填充柱气相色谱法同时对空气中正己烷、苯系物、酯类、酮类的快速测定

[目的]建立用不锈钢填充柱快速对工作场所空气中正己烷、丙酮、丁酮、甲基异丁基甲酮、乙酸丁酯、苯、甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯的气相色谱同时测定方法。[方法]采用活性碳管吸附空气中正己烷、丙酮、丁酮、甲基异丁基甲酮、乙酸丁酯、苯、甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯,由二硫化碳溶剂解吸、进样,经2m×4mm不锈钢柱填充料FFAP︰6201红色担体=5︰100填充柱分离测定,柱温初始40℃保持1.5min,以20℃/min升温至50℃保持3min,再以10℃/min升温至100℃保持2min,直接进样。[结果]正己烷、丙酮、丁酮、甲基异丁基甲酮、乙酸丁酯、苯、甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯的保留时间分别为0.868、2.00、2.88、4.95、6.81、3.39、5.76、8.21、9.08min;线性范围分别为8.33～266.7μg/ml、8.44～270.0μg/ml、7.50～240.0μg/ml、9.38～300.0μg/ml、9.58～306.7μg/ml、7.70～246.4μg/ml、7.42～237.6μg/ml、8.92～285.6μg/ml、5.98～191.2μg/ml;检出限分别为:0.3、6.8、4.0、1.0、0.5、0.7、1.2、2.5、2.5μg/ml;相关系数分别为:0.9993、0.9992、0.9993、0.9998、0.9998、0.9998、0.9998、0.9998、0.9998。[结论]该气相色谱方法适合对工作场所空气中正己烷、丙酮、丁酮、甲基异丁基甲酮、乙酸丁酯、苯、甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯的同时快速测定。     

气相色谱法同时测定工作场所中异亚丙基丙酮和苯系物

目的:建立工作场所空气中异亚丙基丙酮、苯、甲苯、二甲苯的气相色谱同时测定方法。方法:工作场所空气用管采集,0.5%甲醇的二硫化碳溶液解吸,程序升温初始35℃保持7 min,以30℃/min升温至120℃保持5 min,载气流量1.0 ml/min,HP-5毛细管色谱柱分离,FID检测。结果:各组分离效果好,解吸效率分别为92.3%～98.6%,在线性范围内,浓度与峰面积呈良好线性(r=0.999),回收率分别为90.5%～97.6%,检出限分别0.3μg/ml～1.2μg/ml,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5.0%。结论:该方法简便、灵敏、准确。适用于三苯及异亚丙基丙酮混合污染的喷漆业、制鞋业等行业工作场所空气的检测。     

苯系物、酯类、酮类的气相色谱同时测定方法

目的:建立了空气中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、苯、甲基异丁基甲酮、甲苯、乙酸丁酯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯气相色谱同时测定方法.方法:采用活性碳管吸附空气中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、苯、甲基异丁基甲酮、甲苯、乙酸丁酯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯,由二硫化碳解吸、进样,经50 m×0.32 mm×1.0μm kf(100%聚二甲基硅氧烷)毛细管柱分离测定,初温50℃保持4 min,升温速率5℃/min至120℃保持1 min.分流比:不分流.结果:丙酮、乙酸乙酯、苯、甲基异丁基甲酮、甲苯、乙酸丁酯、间二甲苯和邻二四甲苯的保留时间分别为3.55、5.69、7.13、9.54、10.88、12.47、15.11、16.07 min;线性范围分别为1.1～440μml、1.1～442.8μg/ml、0.5～200 μg/ml、1.2～490.4μg/ml、0.5～200μg/ml、1.1～433.2μg/ml、0.5～200μg/ml、0.5～200μg/ml;检出限分别为:1.1、1.1、0.5、1.2、0.5、1.1、0.5、0.5;te,/ml;相关系数分别为:0.9988、0.9982、0.9996、0.9995、0.9997、0.9995、0.9997、0.9997.结论:该方法适合空气中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、苯、甲基异丁基甲酮、甲苯、乙酸丁酯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯的同时测定.     

工作场所空气中环己烷和甲基环己烷的溶剂解吸气相色谱同时测定

目的:建立工作场所空气中环己烷和甲基环己烷气相色谱同时测定方法。方法:采用活性炭管吸附工作场所空气中环己烷和甲基环己烷,经二硫化碳解吸后进样,2 m×4 mm的5%SE-30玻璃柱恒温分离,由FID检测。结果:环己烷和甲基环己烷的保留时间分别为2.514 min、3.609 min;线性范围分别为8μg/ml～389μg/ml8、μg/ml～385μg/ml;检出限分别为8μg/ml、8μg/ml;相关系数分别为0.99990、.9999。结论:该方法适合工作场所空气中环己烷和甲基环己烷的气相色谱同时测定。     

溶剂解吸气相色谱同时测定工作场所中甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸正丁酯的方法研究

目的建立工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸正丁酯气相色谱直接测定的方法。方法采用活性炭管吸附空气中甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸正丁酯,二硫化碳解吸后进气相色谱（FID）测定。结果甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸正丁酯的保留时间分别为0．544、1．143min;线性范围分别为1～300、0．5～250μg／ml;回归方程分别为Y=4．533＋9．189X、y=7．788＋12．244x;相关系数（r）分别为0．9995,0．9996;检出限分别为0．2、0．1μg/ml;最低检出浓度分别为0．13、0．07mg／m3（采样体积1．5L计）：平均解吸效率分别为96．26％、96．21％;样品在室温下至少可保存15d。结论该方法适合工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸正丁酯气相色谱同时测定。     

工作场所空气中6种氨基甲酸酯的气相色谱测定法

目的建立工作场所空气中6种氨基甲酸酯的气相色谱测定法。方法以ZK-2空气采样器采集空气,以丙酮解吸,以HP-5毛细管色谱柱分离,流动相为氮气,流量为26 ml/min,氢气流量为30 ml/min,空气流量为60 ml/min,程序升温,进行气相色谱分析以检测工作场所空气中6种氨基甲酸酯浓度。结果该方法中6种氨基甲酸酯的线性范围为0.1～100.0μg/ml,相关系数为0.999 4～0.999 9,回收率为90%～99%,检出限为0.02～0.10μg/ml,精密度为1.4%～5.6%。结论该方法简便,快速,准确,适用于工作场所空气氨基甲酸酯的测定。     

气相色谱法测定碘仿纱布中的乙醇和甘油含量

目的建立同时测定碘仿纱布中甘油、乙醇含量的气相色谱方法。方法采用气相色谱直接进样法。色谱条件:色谱柱为HP-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.25μm);柱流速为1.0 ml/min;柱温采用程序升温方式,80℃保持3 min以20℃/min的升温速率升温至240℃保持10 min;氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)温度为300℃;载气为N2(30.0 ml/min)、H2(40.0 ml/min)、空气(400.0 ml/min);进样口温度为250℃;进样量为1.0μl,分流进样,分流比为20∶1。结果乙醇和甘油浓度在1.00 mg/ml~20.00 mg/ml时呈良好的线性关系,乙醇的回归方程为у=630 343x-1 599,相关系数(r)=0.999 6,平均回收率为99.63%,RSD为0.35%;甘油的回归方程为у=836 077x-806,r=0.999 5,平均回收率为99.86%,RSD为0.24%。结论该方法经方法学的验证,测定方法简便,结果准确,重现性好,可同时有效测定碘仿纱布中甘油、乙醇的含量。     

自动顶空毛细管柱气相色谱法测定生活饮用水中的5种卤代烷烃

目的建立同时测定生活饮用水中5种卤代烷烃的自动顶空毛细管柱气相色谱法。方法准确吸取2 ml水样于顶空瓶中,顶空装置自动进样,毛细管柱分离,GC-ECD进行检测。结果水样中5种卤代烷烃均在14 min内完成检测,线性范围分别为:三氯甲烷:0μg/L~4.24μg/L;四氯化碳:0μg/L~1.2μg/L;一氯二溴甲烷:0μg/L~5.24μg/L;二氯一溴甲烷:0μg/L~3.72μg/L;三溴甲烷:0μg/L~12.36μg/L;相关系数r0.999,检出限为0.065μg/L~0.51μg/L;两组混标样的添加回收率均为94.4%~105.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均5%。气相色谱柱温条件:初始柱温为60℃,保持5 min,之后以10℃/min升温至85℃,保持7 min。顶空进样装置保温时间为15 min。结论该方法具有简便快速、检出限较低、线性关系较好、回收率高等特点,适用于生活饮用水中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、一氯二溴甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷和三溴甲烷的检测分析。     

工作场所空气中甲基丙烯腈溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法的研究

目的建立工作场所空气中甲基丙烯腈的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法活性碳管吸附空气中甲基丙烯腈,用2% (v/v)丙酮二硫化碳解吸后毛细管气相色谱(FID)测定。结果空气中甲基丙烯腈的浓度在0 ~133mg/m3(以采集1 5L空气样品计,相当于甲基丙烯腈标准溶液浓度在0 ~200μg/ml)时,回归方程Y= 393 71X+920 9,r=0 9996,最低检出限0 9μg/ml,平均解吸效率93 5%,穿透容量(BTV) >546μg;采样效率≥94%,样品在室温下可保存5d。结论本方法适用于工作场所空气中甲基丙烯腈的浓度测定。     

工作场所空气中正丁基硫醇的测定方法研究

目的:建立工作场所空气中正丁基硫醇气相色谱测定方法。方法:选用Tenax采样管采集空气中正丁基硫醇,丙酮解吸后毛细管气相色谱(FPD)测定。结果:工作场所空气中正丁基硫醇浓度在0μg/ml～80μg/ml(以采集1.5 L空气样品计)时,线性关系良好,回归方程Y=1.462X+0.391,r=0.9996(n=6),检出限为0.46μg/ml,相对标准偏差在2.3%～4.1%间;平均解吸效率92.1%;穿透容量(200 mg Tenax吸附剂)100μg;方法的采样效率为96.2%～100%;样品在-10℃冰箱可保存7 d。结论:本方法适用于工作场所空气中正丁基硫醇浓度的测定。     

长春新碱过量引起严重毒副反应1例的护理体会

报道1例霍奇金淋巴瘤患者因误用长春新碱（VCR）10mg一次性静脉推注后治疗护理情况。其出现间断性神志恍惚、眼睑闭合不全、言语不清、口腔黏膜糜烂、全身疼痛、麻痹性肠梗阻、尿潴留、手足麻木等症状,经积极解救,禁食,持续胃肠减压、胃管内注入麻油、开塞露、生理盐水灌肠,合理应用肠外营养,注重疼痛、心理护理,做好口腔、肛周护理,预防感染加重,患者病情得到控制好转出院。     

Correlates of stages of change of smoking among inhabitants of deprived neighbourhoods

BACKGROUND: This study examines the prevalence and correlates of stages of change of smoking, in terms of psychosocial, structural and sociodemographic factors, among inhabitants of deprived neighbourhoods. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from a survey on health related behaviour. Subjects were 2009 current and former smokers, aged 20-46, living in deprived neighbourhoods in Rotterdam, the second largest city in the Netherlands. Three groups of smokers were formed according to the stages of change-definitions of the Transtheoretical Model: smokers not planning to quit (precontemplators), smokers planning to quit (contemplators/preparators) and former smokers (actors/maintainers). Smokers planning to quit and smokers not planning to quit were compared regarding psychosocial factors (attitude, social norm, self-efficacy), structural factors (neighbourhood problems, material deprivation, financial problems, employment status) and sociodemographic factors (age, gender, marital status, cultural background, educational level). Former smokers were compared with smokers planning to quit regarding structural and sociodemographic factors. Logistic regression was used to assess correlates of stages of change. RESULTS: Smokers planning to quit (prevalence = 19%) reported a more positive attitude, stronger social norms and higher self-efficacy expectations in quitting smoking than smokers not planning to quit (prevalence = 57%). Smokers planning to quit less often were Dutch-born, more often had attended higher vocational schooling or university and more often reported experiencing two or more neighbourhood problems compared to smokers not planning to quit. Former smokers (prevalence = 24%) were older, more often Dutch-born, married, employed and higher educated, compared to smokers planning to quit. Furthermore, former smokers less often reported material deprivation and financial problems than smokers planning to quit. CONCLUSION: Among people living in deprived neighbourhoods, different factors correlate with different stages of change of smoking. Implications for health promotion are discussed.     

Choice of measures of vaccination and estimates of risk of pediatric pertussis

BackgroundVaccination uptake at the individual level can be assessed in a variety of ways, including traditional measures of being up-to-date (UTD), measures of UTD that consider dose timing, like age-appropriate vaccination, and risk reduction from individual doses. This analysis compared methods of operationalizing vaccination uptake and corresponding risk of pertussis infection.MethodsCity-wide case-control study of children in Philadelphia aged 3 months through 6 years, between 2001 and 2013. Multiple logistic regression was used to isolate the independent effects of each measure of vaccination uptake and the corresponding relative odds of pertussis.ResultsBeing UTD on vaccinations was associated with a 52% reduction in risk of pertussis (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.69). Evaluation of delayed receipt of vaccine versus on-time UTD yielded similar results. There was a decrease in risk of pertussis for each additional dose received with the greatest reduction in pertussis infection observed from the first (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.83) and second dose (OR 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.34). Additional doses conferred minimal additional protection in this age group.ConclusionExamining vaccination status by individual doses may offer improved predictive capacity for identifying children at risk for pertussis infection compared to the traditional UTD measure.     

上海市某医院骨科平均住院日影响因素分析

对上海市某医院2003年-2007年骨科出院病人的住院日描述性分析．2003年-2007年骨科的床位利用指数与平均住院日相关性分析．2003年-2007年骨科床位与医护比例分析．2007年骨科前10大病种平均住院目影响因素分别进行单因素相关性分析和多因素逐步回归分析（STATA软件）。通过对骨科10大病种住院日影响因素分析,术前等待天数、手术类型、是否输血分别对10个、9个和8个病种的住院目有影响。输血因素和手术类型是医院不可控、由病人的病情决定的,术前等待天数是管理因素,是最值得医院重视的影响因素。     

两种不同肌瘤剔除术治疗子宫肌瘤的临床疗效比较

目的:比较腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术与腹式子宫肌瘤剔除术的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析63例腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术与61例腹式子宫肌瘤剔除术的临床资料,比较2种手术方式的手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、使用抗生素时间、术后感染率、体温恢复正常时间、住院时间等情况。结果:两组患者接受子宫肌瘤剔除术顺利完成,腹腔镜组手术时间长于开腹组(P0.05),腹腔镜组术中出血量及剔除肌瘤个数均少于开腹组(P0.05),术后腹腔镜组体温恢复正常时间、肛门排气时间、抗生素使用及住院时间均短于开腹组,两组患者最多随访6个月,腹腔镜组平均康复时间较开腹组短(P0.05),两组随访B超均未发现明显肌瘤结节。结论:腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术损伤小,恢复快,住院时间短,是值得推广的微创手术。     

尘肺病患者145例死因调查

目的分析汉中市尘肺病的发生、发展和死亡原因，以提高尘肺病患者的生存质量。方法对145例尘肺病患者的死因进行回顾性分析，计算其平均发病年龄、死亡年龄及患尘肺病后的存活年限。结果矽肺的平均发病年龄和死亡年龄均早于煤工尘肺和石棉肺，尘肺病的主要死因为患肺部疾患，患尘肺病后的平均存活年限为12a。结论加强职业健康体检工作，对尘肺病人做到早发现早治疗和预防并发症的发生。     

性发育异常发病机制的研究进展

正常的性腺分化可分为3个过程：原始性腺形成、性别决定和卵巢/睾丸发育。在任一环节中,基因表达或调控发生异常均有可能导致性发育异常疾病的发生。性发育异常是指染色体、性腺和解剖性别不典型。随着分子生物学技术的发展,不断地发现新的基因或信号通路参与性腺分化和发育,如SRY、SF1、WT1、Sox9等基因与睾丸发育密切相关,Wnt/Rspo1/B连环蛋白通路、Dax1、Foxl2等基因在卵巢分化中发挥着重要作用,一些非编码RNA和转化生长因子也有重要的调节功能,且睾丸和卵巢发育均为主动过程,即使在出生后因某些基因的改变两者间也可出现横向分化。这些为揭示性分化异常的发病机制提供了可能。     

西林瓶装注射用水的装量检查分析

为了检查西林瓶装注射用水的实际分装量是否符合2005年版《药典》三部要求,按照2005年版《药典》三部中“生物制品分装和冻干规程”,分装规格为0．8ml的西林瓶装注射用水10000瓶,随机在分装过程的前、中、后阶段共抽取100瓶,轧盖、目检。分别用1ml标定注射器及1ml普通无菌注射器抽取每瓶注射用水的实际体积,以t检验法对实际抽取量与标示量的差值进行统计学分析,结果显示其与2005年版《药典》三部要求分装附加量为0．1ml相比有显著性差异（P〈0．001）。     

One-year stability of the Measure of Processes of Care

BACKGROUND: The Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC) is a 56-item self-administered measure designed to examine what parents of a child with a chronic health problem think of the services they and their child receive, and to measure the extent to which these services are family-centred. Reliability and validity of the MPOC were established in prior studies. The aim of the present study was to assess the 1-year stability of the MPOC to justify its use as an evaluative tool. METHODS: Nine paediatric rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands participated in this short longitudinal survey study. Subjects were 205 parents (response rate 74.8%) of children aged 1-18 years who received care in one of the participating paediatric rehabilitation centres. All subjects filled out two MPOCs with a 1-year interval. RESULTS: All correlations between the scale scores of the MPOC at the first and second administration were relatively high and significant (range: 0.443-0.609, all P < 0.001), demonstrating high inter-individual stability. However, all mean scale scores, except for Providing General Information, significantly reduced after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: The MPOC has a moderate 1-year stability. However, because of its tendency to score lower when repeated after 1 year, its use as an evaluative follow-up instrument to assess the effectiveness of a programme intervention is restricted.     

儿童皮质发育畸形的MRI诊断

目的探讨儿童皮质发育畸形(MCD)的MRI表现特点,为MCD的早期诊断提供依据。 方法选择2010年1月至2012年12月在四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院放射科经MRI检查确诊为MCD的44例患儿为研究对象。回顾性分析及总结其MRI影像学特征。本研究遵循的程序符合四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,征得受试对象及其监护人知情同意,并与监护人签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果本组44例经MRI确诊为MCD患儿中,巨脑回-无脑回为17例,多小脑回为14例,灰质异位为9例,脑裂畸形为4例。MCD的MRI特点中,巨脑回表现为脑回增宽、皮质增厚及白质变薄;无脑回表现为正常脑沟、脑回消失,皮质增厚及白质变薄;多小脑回表现为脑回增多、细小;灰质异位表现为皮质下及侧脑室周围深部白质区结节状、团块状或带状病灶,信号与灰质信号相同;脑裂畸形表现为从侧脑室到脑表面贯穿大脑半球的裂隙,表面覆盖灰质。 结论MRI是诊断儿童MCD的可靠影像学方法。