial and posterolateral knee approaches. There were 12 males and 9 females. The age ranged from 28 to 68 years, with a mean of 39.5 years. Of the patients, 13 had resulted from a traffic accident and 8 had caused by a fall. As for the state of posterior condylar tibial plateau fractures, 7 patients had a medial condylar.fracture, 8 patients had a lateral condylar fracture and 6 patients had a bilateral condylar fracture. Results A follow-up lasted 12-24 months (mean 16.2 months ) in 21 patients. There was no infection, no varus or valgus of the knee, no nerve injuries and loosening or breakage of the screw. All cases had attained bone union. According to the Rasmussen functional scoring, the results were excellent in 12, good in 7 and fair in 2. The excellent and good rate of clinical results was 90.5%. Radiologic results were graded with the Rasmussen score to evaluate the reduction of fracture. There were excellent in 13, good in 7 and fair in 1. The excellent and good rate of clinical results was 95.2%. Conclusion Posteromedial and posterolateral approaches can facilitate the reduction and fixation for posterior condylar tibial plateau fractures. It has many advantages such as good exposure, less invasion and the excellent clinical results.     

Minimal internal fixation augmented by small wire transfixion frames for high-energy tibial plateau fractures

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures treated with minimal internal fixation augmented by small wire external fixation frames and to assess the necessity of bridging the knee joint by extending the external fixation to the distal femur. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 48 tibial plateau fractures. There were 40 (83.5%) Schatzker type VI fractures, 8 Schatzker type V fractures, and 18 (37.5%) fractures were open. A complex injury according to the Tscherne-Lobenhoffer classification was recorded in 30 (62.5%) patients. All fractures were treated with combined minimally invasive internal and external fixation. Closed reduction was achieved in 32 (66.6%) of the fractures. Extension of the external fixation to the distal femur was done in 30 (62.5%) fractures. Results were assessed according to the criteria of Honkonen-Jarvinen. RESULTS: Follow-up ranged from 28 to 60 months with an average of 38 months. All fractures but 1 united at an average of 13.5 weeks (range 11-18 weeks). One patient developed an infected nonunion of the diaphyseal segment of his fracture. Thirty-nine (81%) patients achieved an excellent or good radiologic result. An excellent or good final clinical result was recorded in 36 patients (76%). Bridging the knee joint did not affect significantly the result (P < 0.418). No significant correlation was found between the type of fracture and the final score (P < 0.458). CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid internal and external fixation combined with tibiofemoral extension of the fixation is an attractive treatment option for complex tibial plateau fractures.     

胫骨平台后内髁劈裂骨折的手术治疗

目的:探讨膝关节后内侧入路手术复位内固定治疗胫骨平台后内髁劈裂骨折的临床疗效。方法:2006年1月至2009年7月,采用后侧入路手术治疗胫骨平台后内髁劈裂骨折获得随访的患者21例,男14例,女7例;年龄28～68岁,平均36.9岁。致伤原因:车祸伤14例,高处坠落伤7例。合并伤:合并前交叉韧带损伤15例,均为胫骨平台止点撕脱;合并胫骨平台后外侧塌陷骨折14例。采用膝关节后内侧入路手术复位内固定治疗,术后据Rasmussen膝关节功能评定方法评定疗效。结果:21例均获随访,时间12～30个月,平均17.3个月。无切口感染,无内固定松动及断裂,无骨不愈合,无膝关节内、外翻畸形和骨折再移位。术后后内髁骨折均达解剖复位,1例术后小腿内下方感觉麻木。术后根据Rasmussen膝关节功能评定标准:优12例,良7例,可2例。结论:膝关节后内侧手术治疗胫骨平台后内髁劈裂骨折,有利于平台后内髁骨折的复位和固定,具有暴露清楚、内固定安放方便、创伤小及临床疗效好等优点。     

The extended posterolateral approach for split depression lateral tibial plateau fractures extending into the posterior column: 2 years follow up results of a prospective study

ObjectiveTo prospectively study the outcome of surgically treated split depression lateral tibial plateau fractures extending into the posterior column using the extended posterolateral approach.MethodsTwenty-one patients with split depression lateral tibial plateau fractures (AO: 41-B3) with extension into the posterior column were treated with open reduction and internal fixation through an extended posterolateral approach with osteotomy of the fibular neck ± Gerdy tubercle. Follow up radiographs was assessed for quality of articular reduction and limb axis. Functional assessment was performed at last follow up using the Tegner–Lysholm score. Complications pertaining to the surgical approach were recorded.ResultsThe approach was performed in 15 patients with a fibular neck osteotomy alone and 6 patients required a Gerdy's tubercle osteotomy also. All fractures and osteotomies had united. Anatomical articular reduction was achieved in 16 patients. Radiological limb alignment was restored in all patients except for a reversed posterior slope in 1 patient. Arthritic changes were seen in 3 patients. The mean Tegner–Lysholm score was 87.3 (range: 76–95) at last follow up. No specific complications related to the surgical approach like common peroneal nerve injury and lateral instability of the knee was encountered.ConclusionThe extended posterolateral approach offers excellent exposure posterior to the fibular head to perform articular reduction and fixation achieving satisfactory radiological and functional results in split depression lateral tibial plateau fractures extending into the posterior column.     

Treatment of isolated posterior coronal fracture of the lateral tibial plateau through posterolateral approach for direct exposure and buttress plate fixation

Purpose  To present a case series of patients with isolated posterior coronal fractures of lateral tibial plateau treated by direct exposure and buttress plate fixation through posterolateral approach. Methods  Between May 2007 and April of 2008, eight middle aged patients were identified that had isolated posterior coronal fractures of the lateral tibial plateau. All eight patients underwent direct fracture exposure, reduction under visualization, and buttress plate fixation through posterolateral approach. Results  There were 1 case of split, two cases of pure depression and five cases of split-depression fractures. Four were associated fibular head split fractures without common peroneal nerve injuries. Five patients were injured from a simple fall on riding electrical bicycle while the knee was relaxed in 90° position The articular displacement (8 cases) measured in CT scan was 10.5 mm in average (range 8–15 mm). The cortical split length (from the articular rim to the distal tip, 6 cases) was 2.8 cm in average (range 2.4–3.5 cm). The articular reduction was perfect in seven (absolutely no step-off) and imperfect in 1(<2 mm step-off) as measured by X-ray. With a mean follow-up of 10 months (6 cases > 12 months), the average range of motion arc was 119°, four patients have flexion lag 10°–20°. The average SMFA dysfunction score was 15.8, and average HSS score was 98. All eight patients stated they were highly satisfied. Conclusions  Direct posterolateral approach by dividing lateral border of soleus muscle, provides excellent fracture reduction under visualization and internal buttress plate fixation for posterior coronal fracture of the lateral tibial plateau. Good functional results and recovery can be expected.     

Functional outcomes of severe bicondylar tibial plateau fractures treated with dual incisions and medial and lateral plates

BACKGROUND: Plate fixation of comminuted bicondylar tibial plateau fractures remains controversial. This retrospective study was performed to evaluate the perioperative results and functional outcomes of medial and lateral plate stabilization, through anterolateral and posteromedial surgical approaches, of comminuted bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. METHODS: Over a seventy-seven-month period, eighty-three AO/OTA type-41-C3 bicondylar tibial plateau fractures were treated with medial and lateral plate fixation through two exposures. Injury radiographs were rank-ordered according to fracture severity. Immediate biplanar postoperative radiographs were evaluated to assess the quality of the reduction. The Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA) questionnaire was used to evaluate functional outcome. RESULTS: Twenty-three male and eighteen female patients (average age, forty-six years) who completed the MFA questionnaire were included in the study group. The mean duration of follow-up was fifty-nine months. Two patients had a deep wound infection. Complete radiographic information was available for thirty-one patients. Seventeen (55%) of those patients had a satisfactory articular reduction (< or =2-mm step or gap), twenty-eight patients (90%) had satisfactory coronal plane alignment (medial proximal tibial angle of 87 degrees +/- 5 degrees ), twenty-one patients (68%) demonstrated satisfactory sagittal plane alignment (posterior proximal tibial angle of 9 degrees +/- 5 degrees ), and all thirty-one patients demonstrated satisfactory tibial plateau width (0 to 5 mm). Patient age and polytrauma were associated with a higher (worse) MFA score (p = 0.034 and p = 0.039, respectively). When these variables were accounted for, regression analysis demonstrated that a satisfactory articular reduction was significantly associated with a better MFA score (p = 0.029). Rank-order fracture severity was also predictive of MFA outcome (p < 0.001). No association was identified between rank-order severity and a satisfactory articular reduction (p = 0.21). The patients in this series demonstrated significant residual dysfunction (p < 0.0001), compared with normative data, with the leisure, employment, and movement MFA domains displaying the worst scores. CONCLUSIONS: Medial and lateral plate stabilization of comminuted bicondylar tibial plateau fractures through medial and lateral surgical approaches is a useful treatment method; however, residual dysfunction is common. Accurate articular reduction was possible in about half of our patients and was associated with better outcomes within the confines of the injury severity.     

A combined approach for the treatment of lateral and posterolateral tibial plateau fractures

IntroductionThe treatment of tibial plateau fractures involving the lateral and posterolateral column is a demanding and fine surgical challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of combined approach for the treatment of lateral and posterolateral tibial plateau fractures.MethodsA prospective study was performed in 17 patients with lateral and posterolateral tibial plateau fractures between January 2009 and December 2012. There were 12 males and 5 females with a mean age of 40 years. All of them received dual-plate fixation through the combined approach, with the patients in a floating position. The combined approaches included a conventional anterolateral approach and an inverted L-shaped posterolateral approach. Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score, knee flexion and extension range of motion, and complications were recorded to evaluate treatment effects.ResultsThere were no intraoperative complications related to this technology. Mean operation time was 144 min with a mean intraoperative blood loss volume of 233 mL. The mean follow-up was 23 months. All 17 patients had good postoperative fracture healing. Mean union time was 12 weeks. At the final follow-up, the average HSS score was 92.5, with the average knee flexion of 125° and an average knee extension of 2°. Two patients had complications in postoperative incisions with aseptic fat liquefaction. After thorough debridement, second-stage wounds healing were achieved. No neurovascular injury occurred. No collapse of reduced articular surface was detected.ConclusionsThe combined approach with dual-plate offers direct and complete surgical exposure and provide an effective method for the treatment of lateral and posterolateral tibial plateau fractures.     

Frequency and fracture morphology of the posteromedial fragment in bicondylar tibial plateau fracture patterns

OBJECTIVES: Bicondylar tibial plateau fracture management remains therapeutically challenging, partly because of multiplanar articular comminution. This study was performed to evaluate the frequency and morphologic characteristics of the posteromedial fragment in this injury pattern. DESIGN: Retrospective chart and radiographic review. SETTING: Urban Level 1 university trauma center. PATIENTS: Fifty-seven patients sustaining 57 Orthopedic Trauma Association (OTA) C-Type bicondylar tibial plateau fractures formed the study group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Between May 2000 and March 2003, 170 OTA C-Type bicondylar tibial plateau fractures were identified using an orthopaedic database. One hundred and forty-six fractures had computed tomographic (CT) scans performed prior to definitive fixation and were reviewed using the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Sixty-six (45.2%) injuries had fractures that involved the medial articular surface. Nine with suboptimal CTs were excluded, leaving 57 injuries for review. Forty-two patients demonstrated coronal plane posteromedial fragments. Morphologic evaluation of the posteromedial fragment included articular surface area, maximum posterior cortical height (PCH), and sagittal fracture angle (SFA). RESULTS: Forty-two of 57 injuries (74%) demonstrated a posteromedial fragment that comprised a mean of 58% of the articular surface of the medial tibial plateau (range, 19%-98%) and a mean of 23% of the entire tibial plateau articular surface (range, 8%-47%). Mean posteromedial fragment height was 42 mm (range, 16-59 mm), and mean sagittal fracture angle was 81 degrees (range, 33 degrees to 112 degrees). Six patients demonstrated fracture patterns not accurately identified by the AO/OTA (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association) fracture classification system. CONCLUSIONS: A posteromedial fragment was observed in nearly one third of the bicondylar plateau fractures evaluated. The morphologic features of this fragment may have clinical implications when using currently available laterally applied fixed-angle screw/plate implants to stabilize these injuries. Alternate or supplementary fixation methods may be required when managing this injury pattern.     

Triple plating of tibia in a complex bicondylar tibial plateau fracture

High-energy tibial plateau fracture poses a significant challenge and difficulty for orthopaedic surgeons. Fracture of tibial plateau involves major weight bearing joint and may alter knee kinematics. Anatomic reconstruction of the proximal tibial articular surfaces, restoration of the limb axis （limb alignment） and stable fixation permitting early joint motion are the goals of the treatment. In cases of complex bicondylar tibial plateau fractures, isolated lateral plating is frequently associated with varus malalignment and better results have been obtained with bilateral plating through dual incisions. However sometimes a complex type of bicondylar tibialplateau fractures is encountered in which medial plateau has a biplaner fracture in posterior coronal plane as well as sagittal plane. In such fractures it is imperative to fix the medial plateau with buttressing in both planes. One such fracture pattern of the proximal tibia managed by triple plating through dual posteromedial and anterolateral incisions is discussed in this case report with emphasis on mechanisms of this type of injury, surgical approach and management.     

胫骨平台外后壁骨折的治疗

目的 探讨胫骨平台外后壁骨折的手术治疗方法。方法 采用延长的外侧途径并腓骨颈截骨显露骨折，应用异形钢板松质骨螺丝钉联合固定治疗13例胫骨平台外后壁骨折。结果 13例均获得随访，平均随访26个月，患膝关节功能评价按Hohl评分标准：优10例，良3例。结论 以延长的外侧途径及腓骨颈截骨为入路可充分显露胫骨平台外后壁骨折端，完成骨折的解剖复位，获得良好的治疗效果，值得临床推广使用。     

经膝关节后外侧和（或）后内侧切口治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折

目的探讨胫骨平台后髁骨折的治疗方法。方法采用后内侧和（或）后外侧入路治疗12例胫骨平台后髁骨折患者。结果12例均获得随访,时间10～34（20．8±2）个月,骨折愈合时间5～8（6．4±0．9）个月。关节功能评定按Hohl评分标准：优9例,良3例。未见关节面塌陷及膝关节内外翻情况发生。结论膝关节后内和（或）外侧入路较前侧入路能更充分暴露后关节间隙及胫骨平台后髁,为骨折的直视复位和植骨内固定提供了良好的操作空间。     

外后侧弧形切口双肌间隙入路治疗胫骨后外侧平台塌陷骨折

 目的 探讨外后侧弧形切口双肌间隙入路治疗胫骨后外侧平台塌陷骨折的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析 2009年 8月至 2013年 3月,采用外后侧弧形切口双肌间隙入路治疗 32例伴有后外侧劈裂、塌陷的胫骨平台骨折患者资料,男 15例,女 17例;年龄 28~77岁,平均 46.25岁;均为闭合性骨折,均未合并神经及血管损伤;受伤至内固定手术时间为 3~ 18 d,平均 7.13 d。通过外后侧入路在胫前肌、腘肌和比目鱼肌间隙两个间隙分别显露胫骨前外侧髁及后外侧髁,在直视下复位骨折,分别用“高尔夫”与“T”形锁定钢板固定胫骨前外侧和后外侧骨折。术后按 Rasmussen 评分评价胫骨平台骨折复位情况,按美国特种外科医院（hospital for special surgery, HSS）评分评价膝关节功能。结果 32例患者均获得随访,随访时间 6~36个月,平均 15.3个月。术后 X线片均示骨折复位良好,关节面未见明显塌陷。骨折全部愈合,愈合时间 6~ 14周,平均 11.2周。末次随访时,Rasmussen评分为 6~18分,平均 14.06分,其中优 14例,良 15例,可 3例,优良率为 90.62%（29/32）。HSS评分为 57~92分,平均 78.25分,其中优 11例,良 17例,可 3例,差 1例,优良率为 87.5%（28/32）。无一例发生腓总神经损伤及重要血管、神经损伤、手术区皮肤坏死、感染或内固定松动。结论 胫骨平台后外侧塌陷骨折采用外后侧弧形切口双肌间隙入路治疗,在一个切口内既可显露胫骨前外侧平台骨折又可兼顾后外侧塌陷骨折,无须腓骨小头截骨,创伤小,切口间皮瓣坏死及钢板外露的发生率低,是一个值得推广的入路。     

Pathoanatomy and incidence of the posterolateral fractures in bicondylar tibial plateau fractures: a clinical computed tomography-based measurement and the associated biomechanical model simulation

Objectives

The aim of our study is to evaluate the incidence and pathoanatomy of posterolateral fragments and analyze the associated fracture mechanism in bicondylar tibial plateau fractures.

Methods

From 1.1.2008 to 3.15.2012, all patients suffering bicondylar tibial plateau fractures were identified, scanned and analyzed at the Shanghai Clinical Trauma Center. Furthermore cadaver knees were selected into three groups of 30/60/90 knee flexion to simulate the posterolateral tibial plateau fracture by an impact device.

Results

One hundred and sixty-four (44.32 %) bicondylar tibial plateau fractures finally satisfied our requirements. Fifty-three and ninety-four cases were measured eventually in the groups of posterolateral split and depression. The posterolateral articular fragment proportion was 15.43 %. The posterolateral articular fragment angle showed an average of 12.94°. The posterolateral fragment cortical height was on average 2.96 cm. The posterolateral sagittal fragment angle averaged at 72.06°. Ninety-four cases were measured in the posterolateral depression group. The average posterolateral articular depression proportion was 16.74 %. The average posterolateral articular depression height was 2.47 cm. In the biomechanical modeling of such kinds of fracture patterns, posterolateral split fractures in 30° and 60° flexion are significantly more than those in 90° flexion. Posterolateral splits combined with anterolateral depression fractures in 30° flexion are significantly more than those in 90° flexion.

Conclusion

The incidence of posterolateral fractures is 44.32 % in bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. The morphology of posterolateral area can be referenced for the surgeon in the future clinical work. The information is also helpful for the design of locking plate and fracture modeling in biomechanical test. In addition, that posterolateral split and posterolateral depression might be caused by different injury mechanisms. Different angles of knee flexion under the axial impact loading are possibly the interpretations for these two fracture patterns.     

Ein modifizierter posterolateraler Zugang für die operative Versorgung von Tibiakopffrakturen

Objective

Open reduction and internal fixation of posterolateral tibial plateau fractures.

Indications

Tibial plateau fractures involving the posterolateral quadrant.

Contraindications

Critical soft-tissue conditions. Tibial plateau fractures which do not involve the posterolateral quadrant.

Surgical Technique

90° side positioning on the contralateral side, skin incision along the fibular head, exposure of the peroneal nerve, lateral arthrotomy and exposure of the joint, dissection of the popliteal cavity between the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle and soleus muscle. Blunt preparation between popliteus muscle and soleus muscle under preservation of the popliteal artery and vein. Sharp dissection of the soleus muscle from the dorsal parts of fibula and tibia until the peroneal nerve at the fibular neck enters into the muscle. Exposure of the posterolateral tibial head. The dorsal joint capsule and the popliteal corner are prevented from any soft-tissue damage. Visual control of fracture reduction by viewing in the joint gap through lateral arthrotomy. Reduction of the fracture from dorsal with pointed reduction forceps. A conventional or locking radius T-plate can be pinched off with lateral cutters and anatomically bent for fracture fixation and is dorsally fixed at the tibial plateau.

Postoperative Management

10 kg partial weight bearing for 6–8 weeks. Limited range of motion 0-0-90° for 6 weeks.

Results

In a period of 2 years, seven patients with posterolateral tibial plateau fractures received open reduction and internal fixation by using the modified posterolateral approach. The patients were examined at follow-up between 12 and 24 months after surgery. Six patients were free of pain with full range of motion and stable knee joints. Radiologically, a good fracture reduction was achieved in six cases. In one patient with a posterolateral comminuted dislocation fracture, a small fracture step and a gap could be observed. No approach-related complications were found.     

胫骨平台后髁骨折前方入路手术治疗的影像及临床分析

目的分析胫骨平台后髁骨折的影像学特征,探讨前侧入路手术治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折的可行性及临床疗效。方法51例胫骨平台后髁骨折采用影像学检查分析骨折块大小,骨折线的角度以及合并膝关节内韧带、半月板等损伤情况。单纯后内侧骨折21例采用前内侧切口复位内固定,单纯后外侧骨折16例采用前外侧入路钢板结合拉力螺钉内固定,后内侧合并后外侧平台骨折14例采用前外侧切口结合前内侧切口或前正中切口外侧支撑钢板加内侧拉力螺钉或钢板内固定。结果 49例一期完成手术,手术时间平均95（50-160）min。51例均获随访8-48个月,平均21.5个月。末次随访时,Rasmussen影像学评分：优25例,良19例,可5例,差2例,优良率86.3%;Rasmussen功能评分：优13例,良28例,可5例,差5例,优良率80.4%。结论不同类型的胫骨平台后髁骨折具有影像学特异性,经前侧入路手术治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折具有可行性,并可同时处理合并的关节内软组织损伤,可获得良好的临床疗效。     

Treatment of displaced bicondylar tibial plateau fractures (OTA-41C2&3) in patients older than 60 years of age

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcome (clinical, radiographic, and general health status) of the surgical treatment of displaced bicondylar tibial plateau fractures (OTA-41C) in patients >60 years old. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Limb reconstruction service, university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Eleven consecutive patients >60 years old with a mean age of 72 years (range 60 to 90 years). The indications for surgery were displaced bicondylar tibial fractures, open fractures, and fractures with severe soft tissue injury. INTERVENTION: All patients were treated according to a standard protocol, which involved limited articular reconstruction and percutaneous intrafragmentary screw fixation, followed by neutralization with a stable beam-loading external fixator and early mobilization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The clinical outcome was assessed using Rasmussen's system and the Iowa knee score. For general health assessment, the anglicized SF-36 was used. Radiographic assessment was performed for redisplacement and angulation on digitized radiographs. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 38 months (range 18 to 51 months), bony union was achieved in all patients. Seven of 11 patients started full weight bearing 2 to 6 weeks postoperatively. According to Rasmussen's system, 9 of 11 (82%) scored satisfactory results. Radiographic redisplacement was found in three severely comminuted cases resulting in >/=10 degrees of valgus malunion. One patient received a corrective osteotomy while still in the fixator. Another needed TKA. Limited knee flexion was found in three patients with cross knee fixation. Superficial pin site infection occurred in five patients, but there were no cases of deep infections or septic arthritis. CONCLUSIONS: All-ring external fixation, as a beam-loading system applied in a neutralizing mode, is a safe, stable, and reliable technique for the treatment of displaced bicondylar tibial plateau fractures in elderly patients.     

前内侧钢板支撑固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧塌陷骨折的临床研究

目的研究前内侧钢板支撑固定胫骨平台后外侧塌陷骨折的手术效果。方法自2011-01—2013-03收治胫骨平台骨折存在外髁劈裂及后外侧塌陷者17例,均采用前内侧钢板支撑后外侧塌陷骨块并联合外侧钢板固定外侧平台劈裂骨折,植骨填补骨缺损,观察骨折固定情况、愈合情况和术后并发症。结果本组手术时间平均2．5h。17例均获得平均8（6～12）个月随访,骨折均解剖复位,下肢长度对线及旋转矫正满意,骨折愈合时间平均3（2—4）个月,无感染、关节僵硬等并发症发生。末次随访时膝关节功能按Rasmussen评分标准评定：优13例,良2例,可1例,差1例。结论前内侧钢板支撑胫骨平台后外侧塌陷骨折块可达到关节面的解剖复位,获得坚强固定,加快恢复膝关节的功能。