表达HPV-16结构蛋白的重组痘苗病毒疫苗免疫效果研究

目的研究表达HPV—16结构蛋白L1和12的重组痘苗病毒（rVVL1L2）的免疫效果。方法以重组痘苗病毒rVVL1L2免疫C57BIJ6小鼠，用酶联免疫（ELISA）和酶联免疫斑点（ELISPOT）方法检测重组痘苗病毒诱发小鼠产生的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答水平；利用C3肿瘤细胞在C57BIJ6小鼠中的成瘤模型，观察重组痘苗病毒在抗肿瘤移植实验和肿瘤生长抑制实验中对小鼠的免疫保护效果。结果重组痘苗病毒rVVL1L2免疫的小鼠，可以检测到针对L1和12特异的抗体、L1165-175肽特异性的、分泌IFN-的T细胞；同时可以观察到免疫后的C57BI/6小鼠，可以有效预防HPV．16相关肿瘤细胞（1．5×10^5C3细胞）的攻击；对已产生的肿瘤，可以延缓肿瘤细胞的生长速度。结论重组痘苗病毒rVVL1L2可以有效诱发小鼠产生体液免疫和细胞免疫应答，为研究预防和治疗HPV-16感染的疫苗提供了实验资料。     

共表达HPV16L1、L2、E6、E7蛋白的重组非复制型痘苗病毒构建及鉴定

目的构建共表达人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)L1、L2、E6、E7蛋白的非复制型重组痘苗病毒人用疫苗株。方法以痘苗病毒为载体、利用同源重组技术筛选共表达HPV16L1、L2、E6、E7蛋白的重组痘苗病毒并对其进行鉴定。结果该病毒在CEF细胞上连续传至第15代,经斑点杂交结果表明重组病毒基因组中有L1、L2、E6、E7基因插入;经WesternBlot检测,重组病毒能稳定表达HPV16L1、L2、E6、E7蛋白。结论非复制型重组痘苗病毒NTVJE6E7CKL1L2可作为预防和治疗HPV16相关肿瘤及其癌前病变候选疫苗。     

共表达HPV16型E6和E7突变基因重组痘苗病毒的构建及其抗肿瘤免疫效果的观察

目的：构建用于子宫颈癌治疗的HPV16型E6和E7重组痘苗病毒实验性疫苗株，并对其抗肿瘤免疫效果进行初步评价。方法：以痘苗病毒为载体、利用同源重组技术构建共表达HPV16 E6和E7基因的重组痘苗病毒。该病毒免疫C57BL／6小鼠后，检测其免疫原性和抗移植瘤生长情况。结果：PCR结果显示，重组病毒VmE6E7的TK基因内插入了分别由痘苗病毒早晚期启动子H6和7．5K表达的ME6和ME7－1基因。动物实验结果表明，rVmE6E7在C57BL／6小鼠体内可诱发E6和E7特异性抗体产生，被免疫小鼠能够抵抗HPV16 E6E7转化的同系肿瘤细胞的攻击。结论：获得1株用于宫颈癌治疗的HPV16型实验疫苗株，为进一步研制人用HPV16型疫苗株奠定了基础。     

表达HPV16 L1、L2和E7蛋白的非复制重组痘苗病毒诱发的抗肿瘤免疫反应

目的:评价表达HPV16 L1、L2E7的非复制重组痘苗病毒疫苗的抗肿瘤免疫反应.方法:采用肿瘤预防、肿瘤治疗和肿瘤切除等方法,观察疫苗NTVJL1/L2E7的抗肿瘤效果,用酶联免疫斑点(ELISPOT)和CTL检测该疫苗在小鼠体内诱发的细胞免疫应答.结果:在肿瘤预防和肿瘤治疗试验中,疫苗可以分别使60%和50%的小鼠免受HPV16阳性的治疗细胞攻击,肿瘤切除试验中,疫苗可以使70%的小鼠免于肿瘤复发,与对照组之间的差异具有显著性.ELISPOT和CTL均检测出强的特异性细胞免疫水平.结论:NTVJL1/L2E7能够在小鼠体内诱发出理想的抗肿瘤免疫反应,可以作为防治宫颈癌的候选疫苗.     

表达HPV18E7E6的重组痘苗病毒构建及免疫效果的初步研究

目的 构建表达HPV18E7E6融合蛋白的重组痘苗病毒,并对E7E6蛋白的免疫原性进行研究.方法 将去除了转化活性的HPV18E6、E7基因融合,插入痘苗病毒重组质粒,通过同源重组构建表达HPV18E7E6的重组痘苗病毒,观察其免疫效果.结果 构建了表达E7E6融合蛋白的重组痘苗病毒,PCR鉴定及测序表明融合基因序列与设计相符,正确插入到痘苗病毒TK区域;Western-Blot检测表明该重组病毒能表达HPV18E7E6融合蛋白.免疫后的小鼠可产生E6、E7特异性抗体,但ELISPOT没检测到E7肽库刺激小鼠脾细胞产生分泌IFN-丫的阳性反应.结论 构建了一株表达HPV18E7E6融合蛋白的重组痘苗病毒,可以有效诱发小鼠产生针对E6、E7的体液免疫,但不能诱发产生相应的细胞免疫,为进一步研究不同动物模型中HPV18E6E7的细胞免疫特点提供了实验基础.     

用于治疗尖锐湿疣的HPV6型L2△N360E7E6融合蛋白的原核表达及其免疫效果的初步评价

目的 原核表达人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）6型L2AN360E7E6融合蛋白并对其免疫效果进行初步评价.方法 用重叠PCR将HPV6b 12（1～360 bp）、E7、E6三个基因片段融合,原核表达HPV6bL2△N360E7E6融合蛋白,蛋白纯化后与Al（OH）3、CpG佐剂配伍肌内注射免疫C57BL/6小鼠,使用IFN-γ ELISPOT与ELISA分别对其细胞免疫和体液免疫效果进行评价.结果 蛋白＋CpG佐剂组与其他免疫组相比,针对E7与E6均有明显较强的细胞免疫反应;各免疫组均能检测到高滴度的抗L2的抗体,但各组之间无明显差异.结论 利用pQE30原核表达系统成功克隆、表达和纯化了HPV6bL2△N360E7E6融合蛋白,且该蛋白与合适佐剂配伍能在C57BL/6小鼠体内诱发强的细胞免疫和体液免疫反应,为该蛋白的后期研究奠定了基础.     

表达野生型和突变型HPV16-E7重组痘苗病毒诱发的抗肿瘤免疫反应

目的 选出适合于治疗性疫苗研制的HPV16E7突变基因。方法 对表达野生型和突变型E7蛋白的重组痘苗病毒所诱发的细胞免疫反应和抗肿瘤活性进行比较研究。结果 表达突变型ME7-1（24G26G）的重组痘苗病毒VmE7-1与表达野生型E7的VwE7相同,可诱发特异性抗体和CTL的产生,明显推迟成瘤时间并且保护部分小鼠抵抗肿瘤细胞的攻击;而表达突变型ME7-2（24G26G91G）的重组痘苗病毒VmE7-2免疫小鼠后难以有效的激发细胞免疫反应,在抗肿瘤移植实验中也不具明显的免疫保护作用。结论 E7突变基因ME7-1可作为候选基因用于HPV16治疗性疫苗的研制。     

人乳头瘤病毒18型E6、E7蛋白T细胞表位筛选

目的 筛选人乳头瘤病毒18型E6、E7蛋白在小鼠中的T细胞表位.方法 以重组痘苗病毒rVVJ18 E7、E6分别免疫C57BL/6和BALB/c小鼠,利用覆盖E6和E7蛋白全长序列的肽库或截短的多肽,用酶联免疫斑点方法 （ELISPOT）和细胞内因子染色检测其所诱发的细胞免疫反应.结果 重组痘苗病毒rVVJ18 E7、E6免疫的两种品系小鼠均可检测到E6肽库刺激产生的特异性细胞免疫反应,经筛选确定E667-75（KCIDFYSRI）为C57BL/6小鼠、E660-68（IPHAAGHKC）为BALB/c小鼠识别的CD8＋的T细胞表位.两种小鼠中均未检测到E7蛋白诱发的细胞免疫反应.结论 筛选到分别被BALB/c和C57BL/6小鼠识别的两条针对E6蛋白的不同T细胞表位,为今后评价HPV18疫苗中E6蛋白的细胞免疫效果提供了实验依据.     

人乳头瘤病毒16型L1/E7融合蛋白在原核细胞中的表达及免疫效果观察

目的构建能表达L1E7融合蛋白的原核表达菌株,纯化蛋白,并观察其免疫效果。方法用PCR方法分别扩增出C末端部分缺失的HPV16L1基因和HPV16E7编码基因N端部分序列。将上述基因连接,构建融合基因L1ΔCE7N并将其插到原核表达载体pGEX-2T中进行融合蛋白表达纯化,然后观察其免疫效果。结果L1ΔCE7N融合基因测序结果表明,序列与设计相符,读码框架正确。将其插入原核表达质粒在大肠埃希菌中获得高效表达;经Wester-Blot鉴定在相对分子质量约85×103处有特异性表达带,与预期相符。用亲和层析和分子筛可纯化L1ΔCE7N融合蛋白,将其免疫C57BL/6小鼠,结果表明融合蛋白能诱发高滴度L1、E7抗体,并能保护小鼠免受TC-1肿瘤细胞的攻击。结论本实验在原核系统中高效表达并纯化了L1ΔCE7N融合蛋白,该蛋白可作为预防和治疗HPV16感染以及相关肿瘤的候选疫苗株。为研制HPV16预防治疗性疫苗探索一条经济、易普及的途径。     

HPV11型L2E7融合蛋白的原核表达及其免疫效果观察

目的构建人乳头瘤病毒11型L2E7原核表达系统pET9aHPV11L2E7，并纯化蛋白进行小鼠免疫效果研究。方法从尖锐湿疣组织中扩增人乳头瘤病毒11型12、E7基因片段，构建DET9aHPV11L2E7原核表达重组质粒并测序，在大肠埃希菌宿主菌BL21（DE3＋）中经IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白L2E7（553个氨基酸），经SDS—PAGE电泳和Western Blot进行鉴定。CM离子交换介质纯化蛋白免疫BALB／c小鼠，进行细胞免疫水平和体液免疫水平的检测。结果成功构建了pET9 aHPV11L2E7原核表达系统，纯化获得的HPV11L2E7蛋白免疫BALB／c小鼠后能检测到针对HPV11E7特异性的细胞免疫，血清中能检测到高效价抗HPV11L2E7抗体。结论纯化的HPV11L2E7融合蛋白能够引发特异性细胞和体液免疫反应，能作为尖锐湿疣免疫治疗候选疫苗。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.