反相高效液相色谱法测定烧伤涂膜中黄芩苷含量

目的建立测定烧伤涂膜中黄芩苷含量的方法。方法用薄层色谱法鉴别涂膜剂中的黄芩,用反相高效液相色谱法测定涂膜中黄芩苷含量。结果薄层色谱法鉴定结果满意;黄芩苷质量浓度在0.712～3.00 g/L范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.998 2(n=6),平均加样回收率为95.37%,RSD为1.55%(n=6)。结论定性定量方法简便、可靠、重现性好,可作为烧伤涂膜的质量控制方法。     

甘川散质量标准研究

目的建立甘川散的质量标准。方法采用显微鉴别法鉴别甘川散中大黄、关黄柏、黄芩;采用薄层色谱法鉴别甘川散中赤芍、冰片。采用高效液相色谱法测定甘川散中大黄素的含量。结果显微鉴别及薄层色谱鉴别专属性强。含量测定大黄素在0.812 8~8.128μg·m L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.57%,RSD为1.12%(n=9)。结论所建立方法稳定可靠,可用于控制甘川散的质量。     

双黄解毒乳膏质量标准研究

目的:建立双黄解毒乳膏的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法对制剂中的黄芩和关黄柏进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对制剂中的黄芩苷含量进行定量分析。结果:定性鉴别方法能同时鉴别黄芩、关黄柏,专属性强,分离度好。黄芩苷进样浓度在80.0～400.0μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9998);平均回收率为97.3%,RSD=1.3%(n=9)。结论:所建标准可用于双黄解毒乳膏的质量控制。     

四黄软膏质量标准研究

目的建立四黄软膏的质量控制方法。方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别黄柏和大黄;采用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量。结果薄层色谱图谱中所鉴别的药材斑点清晰,阴性无干扰;黄芩苷,0.06～1.20 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 8）;平均回收率100.96%,RSD=1.89%;供试品溶液在室温放置6 d内稳定。结论所建立标准可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

清热解毒合剂的质量标准研究

目的:建立清热解毒合剂的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法对清热解毒合剂中平贝母、甘草、紫苑、麦冬进行鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定本制剂主成分黄芩中黄芩苷含量。结果:薄层色谱斑点清晰,分离良好,阴性对照液无干扰。黄芩苷进样量在0.157~0.785μg范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为97.5%(n=5),RSD为1.6%。结论:本方法可作为清热解毒合剂的质量控制方法。     

止咳糖浆的质量标准研究

目的 制定止咳糖浆的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC法）对处方中陈皮进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定糖浆中黄芩苷的含量。结果 TLC鉴别方法专属性强,黄芩苷在5.36～85.76 μg·mL-1范围内浓度与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9（n=6）,平均回收率为99.3%,RSD=1.36%。结论 该质量标准可有效控制止咳糖浆的质量.     

通淋片薄层鉴别与定量测定研究

目的制订通淋片的质量控制方法。方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别方中柴胡、苦参碱、大黄、乌药,采用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量。结果薄层鉴别方法简单;含量测定方法重现性好,黄芩苷进样量在89.12～1 336.80 ng范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系。黄芩苷的平均加样回收率为97.23%,RSD为1.78%(n=9)。结论所采用方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于通淋片的质量控制。     

小儿退热颗粒质量标准的研究

目的：修订小儿退热颗粒的质量标准。方法：用薄层色谱法鉴别丹皮酚、黄芩苷、栀子苷；用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量。结果：在薄层色谱中均能检出丹皮酚、黄芩苷和栀子苷；高效液相色谱中，黄芩苷在16.64цg/ml-133.12цg/ml范围内有良好的线性关系，平均回收率为97.52%，RSD为1.02%。结论：本质量标准可以有效的控制小儿退热颗粒的质量。     

清热解毒胶囊的质量标准研究

目的 建立清热解毒胶囊中连翘、金银花、黄芩的定性鉴别方法和连翘苷的含量测定方法. 方法 采用薄层色谱法对连翘、金银花、黄芩进行定性鉴别,采用Shim ODS C18（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）柱,以乙腈-水（28：72）为流动相对连翘苷的含量进行测定,检测波长为277 nm,流速1.0 mL•min^-1. 结果 用薄层色谱法能检出连翘、金银花、黄芩. 连翘苷在0.10～0.50 μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r＝0.999 5）,平均回收率为97.5%,RSD为0.79%（n＝6）. 结论 该方法准确可靠,可用于本制剂的质量控制.     

宫宁颗粒质量标准研究

目的:建立宫宁颗粒的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法对宫宁颗粒中的黄芩苷进行定性鉴别;以高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量。结果:供试品薄层色谱中,在与黄芩苷对照品相应的位置上显相同颜色的斑点;黄芩苷检测浓度在20～100μg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.71%(RSD=1.23%)。结论:所建质量标准可用于本品的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.