胸外科护士绩效分层量化考核方案的实施

目的探讨胸外科护士绩效分层量化考核的方法与效果。方法将科室护士分为N1~N3三个级别,用不同的评价指标评价其工作,一年1次层级晋聘;分别制订初级、中级、高级护士工作绩效考核表进行分类考核;依据月绩效考核成绩进行月绩效工资分配。结果实施新的绩效考核方案后,护理质量提高,护士工作满意度显著提升(P0.01)。结论分层量化考核方法具有指导性与激励性;激发了护理人员的主观能动性和对工作的满意度;节约了管理成本;提高了护理质量。     

股份制医院临床一线护理人员薪酬激励方法

目的探讨股份制医院临床一线护理人员薪酬激励方法及效果。方法通过提高临床护理人员夜班补贴,对非事业编制临床一线护理人员激励转正,临床与非临床科室护理人员薪酬拉开差距等方法激励护理人员。结果实施薪酬激励方法后,临床一线护理人员的工作稳定性较实施前显著提高(均P0.05);护理不良事件发生率及节假日、夜班护理不良事件发生率较实施前降低。结论薪酬激励提高了临床一线护理人员的工作稳定性,减少了护理不良事件发生,有利于优质护理工作的开展。     

短板理论促进护理管理持续改善的实践

目的探讨运用短板理论进行护理管理体系重建和流程再造以达到促进护理管理持续改善的效果。方法运用精细化管理的ORTCC理论模型寻找医院护理管理体系中的短板,改善"目标、规则、训练、考核、文化"5个系统中存在系统化和细化的问题,重建医院护理管理体系,落实标准化护理工作流程和各护理岗位规范化工作程序,逐步实施同质化护理服务。结果管理前(2012年)和管理后(2013年)医院护理质量与安全管理年终考核平均分分别为89.40、93.10分,患者对护理工作满意率分别为88.74%、92.25%;护士对护理工作满意率分别为83.27%、91.12%。结论护理管理体系的最短木板是整体绩效的决定因素,补齐短板是提升整体绩效的关键要素,短板的存在和不断变化要求改善绩效必须是持续的,短板的加长赋予整体绩效改善以必然。     

层次分析法在护理人员绩效评价指标体系构建中的应用

目的构建医院护理人员的绩效评价指标体系。方法运用文献综述法、德尔菲法选择评价指标,运用层次分析法确定各指标的权重。结果构建的护理人员绩效评价指标体系包括工作能力、工作数量、工作质量、工作态度和工作行为5个方面,其权重分别是0.2665、0.0921、0.4435、0.1280、0.0699。结论层次分析法的运用为客观、准确地评价护理人员的工作绩效提供了一种新的思路和方法 ,通过该方法构建的指标体系适应范围较广,适应性较强,对护理人员的绩效评价更具科学性和合理性。     

短板理论促进护理管理持续改善的实践

目的探讨运用短板理论进行护理管理体系重建和流程再造以达到促进护理管理持续改善的效果。方法运用精细化管理的0RTcc理论模型寻找医院护理管理体系中的短板，改善“目标、规则、训练、考核、文化”5个系统中存在系统化和细化的问题，重建医院护理管理体系，落实标准化护理工作流程和各护理岗位规范化工作程序，逐步实施同质化护理服务。结果管理前（2012年）和管理后（2013年）医院护理质量与安全管理年终考核平均分分别为89．40、93．10分，患者对护理工作满意率分别为88．74％、92．25％；护士对护理工作满意率分别为83．27％、91．12％。结论护理管理体系的最短木板是整体绩效的决定因素，补齐短板是提升整体绩效的关键要素，短板的存在和不断变化要求改善绩效必须是持续的，短板的加长赋予整体绩效改善以必然。     

护理单元绩效考核指标体系的构建

目的构建护理单元绩效考核指标体系,以便探索科学有效的护理管理模式,提高管理效应,激发护理人员的工作积极性。方法由课题组成员初步构建护理单元绩效考核指标体系草案,采用Delphi法对20名专家进行3轮咨询,采取层次分析法对各指标的权重进行定量和定性分析。结果获得包括3个一级指标、10个二级指标及89个三级指标的护理单元绩效考核指标体系;专家权威系数、判断系数、熟悉程度均为0.87;专家积极性为90%～100%;一级指标、二级指标的协调系数分别为0.42、0.37(均P<0.01)。结论护理单元绩效考核指标体系的构成合理,可信度高,可用于护理单元工作绩效的评定。     

消毒供应中心绩效分配考核体系的建立与应用

目的建立和实施绩效分配考核体系,激励消毒供应中心工作人员的积极性和提高医疗用品消毒供应质量。方法制定由个人基础系数、各岗位系数、个人学习笔记、工作质量考核成绩、三基考核成绩、科研完成情况、医院及上级部门奖励及处罚7个方面构成的绩效分配考核体系,于消毒供应中心实施12个月后评价效果。结果绩效分配考核体系实施后消毒供应中心的工作质量、管理质量均有不同程度提高;临床科室满意度显著高于实施前(P<0.01)。结论绩效分配考核体系的建立与实施可有效提高消毒供应中心工作质量和管理水平,提高临床科室满意度。     

临床护士绩效考核指标体系的构建研究

目的初步在医院护理管理层面构建一套科学、合理的临床护士绩效考核指标体系。方法以绩效管理理论、胜任特征理论、绩效结构理论为理论基础,采用文献法、深入访谈法、德尔菲法进行指标的筛选;采用改进的Saaty权重法和重要性程度赋值法确定指标的权重。结果函询专家的积极程度、权威程度、专家意见的集中程度及协调程度均较高,最终构建了含3个Ⅰ级指标、9个Ⅱ级指标、24个Ⅲ级指标、88个Ⅳ级指标的临床护士绩效考核指标体系,并确定了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级指标的权重。结论构建的临床护士绩效考核指标体系具有一定的科学性及可靠性,可为护理管理人员构建具有专科护理特点的、各层级护理人员的绩效考核指标体系提供借鉴,为护理绩效管理的实施奠定基础。     

Construction of a performance evaluation index system for nursing units

目的 构建护理单元绩效考核指标体系,以便探索科学有效的护理管理模式,提高管理效应,激发护理人员的工作积极性.方法 由课题组成员初步构建护理单元绩效考核指标体系草案,采用Delphi法对20名专家进行3轮咨询,采取层次分析法对各指标的权重进行定量和定性分析.结果 获得包括3个一级指标、10个二级指标及89个三级指标的护理单元绩效考核指标体系;专家权威系数、判断系数、熟悉程度均为0.87;专家积极性为90％～100％;一级指标、二级指标的协调系数分别为0.42、0.37(均P＜0.01).结论 护理单元绩效考核指标体系的构成合理,可信度高,可用于护理单元工作绩效的评定.     

Establishment and application of a performance-based allocation system in sterilization and supply center

目的 建立和实施绩效分配考核体系,激励消毒供应中心工作人员的积极性和提高医疗用品消毒供应质量.方法 制定由个人基础系数、各岗位系数、个人学习笔记、工作质量考核成绩、三基考核成绩、科研完成情况、医院及上级部门奖励及处罚7个方面构成的绩效分配考核体系,于消毒供应中心实施12个月后评价效果.结果 绩效分配考核体系实施后消毒供应中心的工作质量、管理质量均有不同程度提高;临床科室满意度显著高于实施前(P＜0.01).结论 绩效分配考核体系的建立与实施可有效提高消毒供应中心工作质量和管理水平,提高临床科室满意度.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.