老年收缩期高血压不同糖耐量水平时的大动脉僵硬度

目的探讨老年收缩期高血压病人糖代谢异常时对大动脉僵硬度是否有叠加作用。方法老年收缩期高血压病人132例进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验,按WHO标准分为糖耐量正常组(NGT),糖耐量/空腹血糖受损(IGT/IFG)组,糖尿病(DM)组。同期21例健康老年人为对照组。彩色超声仪检测颈总动脉内膜中膜厚度(IMT),收缩期内径(Ds),舒张期内径(Dd),计算弹性内径(ΔD=Ds-Dd),动脉弹性系数(DC),动脉顺应性系数(CC),僵硬指数(SI),弹性模量(EP)。结果收缩期高血压病人IMT,Ds,Dd显著高于健康对照组。由NGT组向IGT/IFG及DM发展,IMT、SI、EP逐渐增加,而DC,CC逐渐下降。多元逐步回归证明在无血糖紊乱的老年单纯收缩期高血压病人中,脉压与年龄是大动脉僵硬度增加的主要决定因素,而伴有糖耐量异常,糖尿病时,则餐后2h血糖与糖化血红蛋白也成了危险因素。结论在收缩期高血压病人伴随糖代谢异常时,动脉弹性进一步下降,动脉僵硬度明显增加,顺应性下降,在治疗高血压的同时,应当加强对血糖控制。     

中老年人群糖代谢异常的临床特点分析

目的:探讨中老年人群糖代谢异常的分布情况及其临床特点。方法:测定951例年龄≥45岁人群的身高、体重、腰围、臀围,计算体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR);口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验确定其糖代谢状态,测定血脂、空腹及餐后2h血浆血糖和血清胰岛素水平,用稳态模型评估法(HOMA)计算胰岛素抵抗(IR)指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛细胞功能指数(HOMA-β),进行组间比较。结果:①糖耐量正常者(NGT)占53.00%,单纯糖耐量异常(IGT)占25.34%;空腹血糖受损(IFG)占5.15%;IFG合并IGT占3.79%;糖尿病(DM)占12.72%;②IGT、IFG+IGT、DM患者的年龄、血压、脉压、BMI显著高于NGT和IFG者;WHR值按NGT、IFG→IGT→IFG+IGT、DM的顺序依次增高(P<0.05);IGT、IFG+IGT、DM者的三酰甘油(TG)水平高于NGT者(P<0.05),其中隐性糖尿病(LDM)和显性糖尿病(ODM)患者的TG水平又显著高于IFG者(P<0.05);③IR的程度按NGT、IGT→IFG→LDM→IFG+IGT→ODM的顺序依次升高;除IGT外,其他糖代谢异常的IR程度均显著高于NGT(P<0.05);HOMA-β按IGT、NGT→LDM→IFG+IGT→IFG→ODM的顺序依次降低;各组中以ODM的IR最高,基础胰岛素分泌功能最差。结论:中老年人群的糖代谢异常的患病率高,应重视对餐后血糖的检测,合并有中心性肥胖、高血压等危险因素者建议做口服葡萄糖耐量试验以明确诊断。中老年人群中糖代谢异常者普遍存在IR及胰岛β细胞分泌功能不足。     

老年冠心病患者合并糖代谢异常临床观察研究

目的 分析糖代谢异常对老年冠心病患者的影响,探讨餐后2 h血糖检测的重要性.方法 随机选择经冠脉造影确诊的老年冠心病患者172例,取清晨空腹及餐后2 h血糖值后将患者分为糖尿病(DM)组,糖耐量减低(IGT)组,空腹血糖受损(IFG)组和糖耐量正常(NGT)组,比较4组的危险因素及冠脉造影结果.结果 DM组58例(33.72%),IGT组56例(32.56%),IFG组10例(5.81%),NGT组48例(27.91%).前3组弥漫性病变率、合并血脂异常高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 老年冠心病合并糖代谢异常患者多支病变及弥漫性病变率高,容易合并其他危险因素,餐后2 h血糖测定可提高该类患者检出率.     

2型糖尿病前期人群颈动脉病变与胰岛素抵抗的相关性分析

将138例28～69岁非糖尿病个体根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)分为4组,比较各组间颈动脉内-中膜厚度和胰岛素抵抗指数的关系。结果 IFG组、IGT组和IFG+IGT组的TG、FPG、FIns、HOMA-IR均较NGT组显著增高;IFG组、IGT组和IFG+IGT组的IMT依次递增,后两组的IMT较NGT组增厚明显。结论糖耐量减低人群和同时有糖耐量减低和空腹血糖受损人群的颈动脉病变与胰岛素抵抗呈正相关。     

老年高血压合并糖尿病前期患者肱动脉内皮功能及颈动脉内膜中层厚度变化的研究

目的探讨老年糖尿病前期患者肱动脉内皮功能及颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)的变化。方法选择老年高血压合并糖尿病前期患者143例,根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)结果,分为OGTT正常组(NGT组)32例、单纯空腹血糖受损组(IFG组)35例、单纯OGTT受损组(IGT组)40例和IFG合并IGT组(IGR组)36例。检测4组患者的血脂、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、胱抑素C、OGTT 2h血糖(2hPG)、2h胰岛素(2hINS)以及肱动脉内皮功能和IMT。应用多元逐步回归分析内皮依赖性舒张功能(EDD)和IMT的影响因素。结果与NGT组比较,IFG组、IGT组及IGR组IMT升高[(0.98±0.15)mm、(0.99±0.14)mm、(0.99±0.16)mmvs(0.83±0.13)mm,P<0.05],EDD减低[(6.45±0.92)%、(5.60±0.95)%、(4.85±0.86)%vs(7.46±0.96)%,P<0.05,P<0.01]。IFG组、IGT组及IGR组EDD比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论老年糖尿病前期患者的肱动脉EDD减低,颈动脉IMT增加。     

不同方法评估不同糖代谢人群胰岛素抵抗结果的分析

目的探讨临床工作中不同糖代谢状态下不同胰岛素抵抗评估方法的可靠性。方法对25~73岁的正常糖耐量(NGT)者448例;空腹血糖受损(IFG)者56例;糖耐量受损(IGT)者197例;IFG合并IGT(IFG+IGT)者63例;糖尿病(DM)患者225例,采用以下6种方法评估不同糖代谢状态下胰岛素抵抗程度:(1)OGTT计算胰岛素敏感指数;(2)HOMA-IR;(3)李光伟胰岛素敏感指数[1/(FINS×FPG)];(4)胰岛素曲线下面积(AUCinsulin);(5)葡萄糖曲线下面积/胰岛素曲线下面积比值(AUCglucose/AUCinsulin);(6)空腹血糖/空腹胰岛素比值(FPG/FINS)。结果OGTT计算胰岛素敏感指数、HOMA-IR以及1/(FINS×FPG)显示,IFG、IFG+IGT、IGT、DM组胰岛素抵抗显著高于NGT(P<0.05),而DM组显著高于NGT、IFG、IFG+IGT、IGT组(P<0.05);AUCinsulin显示,IGT组胰岛素抵抗显著高于NGT、IFG、IFG+IGT、DM组(P<0.05),而DM组显著低于NGT、IFG、IFG+IGT、IGT组(P<0.05);AUCglucose/AUCinsulin、FPG/FINS显示,NGT、IFG、IFG+IGT、IGT四组患者之间胰岛素抵抗差异无显著性(P>0.05),而DM组显著高于NGT、IFG、IFG+IGT、IGT组(P<0.05)。结论OGTT计算胰岛素敏感指数、1/(FINS×FPG)与HOMA-IR得出结果基本一致,并且OGTT计算胰岛素敏感指数可以分辨不同糖调节异常状态下胰岛素抵抗程度;AUCinsulin、AUCglucose/AUCinsulin、FPG/FINS不能准确分辨不同糖代谢人群胰岛素抵抗程度。     

不同糖代谢水平动态血糖谱的差异

目的研究不同糖代谢水平血糖谱差异,以便指导干预时机的选择。方法对糖耐量正常（NGT）、空腹血糖受损（IFG）、餐后血糖受损（IGT）、IFG＋IGT及新诊断T2DM患者的72小时动态血糖监测血糖谱进行分析。结果IFG＋IGT组血糖水平及血糖漂移显著高于NGT、IFG、IGT组（P〈0．05）。新诊断T2DM组血糖水平显著高于NGT、IFG、IGT、IFG＋IGT组（P均〈0．05）。新诊断T2DM组餐后及日内血糖漂移与IFG＋IGT组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论（1）随着糖代谢异常的加重,血糖水平升高,血糖漂移程度增加;（2）IFG＋IGT阶段应积极干预。     

老年糖尿病前期患者胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞分泌功能

目的:研究老年空腹血糖异常(IFG)和糖耐量低减(IGT)患者的胰岛素抵抗(IR)和胰岛β细胞分泌功能。方法:将84例老年患者分为正常血糖组(NGT)、IGT组、IFG组和IGT与IFG重叠组(IFG/IGT),测定患者的空腹及餐后2h血糖和胰岛素,计算胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI)、胰岛β细胞分泌指数(HBCI)并进行对比性分析。结果:与NGT组比较IFG、IGT及IFG/IGT组的餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、空腹及餐后2h胰岛素(2hINS)水平均显著升高(P<0.01),但ISI均显著下降(P<0.01),IGT与IFG/IGT组HBCI明显降低(P<0.05);与IFG组比较IGT与IFG/IGT组FPG、2hPG、2hINS水平显著升高,HBCI明显下降(P<0.05~<0.01)。结论:IFG、IGT及IFG/IGT患者均存在明显IR,而胰岛β细胞分泌功能下降在IGT及IFG/IGT组患者明显。     

不同糖耐量冠心病患者炎症因子水平与动脉硬化程度及胰岛素抵抗的研究

目的 探讨不同糖耐量水平及炎症因子对动脉粥样硬化(AS)形成的影响.方法 选择2004年5月-2006年5月该院住院患者,经冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病患者300例,均进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),分为糖耐量正常(NGT)组、单纯空腹血糖受损(IFG)组、单纯糖耐量受损(IGT)组、空腹血糖受损合并糖耐量受损(IFG/IGT组)、糖尿病(DM)组5组,均测血清超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、空腹血糖(FPG),血胰岛素(INS)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C),用Fridewald 公式计算低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C).口服75 g葡萄粉0.5和2 h后测血糖、血INS,计算胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)、△I30/△G30、李氏B细胞胰岛素分泌指数(MBCI);同时对5组冠脉造影结果进行分析.结果 体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、TG、TC、LDL-C在5组中依次升高,HDL-C在5组中依次降低,IFG组、IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组4组BMI、WHR、SBP、DBP、TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C与NGT组比较差异显著.IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组SBP、DBP、TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C与IFG组比较差别显著.IFG组、IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组的FPG 0.5、1 h、空腹血胰岛素(Fins)、0.5 hINS、ISI、△I30/△G30与NGT组比较差别显著;IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组3组PBG2h明显高于IFG组;IGT组、IFG/IGT组两组2 hINS水平明显高于IFG组;IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组3组李氏B细胞胰岛素分泌指数(MBCI)明显低于NGT组和IFG组,NGT组和IFG组两组MBCI差别不显著.IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组3组hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α明显高于NGT组,IFG组与NGT组差别无统计学意义.IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组3组冠状动脉1支病变发生率明显低于NGT组和IFG组;IGT组、IFG/IGT组、DM组3组2支病变和3支病变发生率明显高于NGT组和IFG组,NGT组和IFG组冠状动脉病变发生率差别不显著.结论 炎症反应参与了从FPG异常、糖耐量异常到DM的发展过程.冠心病合并IGT、IFG/IGT、DM时较合并NGT和IFG者有更严重的冠状动脉病变发生率.     

不同糖代谢状态人群胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能研究

目的探讨从正常糖耐量到糖尿病(DM)不同糖代谢水平,胰岛素抵抗(IR)与胰岛β细胞功能的演变.方法青岛市区30～74岁的正常糖耐量(NGT)447例;空腹血糖受损(IFG)142例;糖耐量受损(IGT)93例;IFG合并IGT(IFG+IGT)42例;新诊DM 153例.采用HOMA-IR评价IR,HOMA-β、ΔI30/ΔG30分别评价基础状态下及糖负荷后的早期胰岛β细胞功能.结果 IFG组HOMA-IR为1.14±0.06,明显高于NGT组的0.93±0.03(P＜0.05),IFG组HOMA-β为4.53±0.06,低于NGT组5.10±0.04(P＜0.05),两组间△I30/△G30差异无显著性(4.86±0.11 vs 4.99±0.11);IGT组HOMA-IR为1.12±0.07,明显高于NGT(P＜0.05),两组间HOMA-β差异无显著性,IGT组△I30/△G30 为4.62±0.14,低于NGT组的4.99±0.11(P＜0.05);DM组HOMA-IR为1.55±0.05,明显高于NGT、IGT和IFG组(P＜0.05),DM组HOMA-β和△I30/△G30 分别为3.94±0.06、3.93±0.12,明显低于其他各组(P＜0.05),DM组基础与糖负荷后的胰岛β细胞功能均明显受损.结论 IFG患者主要表现β细胞功能缺陷,IGT为胰岛素早期分泌受损,DM患者兼有严重的IR和β细胞缺陷.从NGT到DM,随着糖代谢的不断恶化,IR逐渐加重,胰岛β细胞功能进行性减退,最终发生胰岛β细胞功能衰竭.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.