食疗养生:夏天吃B族 缓解不舒服

正苦夏来临,许多人都会大量出汗,出汗不仅丢失钾、钠等无机盐,更会丢失大量B族维生素,高温带来的基础代谢增加也会增加B族维生素消耗。维生素B1丢失,胃肠蠕动缓慢、腺体分泌减少,食欲降低;维生素B6丢失影响γ     

高温作业机体汗、尿及其中元素代谢分析

目的了解在不同高温温度条件下劳动时机体通过汗、尿中消耗的水和矿物质的变化情况。方法于2014年6—7月选取河北省唐山某钢铁公司钢铁高温作业工人226人进行汗、尿收集及元素测定,用体重差法估计出汗量。结果湿球黑球温度指数(WBGT)30~43℃高温作业环境下,机体工间汗、尿排出总量为(3 560±550)m L,其中出汗量占86.5%;机体汗中钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锌、铜和硒浓度分别为(174.4±39.6)、(1 229.2±264.2)、(33.4±6.6)、(6.0±1.11)mg/L和(310.0±60.8)、(290.2±68.4)、(29.9±6.20、(6.3±1.5)μg/L;高温作业时机体钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、硒通过汗、尿排出的总量分别为(586.5±136.9)、(3 982.1±831.0)、(164.9±25.4)、(61.2±12.7)mg和(962.9±210.8)、(1 046.7±269.6)、(112.4±26.3)、(38.0±10.5)μg。钾、钠、钙、铁、锌、铜的主要丢失途径不随温度变化,汗中排出量分别占总排出量的81%~96%,而镁在尿中排出占总排出量70%;硒的汗中排出,30~34℃作业时占总量36.5%,35~39℃和40~43℃时占总量的58.9%和67.0%。结论高温作业机体出汗量及汗中元素的丢失量随温度升高而增多,同时尿排出减少;汗液是水和钾、钠、钙、铁、锌、铜以及35℃时硒消耗的主要途径。     

高温作业人员的膳食

酷暑盛夏,室外作业人员如建筑工人、农民朋友,劳动强度大,而且承受着太阳强烈的辐射和高温煎熬,工作十分辛苦。据有关资料记载:高温环境作业人员每天排汗约数升,丢失氯化钠10～15克;在汗液中还含有由蛋白质分解的尿素、氨、肌酸、氨基酸等;在高温环境下体温升高,机体散热时,血液循环加速,汗腺活动加强,能量消耗增多。总之,室外作业人员在高温环境下作业,能量消耗大,水、盐、蛋白质、维生素等消耗多。因此,对营养有特殊的要求,一般每天应补充:水分4～6升,食盐8～12克,从膳食中摄取蛋白质90～120克,维生素B_11.7～1.8毫     

高温作业钢铁工人水溶性维生素摄入和消耗及体内水平调查

目的了解钢铁工人在目前高温作业环境下通过汗、尿消耗的水溶性维生素B_1、B_2、C及其膳食摄入和体内水平,为制定营养干预方案提供依据。方法于2014年6—7月选取高温作业钢铁工人226人及同一车间非高温作业工人39人,进行膳食调查和汗、尿收集及维生素测定,用体重差法估计出汗量,同时测定工作场所湿球黑球温度指数(wet bulb globe temperature index,WBGT指数)。结果高温作业钢铁工人维生素B_1、B_2、C平均摄入量分别为(2.2±0.5)、(1.2±0.3)、(102.0±23.3)mg/d;不同作业温度的工人每日摄入量均无明显差异(P0.05)。工人在WBGT为30~43℃高温环境作业时的汗中维生素B_1、B_2、C排出量分别为(0.24±0.08)、(0.20±0.08)、(16.30±7.78)mg/d,分别占汗、尿中排出总量的73.8%,67.9%和68.3%。同等中体力劳动高温工人的汗中维生素B_1、B_2、C排出量均高于非高温工人,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。重体力劳动强度下不同作业温度的高温工人汗中维生素B_1、B_2、C排出量均随温度升高而增加(P0.05);尿中3种维生素排出量均随温度升高而降低。高温作业工人维生素B_1、B_2、C与尿肌酐的平均比值分别为121.8±39.7、99.4±43.8、6.1±2.3。维生素B_1、B_2、C体内缺乏人数分别占总人数的10.6%,31.9%,95.1%。中体力劳动强度的高温作业工人维生素C体内缺乏率高于非高温作业工人,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论钢铁工人在高温作业环境中的维生素B_1、B_2、C消耗量较多,维生素摄入量均低于高温作业建议量。建议按摄入量与高温作业人员建议量的差值并考虑体内缺乏程度来制定工间液体补充方案。     

特大火灾爆炸事故救援人员的营养保健措施

目的探讨在高温条件下紧急救援人员的营养保健,为保障救援部队官兵的身体健康和营养需求提供科学依据。方法通过查阅文献和深入现场调研,提出适合特大火灾爆炸事故救援人员的营养保健措施。结果指出高温环境对机体营养素的影响,一是水和无机盐的流失,二是水溶性维生素的丢失,三是氮的排出量增加。针对特大火灾爆炸事故救护人员实际情况,提出了高温环境下相应的营养保健措施:(1)及时补充水和无机盐;(2)摄入相应数量的水溶性维生素;(3)增加蛋白质的摄入量;(4)增加10%左右的能量,以满足高温环境机体特殊生理的需要量。结论加强和完善参加特大火灾爆炸事故救援人员的营养和保健工作,科学合理的营养保健措施,对保障救援官兵身体健康,提高紧急救力度和速度具有重要意义。     

唐山市某钢铁厂高温作业工人膳食营养状况调查

[目的]调查和分析唐山市某钢铁厂高温作业工人的膳食摄入情况及体内营养素水平。[方法]采用整群随机抽样方法,调查唐山市某钢铁厂高温作业工人226人。根据高温环境测定结果将工人岗位分为高温作业Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级;对工人进行一般状况调查、体格检查、膳食状况调查、体内营养素水平检测和评价。[结果]体重正常、超重、肥胖和消瘦的工人分别占调查工人总数的52.2%、29.6%、15.9%和2.2%。钢铁厂高温作业工人每日摄入的食物以谷薯类为主,占食物摄入总量的32.8%;其次为蔬菜类、水果类、畜禽肉类、大豆及坚果类、蛋类、油类、奶及奶制品类、水产类和盐类,分别占食物摄入总量的26.1%、18.1%、8.3%、5.3%、4.0%、2.3%、1.8%、1.0%和0.3%。工人对水、抗坏血酸、核黄素、维生素A、钾、钙、硒的摄入低于高温作业建议摄入量(均P0.05),分别占高温作业建议摄入量的32.5%~49.4%、56.7%~78.5%、52.2%~70.6%、51.0%、76.6%~89.1%、64.6%、95.9%;Ⅳ级高温作业工人水的摄入量高于Ⅲ级高温作业工人(P0.05)。高温作业工人的抗坏血酸、钾、钠、维生素A、锌、核黄素、铁、钙的缺乏率分别为95.6%、57.1%、42.0%、41.1%、38.5%、31.9%、31.0%、26.1%。Ⅳ级高温作业工人的核黄素、钾、钠、钙、铁、锌的体内缺乏率高于Ⅲ级高温作业工人(均P0.05)。[结论]钢铁厂高温作业工人水、抗坏血酸、核黄素、维生素A、钾、钙、硒的摄入不足;95.6%工人体内抗坏血酸缺乏,维生素A、钾、钠的体内缺乏率均在40%以上。需要对高温作业工人进行营养指导以改善其膳食结构,并根据高温作业等级进行工间液体补充。     

矿工如何度干渴

现代医学研究表明:随着环境温度的增高,人体可能出现一系列的生理变化。因此,在高温季节,除重视改善作业环境条件外,还必须对高温作业人员的饮食加以科学调整,使人体更好地适应高温条件下的活动。在常温时,成人每昼夜进水量与出水量大致相等,约为2.5升左右。在高温环境中,人体有大量汗液排出,当作业场所的温度超过35℃,并存在较强     

夏天吃B族 缓解不舒服

正苦夏来临,许多人都会大量出汗,出汗不仅丢失钾、钠等无机盐,更会丢失大量B族维生素,高温带来的基础代谢增加也会增加B族维生素消耗。维生素B1丢失,胃肠蠕动缓慢、腺体分泌减少,食欲降低;维生素B6丢失影响γ氨基丁酸的合成,影响情绪镇定,从而易引起焦躁失眠;维生素B2丢失会影响能量代谢过程,引起疲乏无力。因此缓解夏季各种不适,从补充B族维生素开始。     

煤矿井下工人营养与水盐代谢的调查

对煤矿井下工人营养状况与水盐代谢情况的调查结果表明,工人膳食中热能、钙、锌和VB2、VC的摄取量不足。在热环境下劳动,大量排汗是体内无机元素钠、钾、钙等丢失的重要原因,应采取合理的补充措施,否则易导致机体内稳态失调与一系列功能障碍。     

有些疾病食物也可对付

呕吐和番茄呕吐会造成体内钾、钙、钠等电解质大量流失,对肌体产生不良影响,故呕吐后一定要及时补充电解质。最简单的方法是饮用些番茄汁,因为番茄汁含丰富的钾、钙、钠等成分。     

LOSS OF NUTRIENTS THROUGH THE SKIN

Healthy young men exposed to conditions of warm temperature, high humidity, and physical activity may excrete surprisingly large quantities of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron in sweat. Under certain conditions, these losses can result in negative balances.     

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE ELDERLY

The literature hsa been reviewed in an attempt to answer some of the questions related to the nutritional requirements of the elderly. Calories, protein, amino acids, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins A, B, C, D, calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, and fluid studies in the elderly are summarized. Nutritional recommendations are included.     

低钠盐膳食的研究

作者以34名医科大学生和26名原发性高血压患者为对象,观察食用低钠盐膳食四周前后血钠、钾及24小时尿钠、钾的排出量以及血压、脉博等变化。试验期间,保证受试者热能、蛋白质供给充裕,限制食用普通食盐饮食。结果表明,食低钠盐膳食四周后,所有受试者血清钠下降,钾增加,差异显著,但均在生理允许范围内波动;24小时尿钠排出量下降、钾排出量增加,钠/钾比值明显降低;收缩压、舒张压均有所下降;脉搏实验前后无明显变化;体重正常人实验后多数略有增高,而高血压病人,则均下降1—3kg。提示普通盐膳食体内高钠低钾环境明显,食用低钠盐膳食后可以改善并能降低血压。     

维生素B_(12)与叶酸对辐射损伤的效应研究——四.大鼠的体重、白细胞数和死亡率

雄性大鼠分别全身一次照射800、850与875rad。分组在照射后不同时期注射或不注射抗菌素的条件下给与治疗剂量的维生素B_(12)和叶酸,其中有的组还给与大量的维生素C。主要结果为:(1)使用相当正常需要量200倍的维生素B_(12)和叶酸对于800rad照射后大鼠的死亡率、死亡动物活存日数和体重的影响与10倍量的维生素相比较并无明显差别,但是前者的第1～30天死亡率显著地较对照为低。(2)使用大量维生素C并未增加维生素B_(12)和叶酸对850rad所致急性辐射损伤的疗效。(3)850rad照射后使用抗菌素并在第7～25日使用大量的维生素B_(12)与叶酸对大鼠体重恢复的效应比单用抗菌素或维生素为佳。(4)在800,850与875rad照射后不同时期使用大量的维生素B_(12)和叶酸不能显著降低第1～40天的死亡率,但是在体重、白细胞数与死亡动物活存日数的方面,照射后不同时期使用大量维生素B_(12)和叶酸的效果是不同的,如800与850rad照射后第7～25日给与维生素B_(12)和叶酸的大鼠体重恢复程度较第1～25日给与维生素的大鼠为高;875rad照射后第1～25日给与维生素B_(12)和叶酸,其死亡动物的活存日数较第7～25日或第15～25日给与维生素的大鼠为少,而且第15～25日给与维生素B_(12)和叶酸的大鼠白细胞恢复程度较第1～25日或第7～25日给与维生素的     

低聚葡萄糖的评价和应用

作者研制了一种低聚葡萄糖,主要由麦芽糖至麦芽第七糖组成。25％水溶液的pH为6.5,渗透压275mOsm/kgH_2O,可大量使用而无副作用。食品卫生学、毒理学、营养学的评价说明安全无毒,产生的能量可被机体很好地利用。9人6天以此作碳水化物的来源,提供总能量的62.5％,可保持体重和体力劳动能力,不影响维生素B_2和C的吸收。适用于经肠营养制剂、方便饮食、婴儿、儿童及老年人食物。     

Calcium from plant sources is beneficial to lowering the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Korean women

Osteoporosis, which has become a serious public health concern, is influenced by diet, especially calcium intake. Dairy products are a good source of calcium, but plant calcium may also be important in populations that do not consume a large amount of milk. The purpose of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that calcium from vegetable sources is associated with osteoporosis risk and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women with osteoporosis and age-matched controls (N = 144). The results of multivariate-adjusted regression analyses indicated that the intake of calcium, plant calcium, potassium, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B₁, niacin, vitamin E, vitamin C, and vegetables was associated with significantly reduced risk of osteoporosis after adjusting for age, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and energy intake. In addition, intake of vegetables alone, as well as calcium, plant calcium, potassium, and antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene), which are abundant in vegetables, was significantly and positively associated with bone mineral density. However, in this population of low-dairy consumers, intake of calcium from meat and dairy products was not related to risk of osteoporosis and bone mineral density. Our results suggest that high dietary intake of calcium, especially plant calcium, reduces the risk of osteoporosis and increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women. Vegetables may be an important source of calcium and may also provide vitamins and minerals that exert additional beneficial effects on the bone.     

运动员减体重期服用强化剂效果的实验观察

运动员采用控制饮食为主的措施,在赛前2.59±0,43(2—4)日减轻体重3.17±0.73kg(2—5kg),减体重的量为其原体重的5.16±0.94％。这种快速的减体重措施可引起机体脱水、心血管负担加重、低血糖、尿酮体阳性、体蛋白耗损、无机盐和维生素丢失、血清白蛋白及白蛋白/球蛋白比例下降等不利于健康的因素,在一定程度上影响运动员的运动能力。 根据对运动员比赛期减体重的现场调研数据,参考国内外有关资料,设计了强化剂的配方,制成了一种提供热能444kcal、蛋白质23g、适量糖、多种无机盐和维生素的强化冲剂和一种肠溶复合无机盐片。在1980年4月-1981年5月的三次全国比赛及一次国际邀请赛中进行了试用。通过各项生理和代谢指标的观察和分析,效果如下: 1.减体重期内运动员服用强化剂基本上不影响减体重的效果和速度。 2.强化剂可予防减体重引起的过度脱水、尿酮症和低血糖。 3.强化剂具有减轻过度脱水引起心血管负担的作用。 4.强化剂补充了优质蛋白质,减少了体蛋白损耗,纠正了估测的负氮平衡和血清白蛋白及白蛋白/球蛋白比例的下降。 5.强化剂补充了多种无机盐和维生素。 减体重期运动员补充强化剂后,在一定程度上改善了体力,减少了比赛中肌肉抽搐和无力的发生,促进了运动成绩的提高。运动员反映快速减体重期服用     

Nutrition and blood pressure among elderly men and women (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System)

Associations between blood pressure and nutrition-related variables (body mass index, dietary intake, and 24-hr excretion of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in the urine) were investigated in men (n = 138) and women (n = 117) 65-79 years old not using drugs known to affect blood pressure and not on a diet. Among men, body mass index was positively and creatinine clearance was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure, whereas body mass index and urinary sodium:potassium ratio were positively associated with diastolic blood pressure. Among women, both age and urinary calcium:creatinine ratio were positively associated with systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure. Coffee consumption was positively correlated with blood pressure and urinary calcium:creatinine ratio among the women. From the results it appears that, besides "normal" weight, increased potassium intake and urinary excretion may exert a protective effect among elderly men against hypertension when sodium exposure is relatively high. The positive association between urinary calcium:creatinine ratio and blood pressure among the women may be partly due to coffee consumption.     

军用固体运动饮料对热习服动物心肌损伤的保护作用

目的：观察军用固体运动饮料对热习服动物心肌损伤的保护作用,旨在为应用提供依据。方法：观察日本大耳白兔在热应激和热习服时的心肌酶谱等指标及胃饲饮料时的变化。结果：（１）热习且动物心肌有明显损伤,心肌酶谱且明显升高,并伴有血钾升高、血钙及血糖降低;（２０饮料热习服组心肌酶谱与对照组接近,而血钙及血钾异常程度较轻;（３）饮料热习服组动物基础体温明显低于未服饮料组;（４）饮料热习服组受热时体温升高幅度低于     

Blood pressure and urinary cations in urban Bantu of Zaire

The 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium and their relationship to arterial blood pressure were investigated from December 1983 to May 1984 in a 10% random sample (n = 666) of urban Bantu of Kinshasa, Za?re. In youths aged 10-19 years, blood pressure averaged 109/60 mmHg, and the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium averaged 84 mmol, 30 mmol, 483 mumol, and 2 mmol, respectively. After adjustment for age and body weight, a weak positive association became apparent between diastolic pressure and the urinary sodium to potassium ratio in girls and all youths. In adults aged greater than or equal to 20 years, blood pressure averaged 124/72 mmHg, and the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium averaged 87 mmol, 33 mmol, 828 mumol, and 1.88 mmol, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age, body weight, and pulse rate in all adults, systolic pressure was significantly and positively correlated with urinary sodium excretion and negatively correlated with urinary potassium excretion, while diastolic pressure was weakly associated with urinary calcium excretion. In women, an independent and significant association was also observed between systolic pressure and 24-hour urinary sodium. When instead of the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium, the sodium to potassium ratio was considered as an independent variable in multiple regression analysis, both systolic and diastolic pressure were independently and positively related to the sodium to potassium ratio in all adults. These results indicate that in this urban Bantu population, age and body weight are the major predictors of systolic pressure in youths and the major predictors of both systolic and diastolic pressure in adults. The sodium to potassium ratio did contribute to the prediction of blood pressure in girls and when, in youths as well as in adults, both sexes were considered together. Urinary calcium was associated with diastolic pressure only in all adults.