G蛋白偶联受体固有活性研究进展与新药开发

G蛋白偶联受体(G-prote in-coup led receptor,GPCR)是与G蛋白有信号连接的一大类受体家族,是人体内最大的膜受体蛋白家族,是一类具有7个跨膜螺旋的跨膜蛋白受体。GPCR的结构特征和在信号传导中的重要作用决定了其可以作为很好的药物靶标。目前世界药物市场上有三分之一的小分子药物是GPCR的激活剂(agon ist)或拮抗剂(antagon ist)。以其为靶点的药物在医药产业中占据显著地位。在当今前50种最畅销的上市药物中,20%属于G蛋白受体相关药物。近来的研究发现,大多数G蛋白偶联受体具有一个很重要的特性,就是具有固有活性(Constitutive ac-tivity),即无激动剂条件受体自发的维持激活并维持下游信号传导通路的活性。固有活性涉及受体、G蛋白及下游信号通路之间的关系。该文就G蛋白偶联受体固有活性概念、研究进展、反相激动剂与固有活性研究、固有活性与新药开发4个方面,进行以下论述。     

G蛋白偶联受体二聚化研究进展

G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR s)是最大的细胞膜受体家族,具有七螺旋跨膜肽段结构。近年来,越来越多的研究认为这些受体以二聚体的形式参与调节生理活动,对信号识别及转导有重要作用。随着生物技术及分子生物学的发展,GPCRs二聚体研究已取得了很大的进展。该文就这些方面及同源、异源二聚体对受体结合及信号转导的重要作用作一简述。     

G蛋白偶联受体激酶活性调控与细胞炎性损伤

G蛋白偶联受体激酶 (Gprotein coupledreceptorki nases,GRKs)不仅调节G蛋白偶联受体 (GPCR)磷酸化、介导受体脱敏 ,使信号效应降低或消失 ,而且也调节G蛋白和靶细胞骨架 ,同时它还受到蛋白激酶A(PKA)、蛋白激酶C(PKC)、肌动蛋白和细胞内第二信使钙离子等调节。组织细胞表面存在多种GPCR如血小板活化因子 (PAF)受体、组胺受体、凝血酶受体等 ,介导炎性介质所致细胞损伤的信号转导作用。GRKs磷酸化GPCR ,在炎症诱导细胞损伤过程中起一定调控作用     

肾脏中G蛋白偶联受体信号转导的多样性

G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)是最重要的药物靶点之一;临床有超过30%处方药是直接作用在GPCR上的。在肾脏中,升压素受体、血管紧张素受体、内皮素受体、前列腺素受体和嘌呤受体等都对肾脏的多种功能有重要的调控作用,也是重要的治疗肾病的药物靶点。多种靶向这些肾脏GPCR的激动剂或者拮抗剂已经进入临床应用或者临床测试阶段。然而,这些GPCR药物的设计主要以激动剂和拮抗剂进行区分,与GPCR的功能多样性存在着一定的鸿沟。我们最近在研究靶向血管紧张素受体(AT1R)的药理学研究过程中,不仅发现了高同型半胱氨酸是血管紧张素受体的内源性配体,还发现Arrestin偏向性信号途径不仅可以介导传统的第二波信号途径,还可以在时序上进行第一波信号转导,通过激活TRPC3来促进肾上腺素的释放,从而产生在治疗心血管疾病时的有害作用。我们据此提出了更合理的靶向AT1R开发药物的方法。不仅如此,我们还针对升压素受体的磷酸化编码,阐明了Arrestin对GPCR的磷酸化编码的识别机制,Arrestin的多聚脯氨酸码头的分选机制,以及配体通过操控受体7此跨膜核心与Arrestin的相互作用来指导Arrestin功能的机制。这些研究工作为以后特异性的靶向GPCR的Arrestin信号通路开发药物奠定了基础。     

GPCR偏向性配体介导的选择性功能

G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)是当今药物治疗中最有效靶向作用的受体超家族之一,它在人类的正常生理状态和疾病过程中都发挥着极大的功效。近年研究发现,GPCR脱敏作用的调节器β-arrestin,可作为真正的衔接蛋白将信号转导到多重效应途径。β-arrestin介导的信号对生化和功能方面的影响力都不同于传统G蛋白介导的信号。由此发现辨别出的多种G蛋白-偏向配体或β-arrestin偏向配体,不仅是用来研究GPCR信号生化特征的有效工具,还具有被开发成治疗药物的潜力。因此,该文就偏向性配体的特点、作用机制、药理学作用及研究偏向性配体的技术进行综述。     

Lucy-tag促进海七鳃鳗嗅觉受体细胞膜表达

目的阐明一种多肽标签Lucy-tag对于海七鳃鳗(Petromyzon marinus)嗅觉受体膜表达的促进作用。方法用免疫细胞化学、双荧光素酶报告基因(Luciferase)系统和钙流检测法,验证多肽标签Lucy-tag对于海七鳃鳗嗅觉受体的作用。结果多肽标签Lucy-tag促进了20个嗅觉受体中13个嗅觉受体的膜表达,并且Lucy-tag不影响嗅觉受体的固有活性,Lucy-tag也不影响G蛋白偶联受体(G protein coupled receptor,GPCR)的IP_3信号通路。结论该技术为寻找嗅觉受体的配体提供了有利的技术手段,为进一步深入研究GPCR与配体的功能奠定了良好的理论基础。     

β-arrestins介导的信号通路在恶性肿瘤病理过程中的作用

β-arrestins是介导受体脱敏的重要的蛋白质家族,在G蛋白偶联受体的脱敏、内化和复敏中都有重要的作用。作为一类多功能的蛋白,β-arrestins对绝大多数由G蛋白偶联受体介导的信号通路有调节作用,并且参与调节一些非七次跨膜受体的信号转导。在多种恶性肿瘤中,β-arrestins通过调节G蛋白偶联受体或其他一些信号转导途径影响肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移过程,参与了恶性肿瘤的病理过程。该文就β-arrestins在恶性肿瘤发生发展过程中所起到的作用及目前的研究状况作一综述。     

针对G蛋白偶联受体的药物筛选新方法

G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）为具有7个跨膜螺旋的蛋白质受体，是人体内最大的蛋白质家族，其为极重要的药物靶点。本文针对GPCR的固有激活和变构效应的药物筛选模型开发新进展和高内涵药物筛选新技术进行综述。     

G蛋白偶联受体激酶活性调控及其在恶性肿瘤中的作用

G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR),是一类重要的细胞表面受体。G蛋白偶联受体激酶(GRK)属于丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族,其亚型广泛存在与各种组织,能够特异性地使活化的GPCR发生磷酸化及脱敏,从而终止GPCR介导的信号转导通路。新的研究还发现,GRK不仅作用于GPCR,也可以通过使非GPCR磷酸化或通过非磷酸化作用参与信号转导。GRK不仅能够调节GPCR和非GPCR,其自身活性也可受到多种因素的调节。本文结合GRK的多种功能作用和GRK活性调控,对GRK在脑、内分泌、生殖系统、消化系统及黑色素肿瘤中的作用做简要综述。     

G蛋白偶联受体4与血管内皮生长因子相关性的研究进展

<正>G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)是具有7个跨膜螺旋的一类受体蛋白质,对生物起着重要的作用。质子感知受体卵巢癌G蛋白偶联受体1(OGR1)是GPCRs中的1个亚家族,G蛋白偶联受体4(GPR4)为OGR1亚家族4种受体中的一种,广泛分布于人体各种肿瘤组织细胞中,参与并影响肿瘤的发生、发展。研究发现恶性肿瘤由于增生过快,局部组织严重缺氧,形成酸性环境,可通过直接或     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.