一种基于水平集的脊柱MRI图像分割算法的研究

水平集方法应用于图象分割的曲线或曲面进化问题,是一种稳定有效的数值计算方法.本文基于水平集方法提出了一种新的医学图像解剖轮廓分割算法,定义了一种用于终止进化的速度函数,构造了一种基于领域的进化方式.并对脊柱MRI图象进行了分割实验.得到了令人鼓舞的结果.表明了该种算法的可行性和有效性.     

一种新的舌癌图像快速自动分割方法

目的:研究一种新的舌癌图像自动分割算法以实现对舌癌肿瘤的快速准确分割。方法:通过引入一种基于局部均方差的自适应尺度算子实现演化曲线在演化过程中的自动调整,从而更高效率地向真实目标边界运动,并且克服舌癌肿瘤图像中目标边界不清和图像灰度不均匀等不良因素带来的影响。此外,为加快曲线的收敛速度,本文提出了一种新的能量项评估演化曲线轮廓内部和轮廓外部区域灰度的分布差异,以此引导曲线自适应地调整演化速度,减少完成分割任务所需的迭代次数。结果:使用本方法对22幅舌癌肿瘤MRI图像进行分割,分割结果与真实结果之间的重叠率Dice值为0.82,豪斯多夫距离HD值为1.732 mm。结论:将本文算法与其它现有的几种活动轮廓模型进行定性和定量对比分析,实验结果表明本文算法在对细节及弱边缘灰度的处理上表现更加优异,可用于舌癌肿瘤的精确分割,为临床分析提供辅助信息。     

图论在脑肿瘤分割及提取中的应用研究

目的 基于Matlab和VC++混合编程,实现了图论在脑肿瘤分割及提取中的应用,为之后脑肿瘤三维重建提供准确的分割结果.方法 在Matlab和VC++开发平台下,首先读取含脑肿瘤的MRI图像,经过一定的预处理后,调用C++编写的图论分割函数,实现MRI图像的全局分割,然后通过肿瘤区域的颜色信息进行区域二值化和轮廓提取等后处理,很好地完成了脑肿瘤的分割提取.结果 通过与专家手动分割的脑肿瘤区域进行比较以及对算法各模块运行时间的监测,显示脑肿瘤分割准确度高,且算法运行稳定.结论 基于图论的分割算法能够反映图像全局特性,且运行稳定,是一种值得推广的脑肿瘤分割方法.     

基于边界跟踪算法的脑磁共振图像分割

目的：脑磁共振图像的自动分割是近几年研究的一大热点,本文在通过分析比较当前各种图像分割算法后,介绍了一种基于边界跟踪的脑磁共振图像（MRI）分割算法,在MRI中提取出脑组织部分。方法：应用迭代法对脑磁共振图像进行二值化处理;扫描二值化图像,根据脑组织的形态,确定一点作为脑组织边界的起点;根据边界点的像素特征,对传统的边界跟踪算法进行改进,计算出MRI脑组织的边界,最后应用区域生长法在原始MRI中提取脑组织图像,实现MRI分割。结果：实验结果表明,改进后的边界跟踪算法在提取脑组织边界时,细节处理能力强,不易陷入死循环,具有较高的运算速度。提取的真实脑磁共振图像的脑组织区域,能满足临床的实际需要。结论：对图像二值化处理,对图像有微弱的损害,但是极大地提高了计算速度。与传统的边界跟踪算法相比,改进后的边界跟踪算法分割效率高,更易实现MRI的自动分割。获得的边界曲线在细节上更接近于脑组织的实际边界。     

基于灰度积分投影与模糊C均值聚类的肺实质分割

提出一种基于灰度积分投影与模糊C均值聚类的肺实质分割算法,用于CT图像的快速自动分割。首先,对原始肺部CT图像分别在水平和垂直方向上进行灰度积分投影;然后,选用平滑样条曲线拟合平滑原始图像的积分投影曲线,并提取拟合平滑前后曲线的极大值点,确定肺实质初始边界;最后,利用模糊C均值聚类算法对边界内区域进行分割,结合滚动小球法修复边界区域,获得肺实质区域。选取LIDC (肺部图像数据库联盟)数据库中20组图像（平均每组图像包含120幅CT图像）进行实验,平均分割精度为95.66%,平均每幅图像花费时间为0.77 s。实验结果表明,该方法可以用于CT图像肺实质分割,具有全自动、高精度、鲁棒性等特点。     

一种利用直方图特征峰的肾小球图像分割方法

根据肾小球医学图像的特点 ,提出了一种新的基于直方图特征峰的图像分割方法。通过定位图像的特征峰 ,从而有效地对肾小球医学图像进行阈值化。经实验证明 ,本文提出的算法能快速、准确地分割肾小球图像。     

一种利用直方图特征峰的肾小球图像分割方法

根据肾小球医学图像的特点,提出了一种新的基于直方图特征峰的图像分割方法。通过定位图像的特征峰,从而有效地坚小球医学图像进行阈值化。经实验证明,本提出的算法能快速、准确地分割肾小球图像。     

一种基于生成对抗网络的无监督域自适应磁共振图像分割方法EI北大核心CSCD

智能医学图像分割方法正在快速地发展和应用,但面临着域转移挑战,即由于源域和目标域数据分布不同导致算法性能下降。为此,本文提出了一种基于生成对抗网络(GAN)的无监督端到端域自适应医学图像分割方法。设计网络训练调整模型,由分割网络和鉴别网络组成。分割网络以残差模块为基本模块,增加对特征的复用能力,降低模型优化难度,并将分割损失与对抗损失相结合,在鉴别网络的作用下学习图像特征层面的跨域特征。鉴别网络采用卷积神经网络,并带入源域标签训练,用来区分生成网络的分割结果是来自源域或目标域,整个训练过程无监督。使用膝关节磁共振(MR)图像公开数据集和采集的临床数据集进行实验,与经典的特征级域自适应方法和图像级域自适应方法对比,所提方法的平均戴斯相似性系数(DSC)分别提高了2.52%与6.10%。本文方法有效提高了分割方法的域自适应能力,显著提高了对胫骨和股骨的分割精度,可以较好地解决磁共振图像分割中的域转移问题。     

基于空间FCM与MRF方法的乳腺MRI序列三维病灶分割研究

针对乳腺DCE-MRI病灶分割,提出一种空间FCM聚类与MRF随机场相结合的三维分割方法。首先,对MRI图像进行空间FCM粗分割,提取病灶粗轮廓。然后,在其基础上进行MRF精分割,并结合病灶三维信息：用相邻切片分割结果对应标号矩阵初始化MRF精分割标号场,同时用该张切片粗分割所得隶属度矩阵对MRF精分割进行参数自适应调整。用该方法与空间FCM、水平集、模糊MRF方法对50例MRI数据进行分割对比实验,得到良、恶性病灶分割重叠率分别为76.4、75.5;相比于空间FCM的68.%、69.5水平集的70.8、72.6以及模糊MRF的72.9、73.6有明显提升。对所有175例MRI数据分割结果进行非监督评价,得到良、恶性病灶区域均匀性均大于0.92;区域内差异性良性病灶92%小于150、恶性病灶98%小于150;区域间差异性良性病灶87%大于0.25、恶性病灶90%大于0.3综上表明,该方法具有较高的分割精度。     

一种基于Snake模型的脑部CT图像分割新算法

针对目前传统的Snake模型图像分割算法的力场捕捉范围小、对初始轮廓的选取敏感以及对轮廓曲线难以收敛到 细小深凹边界的缺陷,提出一种基于Snake 模型的脑部CT图像分割新算法。算法首先运用Canny 边缘算子对图像进行 边缘检测,将边缘检测图像叠加到原始图像上,然后再运用Snake模型和梯度向量流（GVF）Snake模型分别对叠加图像进 行分割。实验结果表明,该算法克服了传统Snake 模型和GVF Snake 模型因边缘轮廓不清晰造成的漏分割情况,防止了 GVF Snake模型由于GVF力场的相互作用所造成的过分割现象,同时,还能促使轮廓线收敛到细小深凹边界,提高定位精 度,具有更好的分割效果。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.