妇科恶性肿瘤淋巴结转移的腹膜后与腹腔化学治疗的比较

目的 比较妇科恶性肿瘤患者淋巴结转移的腹膜后化学治疗（化疗）和腹腔化疗的疗效,并进一步评价腹膜后化疗。方法 选择６２例妇科恶性肿瘤患者,手术前分别随机进行腹膜后化疗４３例、腹腔化疗重复给药１１例和腹腔化疗单次注药（５氟嘧啶,５－ＦＵ）８例,采用高效液相色谱侧定法（ＨＰＬＣ）检测淋巴结内－５ＦＵ的浓度。其中１６例腹膜后化疗重复给药患者,比较注药侧与未注药侧淋巴结内５－ＦＵ的浓度。选择腹膜后化疗患者６     

盆腔腹膜外化疗法用于妇科恶性肿瘤淋巴系转移的初步研究

通过动物实验及临床研究，对经盆腔腹膜外间隙穿刺插管进行化疗的可行性及其对妇科恶性肿瘤淋巴系转移的疗效进行探讨。动物实验结果表明，于盆腔腹膜外间隙注入５－氟脲嘧啶（５－ＦＵ）及伊索显（Ｉｓｏｖｉｓｔ－３００）混合剂后，注药部位局部细胞形态无改变，仅有少量淋巴细胞浸润；临床观察结果表明，（１）注药后Ｘ线摄片，可见髂外、髂内、闭孔、腹股沟深及大部分髂总淋巴结所在位置均包括在药物分布范围之内，重复给药，药物分布范围不变；（２）注药后４８小时内，注药侧淋巴结内、ＦＵ浓度高于对照侧，差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。腹主动脉旁淋巴结内５－ＦＵ浓度介于注药侧与对照侧淋巴结内浓度之间；（３）对己有肿瘤细胞转移的淋巴结，注药后显微镜下可见淋巴结内转移的癌细胞有明显变性、坏死；（４）本组患者未发生并发症及明显的全身毒副作用，本研究结果提示，经盆腔腹膜外间隙化疗是一种简便、安全、效果可靠的化疗方法。     

卡铂腹腔化疗腹膜后淋巴结内的药物浓度

对２３例卵巢恶性肿瘤患者，分别于术前不同时间进行腹腔穿刺并灌注卡铂（３００ｍｇ／ｍ￣２），手术清扫腹膜后淋巴结，同时切取盆腔腹膜和髂外淋巴结周围脂肪结缔组织各１ｇ，用无火焰原子吸收光谱法分别测定上述３种组织的总铂浓度，并监测３例患者给药后２４小时内的血浆总铂浓度，以及观察化疗后腹膜后淋巴结的病理改变。结果显示，腹膜后淋巴结内总铂浓度在腹腔给药后１２小时达到高峰，峰值为１３．４±１．９～２１．６±７．８μｇ／ｇ。腹主动脉旁淋巴结、盆腔淋巴结、淋巴结周围脂肪结缔组织和盆腔腹膜总铂浓度的药时曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ＿（０～２４ｈ））分别为２１６．８±９．２、２４６．４±３２．９、１１５．６±４０．９和１３５１．３±６９６．５μｇ·ｈ／ｇ。血浆总铂浓度的峰值及ＡＵＣ＿（０～２４ｈ）分别为６．７±１．０μｇ／Ｌ和６１．５±２．４μｇ·ｈ／Ｌ。提示卡铂腹腔给药分布于腹膜后淋巴结组织中的药物浓度较血药浓度明显为高。病理检查可见化疗后的腹膜后淋巴结有变性改变。     

阿霉素脂质体淋巴管灌注的靶向效果

目的：探讨阿霉素脂质体经淋巴管灌注后的体内动力学过程以及靶向效果。方法：将６０只家兔随机分为阿霉素脂质体和阿霉素水溶液两组，从家兔足背淋巴管给药，采用高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）法检测给药后各时点外周血及腹膜后淋巴结中阿霉素药物浓度，并将摘取的淋巴结作病理检查。结果：水溶液组腹膜后淋巴结阿霉素峰浓度（Ｃｍａｘ）为４６．８１μｇ／ｇ，药时曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ）为３１．８６μｇ／ｄａｙｇ－１；而脂质体组阿霉素峰浓度为９１．２３μｇ／ｇ，ＡＵＣ为１３８．３４μｇ／ｄａｙｇ－１。在外周血中脂质体组的峰浓度只有水溶液组的１／５。淋巴结病理检查结果表明，脂质体组的水肿、坏死、纤维化较水溶液组明显，而心肌病理反应较轻或不存在。结论：脂质体对淋巴结具有高度靶向性，阿霉素脂质体淋巴管灌注有可能成为治疗淋巴结转移的有效且副作用少的新方法。     

盆腔腹膜外化疗法用于妇科恶性肿瘤淋巴系统转移的初步研究

通过支物实验及临床研究，对经盆腔腹膜外间隙穿刺插管进行化疗的可行性及其对妇科恶性肿瘤淋巴秒转移的疗效进行探讨，动物实验结果表明，于盆腔腹膜外间隙注入５－氟脲嘧啶及伊索显混合剂后，注药部位局部细胞形态无改变，仅有少量淋巴细胞浸润；临床观察结果表明，注药后Ｘ线摄片，可见髂外、髂内、闭孔、腹股沟深及大部分髂总淋巴结所在位置均包括在药物分布范围之内，重复给药，药物人布不变；（２）注药后４８小时内，注药侧淋     

5—氟尿嘧啶对心脏损害的临床观察

目的：前瞻性观察大剂量５－氟尿嘧啶（５－ＦＵ）化疗对心脏的毒性。方法：收集恶性滋养细胞肿瘤患者１０４例，共行化疗１９２疗程，其中，５－ＦＵ单药化疗７１疗程，５－ＦＵ加更生霉素（ＫＳＭ）联合化疗１０９疗程，ＫＳＭ单药化疗１２疗程，５－ＦＵ用法：单药化疗，每日２８～３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ；联合化疗，每日２４～２６ｍｇ／ｋｇ；加入５００ｍｌ５％葡萄糖液中，缓慢匀速静脉滴注８小时，于化疗前后观察并计算与心脏损害有     

腹主动脉旁插管注药观察腹膜后淋巴结药物浓度的动物实验研究

目的 通过动物实验模型,探讨经腹主动脉旁插管化疗用于治疗恶性肿瘤腹膜后淋巴结转移的可行性、有效性及安全性。方法 雌性家兔82只,分别采用腹主动脉旁插管和腹腔置管注入卡铂,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定腹膜后淋巴结及其周围组织和血液的药物浓度,并观察淋巴结病理改变及注药前后血常规及生化检查。结果 ①经腹主动脉旁插管注药,药物可分布于腹主动脉旁淋巴结及盆腔淋巴结区域。②腹主动脉旁插管腹膜后化疗组腹膜后淋巴结内药物浓度高于腹腔化疗组。③腹主动脉旁插管化疗无明显副作用。结论 腹主动脉旁插管化疗可能是治疗妇科恶性肿瘤腹膜后淋巴结转移的简单、有效方法。     

用MTT法测定rh-TNF与联合化疗药物对人卵巢癌细胞毒性的研究

目的：筛选ｒｈ－ＴＮＦ与联合化疗药物的较好用药方案。方法：用ＭＴＴ法测试ｒｈ－ＴＮＦ与不同浓度的５种化疗药物联合后对人卵巢癌ＳＫＯＶ３细胞的毒性。结果：ｒｈ－ＴＮＦ分别为５－ＦＵ、ｃＤＤＰ和ｃａｒｂｏｒｐｌａｔｉｎ各浓度联合后，有协同作用，与ＣＴＸ各浓度联合后呈拮抗作用；与ＴＳＰＡ各浓度联合后呈相加作用。结论：ｒｈ－ＴＮＦ与化疗药物联合后能否发挥协同作用，依所联合药物的性质而定，与化疗药物浓度关系不密切。     

卡铂多相脂质体腹腔注射对615小鼠U14移植瘤腹膜后淋巴结和肺…

采用小鼠子宫颈癌１４号（Ｕ１４）给６１５近交系小鼠后肢肌肉内移植建立腹膜后淋巴结和肺的双向转移模型，将小鼠随机分为３组。脂质体组每次给予腹腔注射卡铂多相脂质体０．５ｍｇ／０．５ｍｌ；水剂组每次腹腔注射卡铂水剂０．５ｇ／０．５ｍｌ；对照组每次仅注射生理盐水０．５ｍｌ，每组隔日注射。肿瘤移植后第１４￣１７天，对照组均发生腹膜后淋巴结转移和９２．３１％的肺转移；水剂组淋巴结转移率为９０．９１％，肺转移率     

应用AnnexinV—FITC／PI—FCM定量分析对5—FU诱导卵巢癌 …

目的 应用ＡｎｎｅｘｉｎＶ－ＦＩＴＣ／ＰＩ－ＦＣＭ定量分析５－氟尿嘧啶（５－ＦＵ）诱导卵巢癌细胞系ＯＶＣＡＲ发生的凋亡。方法 将５－ＦＵ以０、２０ｍｇ／Ｌ、１００ｍｇ／Ｌ、２００ｍｇ／Ｌ的浓度，分别处理ＯＶＣＡＲ细胞１２、２４、４８小时，然后用形态学观察、ＤＮＡ琼脂糖电泳和ＡｎｎｅｘｉｎＶ－ＦＩＴＣ／ＰＩ流式细胞技术（ｆｌｏｗ ｃｙｔｏｍｅｔｒｉｃ，ＦＣＭ）检测其诱发调亡的情况。结果 Ａｎｎｅｘｉ     

Chemotherapy for Lymphatic Metastatic Gynecologic Cancer via Pelvic Retroperitoneal Cannulation: A Preliminary Report

The feasibility of chemotherapy for lymphatic metastatic gynecologic cancer via pelvic retroperitoneal cannulation was preliminarily studied. In 25 patients with gynecologic cancer 5-FU was safely allocated by cannulation to the pelvic retroperitoneal space including the external iliac, internal iliac, obturator, and deep inguinal and most of the common iliac lymph nodes. The 5-FU concentration in the lymph nodes on the injection side was 2–10 times that on the control side (P< 0.01). In 4 patients with nodal metastasis on the injection side, most cancer cells showed degeneration and necrosis. No severe complications or adverse effects were observed. The results suggested that the cannulation be used to treat the lymphatic metastasis of gynecologic cancer.     

经腹膜外盆腔淋巴间隙给药对妇科恶性肿瘤患者NTIL细胞的影响

目的 :探讨通过盆腔腹膜外淋巴间隙进行肿瘤生物治疗的可行性。方法 :妇科恶性肿瘤患者 4 1例分为IL 2组 (n =10 )、IL 2 + 5 FU组 (n =11)、5 FU组 (n =10 )及对照组 (n =10 ) ;通过经盆腔腹膜外淋巴间隙留置管 ,分别予以IL 2、IL 2 + 5 FU、5 FU治疗 ,在手术中摘取淋巴结 ,分离淋巴细胞 ,用流式细胞仪检测T细胞表面标记 ,CD2 5活化标记变化及NK细胞数量。结果 :治疗后各组淋巴结CD3+,CD4 +,CD8+,CD2 5 +,NK细胞数量均明显高于对照组 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;IL 2 + 5 FU组CD3+,CD4 +,CD8+,CD2 5 +及NK细胞含量均明显高于 5 FU组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;IL 2组NK细胞含量明显高于 5 FU组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :经盆腔腹膜外淋巴间隙进行生物治疗能有效激活机体局部淋巴结中T细胞反应 ,促进T细胞增殖及增加NK细胞数量     

Asymmetries in pelvic lymph nodes and their metastatic involvement by gynecologic cancer cells

AIM: The aims of this study were to re-examine left-right asymmetry in pelvic lymph node distribution in patients with gynecologic malignancies, and to investigate if there is a left-right asymmetry in pelvic lymph node metastatic involvement by gynecologic cancer cells. METHODS: The oncologic database of our gynecologic department was reviewed to identify patients who had pelvic lymphadenectomy as part of treatment for a variety of gynecologic malignancies. Right and left lymph node counts with and without involvement of cancer cells were retrieved from the pathological reports. RESULTS: Three hundred and thirteen patients were included in the study. The numbers of external iliac, and hypogastric + obturator lymph nodes were higher on the right side than on the left in all gynecologic malignancies. The numbers of involved external iliac, and hypogastric + obturator lymph nodes by metastatic cancer cells were significantly higher on the right side than on the left in all gynecologic malignancies. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the existence of a left-right asymmetry in pelvic lymph node distribution and pelvic lymph node distribution involved by gynecologic cancer cells. This situation may be due to the asymmetry in the number of pelvic lymph nodes. In addition, stronger cell-mediated immune activity in the left side of humans may be associated with the blocking of metastatic invasion of cancer cells from gynecologic malignancies in the left side of the body.     

Is common iliac lymph node dissection necessary in early stage cervical carcinoma?

OBJECTIVES: Nodal metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors in early stage cervical carcinoma and has an immense impact on the subsequent management. Thus, searching for nodal metastasis by pelvic lymphadenectomy is an integral part in the surgical management of cervical carcinoma. Complete nodal clearance of lymphatic tissue up to 2 cm above the bifurcation of common iliac vessels is therefore performed as a routine in our unit. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence and pattern of pelvic lymph node metastases in patients with early stage cervical carcinoma to determine the role of common iliac node dissection in the surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 174 operation and histopathology reports of patients who underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy because of stage IA2 to IIA cervical carcinoma. Lymph nodes collected below and above the bifurcation of common iliac vessels were labeled as pelvic nodes and common iliac nodes, respectively. The incidence and distribution of nodal metastases were analyzed. RESULTS: Complete and selective pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 163 and 11 patients, respectively. Nodal metastasis was documented in 35 (20.1%) patients. Pelvic and common iliac nodes were involved in 34 and 8 cases, respectively. All except one patient with common iliac node metastases were also found to have pelvic node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: In early stage cervical carcinoma, isolated common iliac lymph node metastasis is rare, especially in cases without associated high risk factors. Less extensive pelvic lymphadenectomy may be considered in these patients in order to reduce operation morbidity and time.     

Intraoperative sentinel node identification in early stage cervical cancer using a combination of radiolabeled albumin injection and isosulfan blue dye injection

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the feasibility of sentinel lymph node identification using radioisotopic lymphatic mapping with technetium-99m-labeled human serum albumin and isosulfan blue dye injection in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy for treatment of early cervical cancer. METHODS: Between September 2000 and October 2002, 25 patients with cervical cancer FIGO stage I (n=24) or stage II (n=1) underwent sentinel lymph node detection with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy (technetium-99m colloid albumin injection around the tumor) and intraoperative lymphatic mapping with blue dye and a handheld or laparoscopic gamma probe. Complete pelvic or paraaortic lymphadenectomy was performed in all cases by open surgery or laparoscopic surgery. RESULTS: In 23 evaluable patients, a total of 51 sentinel lymph nodes were detected by lymphoscintigraphy (mean 2.21 nodes per patient). Intraoperatively, 61 sentinel lymph nodes were identified, with a mean of 2.52 nodes per patient by gamma probe and a mean of 1.94 nodes per patient after isosulfan blue injection. Forty percent of sentinel nodes were found in the interiliac region and 25% in the external iliac area. Microscopic nodal metastases (four nodes) were confirmed in 12% of cases. All these lymph nodes were previously detected as sentinel lymph nodes. The remaining 419 nodes after pelvic lymphadenectomy were histologically negative. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node identification with technetium-99m-labeled nanocolloid combined with blue dye injection is feasible and showed a 100% negative predictive value, and potentially identified women in whom lymph node dissection can be avoided.     

Left–right asymmetry in pelvic lymph nodes distribution: Is there a right-side prevalence?

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether pelvic lymph nodes have a left-right asymmetric distribution. STUDY DESIGN: The oncologic databases of two gynecologic academic departments were used to identify consecutive patients undergoing pelvic systematic lymphadenectomy as part of the treatment for a variety of gynecologic malignancies. All procedures were carried out in a standardized fashion. Lymph node counts were retrieved from pathological reports. RESULTS: Four hundred and twenty-eight women underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy during the study period. The median lymph node count was higher on the right side than on the left side [10 (0-33) versus 8 (0-29); P<0.0001]. A prevalence of right-sided nodes was found in 265 (61.9%) patients, while in 44 (10.3%) cases pelvic nodes were equally distributed on the two sides. The right-sided prevalence was significantly higher than the expected 50% in each type of malignancy and surgical technique subgroup. The right-sided prevalence was statistically significant even when the analysis was performed for different nodal groups [external iliac nodes: 5 (0-23) versus 4 (0-13), P=0.005; hypogastric and obturator nodes: 6 (0-17) versus 5 (0-19), P=0.04]. Moreover, nodal count was higher on the right than on the left in obese [10 (1-33) versus 8 (1-26), P=0.0002] and nonobese women [10 (0-32) versus 9 (0-29), P<0.0001]. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest the existence of a left-right asymmetry in pelvic lymph nodes distribution, with right-sided prevalence.     

Routes of lymphatic spread: a study of 112 consecutive patients with endometrial cancer

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this work was to assess different patterns of lymphatic spread to pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes (LNs) in endometrial cancer as a function of the location of tumor within the uterus. METHODS: Between 1984 and 1999, 625 patients with endometrial cancer were managed with hysterectomy and node dissection at our institution. The present study includes the 112 (18%) patients who had positive pelvic and/or para-aortic LNs; 41 (37%) of them had cervical involvement. RESULTS: The external iliac was the most commonly involved pelvic LN site both in patients with tumor limited to the corpus and in those with cervical invasion. Isolated pelvic LN metastases to a single site were more frequently observed in external iliac LNs and obturator LNs in patients with tumor confined to the uterine corpus, whereas they occurred more commonly in external iliac and common iliac LNs in patients with cervical involvement. Metastasis to the common iliac LNs was more frequent in patients with disease extension to the cervix. In fact, common iliac LNs were positive in 67% of patients with cervical invasion, compared with only 30% of those with tumor confined to the uterine corpus (P < 0.01). Para-aortic LN invasion was significantly associated with obturator LN status. In fact, para-aortic LNs were positive in 64% of patients with positive obturator LNs compared with 23% of patients with negative obturator LNs (P = 0.01). All patients with positive para-aortic LNs and tumor invading the cervix had positive common iliac LNs. By contrast, when tumor was limited to the corpus, common iliac LNs were involved in only 27% of patients with positive para-aortic LNs. CONCLUSION: External iliac LNs are the most commonly involved LNs in endometrial cancer. Compared with carcinomas limited to the uterine corpus, endometrial cancers invading the cervix spread more readily to the common iliac LNs. Furthermore, these data suggest that para-aortic LN metastases spread via a route shared by the common iliac LNs when tumor involves the cervix but spread predominantly via a route common to the obturator LNs (and/or external iliac LNs) when the primary tumor site is the corpus only.     

Anatomical and pathological study of retroperitoneal nodes in endometrial cancer

Benedetti-Panici P, Maneschi F, Cutillo G, D'Andrea G, Manci N, Rabitti C, Scambia G, Mancuso S. Anatomical and pathological study of retroperitoneal nodes in endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1998; 8 : 322–327.
To assess the patterns of lymphatic spread in endometrial carcinoma, data from 91 endometrial cancer patients (surgical FIGO stage I: 59; II: 12; III–IV: 20) who underwent systematic pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy were analyzed. The median number of nodes removed was 27 aortic (range 15–57) and 31 pelvic (range 20–68) nodes. Positive nodes were found in 16 patients (18%), seven having pelvic, one aortic, and eight both pelvic and aortic metastasis. The median number of positive nodes was three (range 1–29) aortic and two (range 1–18) pelvic nodes. Isolated pelvic node metastasis was observed in seven patients and aortic metastasis in one patient.
Pre-paracaval, pre-paraortic and intercavoaortic, with superficial obturator, external iliac and common iliac were the node groups most frequently involved. These nodes may be considered primarily invaded by the tumor. The higher prevalence of pelvic with respect to aortic metastasis, and the low risk of isolated aortic spread, suggest that endometrial cancer spreads preferentially to the pelvic area. Multivariate analysis showed that depth of myoinvasion and adnexal metastasis were independent factors predicting the risk of lymphatic spread. The risk of aortic spread was also predicted by the pelvic node status. These data may be useful for tailoring lymphadenectomy.