神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水(15例报告)

目的 探讨神经内镜下行三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水的手术适应证.方法 15例交通性脑积水病人均行神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术,术前术后行NPH评分,测Evans指数,腰穿测颅内压,脑池显像观察脑脊液动力学的改变.结果 患者术后NPH评分平均提高(3.26±1.83),Evans指数平均减小(0.11±0.09),颅内压平均下降(66.3±65.8)mmH2O,均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),脑池显像表明放射性示踪剂在术后1~3h进入侧脑室,术后6h离开侧脑室,术后24h于大脑凸面呈大致对称的放射性分布.结论 神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术可应用于交通性脑积水,造瘘同时穿透Liliequist膜间脑叶具有重要意义.     

神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水的影像分析

目的 探讨神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术治疗交通性脑积水的磁共振特点,指导临床选择手术适应证.方法 15例患者行神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术,磁共振常规扫描分析其术前术后的影像特点.结果 15例患者术后随访6个月至2年,术后影像显示梗阻部位的积水解除,脑室缩小,室周水肿现象减退,病人症状改善.结论 磁共振可通过显示脑池的大小,三脑室底的形态,室周水肿现象推断交通性脑积水在脑室外脑池内梗阻部位,通过对交通性脑积水的术前影像分析,可帮助确定交通性脑积水行神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术的手术适应证.     

眶上外侧入路动脉瘤夹闭术中终板造瘘的临床分析

目的探讨眶上外侧入路动脉瘤夹闭术中应用终板造瘘的方法和意义。方法回顾性分析148例经眶上外侧入路动脉瘤夹闭术治疗病人的临床资料,其中36例行动脉瘤夹闭术加术中终板造瘘(夹闭造瘘组),112例行单纯动脉瘤夹闭术(单纯夹闭组)。统计分析术中造瘘的影响因素以及终板造瘘对脑积水的影响。结果两组在术前颈项强直与否、Fisher分级、脑室血肿程度及术前脑积水等项差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。术前合并5例急性脑积水,均行术中终板造瘘,术后明显缓解。46例合并脑室出血病人,夹闭造瘘组相对单纯夹闭组术后慢性脑积水的发生率明显降低(P=0.019);未合并脑室出血病人,两组术后慢性脑积水的发生率无显著差异(P=0.683)。结论眶上外侧入路夹闭动脉瘤术中终板造瘘对缓解术中脑室内压及术后脑积水有积极的作用。     

内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术联合脑室-腹腔分流术治疗外伤性脑积水的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术联合脑室-腹腔分流术治疗外伤性脑积水的效果。方法回顾性分析35例外伤性脑积水的临床资料,均采用内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术联合脑室-腹腔分流术治疗。结果 1例术后因颅内感染死亡;其余34例CT检查显示脑室情况改善。术后GCS评分[(12.5±1.9)分]较术前[(8.5±1.5)分]明显增高(P0.05)。34例术后随访4~18个月,2例发生分流管脑室段堵塞,但脑积水及症状未加重。结论内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术和脑室-腹腔分流术治疗外伤性脑积水疗效满意。     

内镜下行第三脑室底造瘘术治疗脑室炎后慢性脑积水

目的 探讨应用神经内镜在治疗慢性复杂脑积水的效果.方法 回顾性分析了15例用神经内镜行第三脑底造瘘术并脑室冲洗治疗的慢性复杂脑积水的病人资料.结果 15病人获得良好的效果,无并发症发生,1例病人术后15 d,脑积水复发,冉次行第三脑底造瘘时发现造瘘口闭合,二次造瘘后恢复良好.结论 神经内镜行第三脑底造瘘术并脑室冲洗治疗慢性复杂脑积水的病人有确实效果.     

松果体区生殖细胞瘤合并梗阻性脑积水的治疗分析

目的 总结松果体区生殖细胞瘤合并梗阻性脑积水的治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2016年9月至2019年9月经脑室镜下活检术+第三脑室底造瘘术治疗的15例生殖细胞瘤合并梗阻性脑积水的临床资料。无甲胎蛋白（AFP）升高的病人,术后给予全脑全脊髓放疗（36 Gy）+肿瘤区放疗（42 Gy）;存在AFP升高的病人,术后给予全脑全脊髓放疗+EP（顺铂+足叶乙甙）方案化疗。结果 15例均成功进行脑室镜下活检术,明确诊断;其中14例第三脑底造瘘成功,1例造瘘不成功改行改行透明隔造瘘+Ommaya囊置入术。15例术后随访8~45个月,平均24个月;1例放化疗过程中出现白细胞低、发热,病情加重,家属要求自动出院后死亡;其余14例精神、发育等情况良好,均未出现脑积水复发及肿瘤复发与播散。结论 松果体区生殖细胞瘤合并脑积水,脑室镜下病变活检+第三脑室底造瘘术,既可以明确诊断,还可以治疗脑积水;术后根据进行针对性放化疗,预后良好。     

内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水的疗效观察

目的探讨内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水的疗效。方法 2014年1月至2015年1月收治符合标准的梗阻性脑积水30例,根据治疗方法分为观察组(15例)和对照组(15例)。对照组采用脑室-腹腔分流术,观察组采用内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术。术后随访6~12个月。结果观察组手术时间较对照组明显缩短(P0.05),术后并发症发生率和复发率均明显低于对照组(P0.05);但两组近期疗效无显著差异(P0.05)。结论与脑室-腹腔分流术相比,内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水手术时间短、并发症发生率低、复发率低。     

三脑室底造瘘术和脑室腹腔分流术治疗儿童脑积水疗效分析

目的探讨神经内镜下三脑室底造瘘术(ETV)与脑室-腹腔分流术(VPS)治疗患儿脑积水疗效分析。方法选择39例脑积水患儿,根据手术方式分为实验组(ETV,n=19)与对照组(VPS,n=20),术后随访6个月,并采用"Gesell儿童智力发育诊断量表"进行脑认知功能评测,包括精细运动行为和大运动行为、语言功能、适应能力及个人-社会行为,比较2组患儿手术有效率,术后感染与脑认知功能的差异。结果在手术总体有效率上,实验组94.73%,对照组85%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);在术后6个月内,实验组感染发生率5.26%,对照组的感染发生率25%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);术后实验组患儿在精细运动行为和大运动行为、语言功能、适应能力及个人-社会行为方面均优于对照组患儿,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在治疗患儿脑积水方面,ETV在手术总体有效率,术后6个月内感染与术后脑认知功能方面均优于VPS。     

鞍上囊肿的内镜治疗

目的总结20例鞍上囊肿的临床表现、手术方法及疗效。方法术前均行CT和M RI检查,明确鞍上囊肿的诊断以及中脑导水管是否存在梗阻。手术中探查导水管上口情况,根据有无梗阻,行内镜下脑室囊肿造瘘术或脑室囊肿脑池造瘘术。结果16例术前诊断和术中探查证实存在导水管梗阻,行脑室囊肿脑池造瘘术;4例无导水管梗阻,行脑室囊肿造瘘术。术后随访3￣6个月,19例术后症状明显改善,1例无明显变化。结论鞍上囊肿主要表现为脑积水症状;内镜下行脑室囊肿造瘘术或脑室囊肿脑池造瘘术治疗鞍上囊肿疗效较好。     

神经内镜治疗迟发特发性中脑导水管狭窄脑积水的临床效果分析

目的 探讨神经内镜下第三脑室底造瘘术(endoscopic third ventriculostomy,ETV)对迟发特发性中脑导水管狭窄(Late-onset idiopathic aqueduct stenosis,LIAS)脑积水的临床疗效.方法 2009年1月至2012年12月间收治的15例LIAS患者,在神经内镜下行第三脑室底造瘘治疗,并利用MRI、临床症状、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)在术前和术后对患者进行评估、比较分析,了解LIAS患者的临床特点和神经内镜治疗效果.结果 15例LIAS患者术前MRI均有可见的中脑导水管狭窄或梗阻,侧脑室和第三脑室扩大,脑组织相对萎缩,无室管膜下渗出;术后3个月MRI显示第三脑室底造瘘口通畅,脑室缩小.MoCA、临床症状评估显示术后3个月较术前有明显改善.所有病人利用Odom评价标准进行调查,显示患者对手术效果满意度高.结论 神经内镜第三脑室底造瘘可明显改善LIAS患者的认知功能和临床症状,注意不应该把此类患者定义为静止性脑积水进行保守治疗.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.