槲皮素降低大鼠心率和心肌钙振荡频率和抑制小鼠心肌肥厚

目的 研究槲皮素对心肌兴奋收缩耦联及构型重建的影响。方法 经动脉插管记录大鼠血流动力学,缩窄小鼠腹主动脉致心肌肥厚;检测Ｆｕｒａ２－ＡＭ负载的培养大鼠心肌细胞内游离钙（Ｃａ＾２＋）ｉ及钙振荡。结果：槲皮素剂量相关地降低大量窦性心率,而动脉血压,左室压及其微分改变轻微;１０－２５０μｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１时浓度依赖性降低培养心肌血发钙振荡频率,１００μｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１时预防异丙肾上腺素及哇巴因加速钙振荡频     

前胡丙素对分离的成年鼠正常及肥厚心室肌细胞内游离钙的影响(英文)

目的:研究分离的成年大鼠正常及肥厚左室肌细胞[Ca~(2 )]_i及前胡丙素的作用.方法:用Fura 2-AM测定单细胞[Ca~(2 )]_i.结果:外钙为1.0mmol·L~(-1)时,正常左室肌细胞静息钙87±4 nmol·L~(-1),肥厚细胞123±7 nmol·L~(-1).肥厚心肌细胞中,加入KCl 20,40,60 mmol·L~(-1),[Ca~(2 )]_i增加29％,78％和185％,幅度高于正常细胞.前胡丙素1,10,100 μmol·L~(-1)浓度依赖地抑制KCl及去甲肾上腺素诱导[Ca~(2 )]_i增加.作用与硝苯啶相似.结论:肥厚心肌细胞静息钙高于正常细胞;前胡丙素抑制激动剂引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i升高源于其钙通道阻断作用.     

小檗胺对高钾、去甲肾上腺素及咖啡因引起大鼠心肌细胞内钙动员的拮抗作用(英文)

目的:研究小檗胺(Ber)对氯化钾、NE及咖啡因引起大鼠培养心肌细胞[Ca~(2 )]_i动员的影响,方法:Fluo 3-AM负载后,共聚焦法测定心肌细胞[Ca~(2 )]_i荧光强度的变化。结果:Ber对心肌细胞静息[Ca~(2 )]_i水平无影响,但可剂量依赖性地抑制KCl60mmol·L~(-1)及NE 30 μmol·L~(-1)引起的内钙动员(P<0.01),此作用与维拉帕米相似.Egtazic acid3 mmol·L~(-1)并不能增强Ber对NE引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i升高的抑制作用,无外钙时,咖啡因80-160μmol·L~(-1)的[Ca~(2 )]_i动员不受Ber的影响(P>0.05),结论:Ber与维拉帕米相似,对大鼠心肌细胞靠电压依赖性和受体操纵性钙通道而升高的胞[Ca~(2 )]_i有拮抗作用,并不影响[Ca~(2 )]_i释放。     

TMB-8抑制神经递质引起的单个脑细胞内游离钙的升高(英文)

目的:研究TMB-8对神经递质引起的单个脑细胞内游离钙升高的作用。方法:应用AR-CM-MIC阳离子测定系统测定游离大鼠单个脑细胞内钙离子浓度。结果:当细胞外液Ca~(2 )浓度为1.3mmol·L~(-1)时,TMB-8 30μmol·L~(-1)能降低谷氨酸,组织胺,5-羟色胺引起的脑[Ca~(2 )]_i浓度的升高。而当细胞外液无钙时,TMB-8能降低细胞内静息[Ca~(2 )]_i;TMB-8 10μmol·L~(-1)则几乎完全抑制了组织胺和5-羟色胺引起的脑[Ca~(2 )]_i升高作用。结论:TMB-8能降低谷氨酸,组织胺,5-羟色胺引起的脑[Ca~(2 )]_i升高。     

尼卡地平升高小鼠胸腺细胞胞浆钙浓度(英文)

研究尼卡地平(nicardipine,Nic)对小鼠胸腺细胞胞浆钙浓度([Ca~(2 )]_i)及增殖的影响.方法:用Fura-2掺入细胞的荧光测定法测定[ca~(2 )]_i;用[~3H]thymidine掺入法测定胸腺淋巴细胞的增殖.结果:无论在含Ca~(2 )或无Ca~(2 )介质中,Nic 1—30 μmol·L~(-1),以浓度依赖的方式升高静息胸腺细胞的[Ca~(2 )]_i.丝裂原Con A 5 mg·L~(-1)也从细胞内库释放Ca~(2 ),而Nic抑制Con A引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i升高.在上述升高[Ca~(2 )]_i的浓度中,Nic不刺激静息胸腺淋巴细胞增殖,但显著抑制Con A的增殖反应.结论:Nic升高[Ca~(2 )]_i,干扰了细胞Ca~(2 )稳态,因而抑制淋巴细胞对丝裂原的反应.     

大蒜新素对分离大鼠脑细胞内游离Ca~(2 )的影响

目的:观察大蒜新素对不同刺激剂所致分离大鼠脑细胞内游离钙的影响。方法:以Fura 2-AM为细胞内游离钙的荧光指示剂,用AR-CM-MIC阳离子测定系统,直接测定了分离新生大鼠脑细胞内游离钙([Ca~(2 )]_i)值,观察了大蒜新素的影响。结果:大蒜新素对脑细胞静息[Ca~(2 )]_i无明显影响,大蒜新素1-100μmol·L~(-1)能剂量依赖性地抑制高K~ 和谷氨酸引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i升高,其中IC_(50)分别为59.7和69.9μmol·L~(-1),高剂量大蒜新素100μmol·L~(-1)能抑制去甲肾上腺素引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i升高。结论:大蒜新素对高K~ 、去甲肾上腺素及谷氨酸引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i升高的抑制作用可能是其抗脑缺血作用机制之一。     

心肌肥厚时κ阿片受体介导的信号通路受损(英文)

目的:分离正常及慢性缺氧性有心肥厚的心室肌细胞,观察细胞内[Ca~(2 )]_i及细胞内pH_i对心肌к-阿片受体激动后的反应。方法:以fura-2和BCECF分别为[Ca~(2 )]_i和pH_i的指示剂,用光谱荧光法测定电刺激引起的细胞内[Ca~(2 )]_i瞬变及pH_i。结果:к阿片受体选择性激动剂U50,488H可降低电刺激引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i瞬变和增加pH_i,该作用是由蛋白激酶C(PKC)所介导。在肥厚的心室肌细胞,U50,488H的上述作用显著减弱。与此相对应,PKC的激动剂PMA引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i瞬变降低和pH_i的增加作用在肥厚的心室肌细胞亦消失。用NH_4Cl法观察Na~ -H~ 交换器的功能显示其在肥厚的心室肌细胞无明显改变。结论:心肌肥厚时к-阿片受体介导的信号通路受损,受损部位发生在PKC与效应器之间。     

甲基黄酮醇胺对分离的胎鼠脑细胞内游离钙浓度的影响(英文)

目的:观察甲基黄酮醇胺(MFA)对胎鼠脑细胞内游离钙浓度在静息以及激动剂存在时的作用。方法:用钙离子荧光染料Fura 2-AM负载后,测定分离的胎鼠脑细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca~(2 )]_i)及其变化。结果:在含钙1.3mmoL·L~(-1)的Hanks’液中,[Ca~(2 )]_i为197±20nmol·L~(-1)(n=44)。MFA0.15mmol·L~(-1)对静息脑细胞内钙浓度无明显影响。在细胞外钙1.3mmol·L~(-1)条件下,MFA(0.03—0.3 mmoL·L~(-1))浓度依赖性地抑制高钾去极化导致的[Ca~(2 )]_i升高,IC_(50)为0.14(95％可信限:0.05—0.42)mmoL·L~(-1)。在较高浓度时,MFA(0.15—0.3mmoL·L~(-1))也可抑制谷氨酸兴奋所引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i,IC_(50)为0.20(95％可信限:0.01—3.40)mmoL·L~(-1)。结论:MFA抑制高钾去极化引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i升高,在较高浓度时也拮抗谷氨酸兴奋所致的[Ca~(2 )]_i升高。     

L-焦谷氨酸对抗谷氨酸钠诱发的大鼠皮层神经元损伤

目的:在大鼠皮层神经元研究L-吡咯烷酮羧酸(L-PGA)对谷氨酸钠(Glu)诱发神经毒性的拮抗作用。方法:原代培养的皮层神经元取自16d龄的胎鼠,与Glu作用30分钟,24小时后测定神经元的存活及培养介质中亚硝酸盐的浓度;以Fura 2-AM为细胞内[Ca~(2 )]_i荧光探针,AR-CM-MIC阳离子测定系统测定[Ca~(2 )]_i。结果:L-PGA 10-80μmol·L~(-1)浓度依赖地抑制Glu 500μmol·L~(-1)引起的神经损伤,其IC_(50)为(41±9)μmol·L~(-1),95％可信区间:(30.3-54.7)μmol·L~(-1)。L-PGA也能浓度依赖地降低Glu引起的NO释放。L-PGA 1,3,10,30,100μmol·L~(-1)对Glu 100μmol·L~(-1)引起的[Ca~(2 )]_i升高的抑制率分别为20.5％,34.4％,47.7％,70.6％,80.4％。结论:L-PGA可能通过抑制NO形成或细胞内Ca~(2 )浓度的升高而拮抗Glu的神经毒性。     

新鲜分离的新生大鼠皮层神经元的钙振荡

目的:研究新鲜分离的新生大鼠皮层神经元胞内钙离子浓度([Ca~(2 )]_i)发生振荡的机制。方法:采用酶解结合机械分离法从6—7日龄大鼠分离皮层神经元,用M40钙离子测量系统(PTI)测量细胞内钙离子浓度的变化。用Fura-2作为钙离子指示剂。结果:在观察到的82个神经元细胞中,47个产生了自发钙振荡。自发钙振荡依赖于胞外钙离子浓度。去除外钙后自发钙振荡立即停止。四乙铵1mmol/L引起钙振荡振幅增大,频率变快。CsCl 1mmol/L主要引起频率增加。BaCl_2 1mmol/L可使振幅、频率增高,并有明显的高台样基线增加。结论:皮层神经元在无突触联系的情况下具有产生自发[Ca~(2 )]_i振荡的特性,K~ 通道在决定钙振荡的幅值和频率方面起重要作用。     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Metabolic interaction between imipramine and carbamazepine in vivo and in vitro in rats

Summary The pharmacokinetic consequences of the combination of carbamazepine with imipramine in male Wistar rats have been investigated. It was found that a 2-week treatment with the combination resulted in the increase of the concentrations of the parent compounds and a simultaneous decrease in their metabolites in blood plasma i.e. carbamazepine inhibited imipramine demethylation in the side chain while imipramine inhibited carbamazepine 10,11-epoxidation. The velocity of imipramine 2-hydroxylation and 10,11-epoxy-carbamazepine hydration did not seem to be changed by the combination. On the basis of studies in vitro it is concluded that the observed metabolic interaction between carbamazepine and imipramine is due to the competition of the drugs for the active centre of cytochrome P 450 and to a certain qualitative alteration of the enzyme by imipramine as can be deducted from the decrease of carbamazepine binding to the cytochrome. Send offprint requests to K. J. Netter     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85-100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85–100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.     

Penetration and action of edoxudine in vitro and in vivo

The penetration of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (edoxudine, Aedurid) from gel base with and without the addition of urea and other adjuvant has been studied in an in vitro model using guinea pig skin. The formulation of 3% edoxudine gel with 5% urea showed the best results. In vivo experiments on hairless mice infected intracutaneously with herpes simplex virus type 1 also showed this formulation's good efficacy as compared to other formulations.     

Buprenorphine and naloxone alone and in combination in opioid-dependent humans

Subjective, physiological and behavioral effects of subcutaneously administered hydromorphone (6 mg), naloxone (0.2 mg), buprenorphine (0.2 and 0.3 mg), and two buprenorphine-naloxone combinations (buprenorphine 0.2 mg plus naloxone 0.2 mg and buprenorphine 0.3 mg plus naloxone 0.2 mg) were assessed under double-blind conditions in six opioid-dependent volunteers. Physiologic measures and subject- and observer-rated behavioral responses were measured before dosing and for 120 min after drug administration. Hydromorphone decreased pupil diameter and respiration, increased blood pressure and increased scores on subjective measures indicating opioid-like effects. Buprenorphine given alone had no significant effect on any variable measured. Naloxone given alone produced opioid abstinence-like effects which were measurable on subject- and observer-rated behavioral measures and physiological measures. Buprenorphine in combination with naloxone somewhat attenuated the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal response. Overall, the naloxone-buprenorphine combinations produced effects which were qualitatively similar to the effects of naloxone alone, suggesting a low potential for abuse of the combination product by opioid-dependent individuals.Supported by a grant from Reckitt and Colman Pharmaceutical Division and USPHS Grants DA-00050 and DA-04089 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse     

Cadmium in milk and mammary gland in rats and mice

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the uptake of cadmium in mammary tissue, effects on milk secretion and composition, and lactational transport of cadmium to the sucklings. Cadmium exposure during lactation resulted in retention of cadmium in the mammary tissue in mice and rats. The uptake of cadmium in the mammary tissue was rapid, as shown in lactating mice by whole-body autoradiography 4 h after an intravenous injection of a tracer dose of (109)CdCl(2). Retention of cadmium in kidneys of suckling pups was observed in the autoradiograms at 7 days after exposure of the dams. Lactating rats were intravenously infused with (109)CdCl(2) in 0.9% saline via osmotic minipumps from day 3 to day 16 after parturition. The cadmium dose given was 0, 8.8, 62 and 300 microg Cd/kg body wt. per day. Plasma and milk were collected at day 10 and 16 after parturition. Plasma cadmium levels in dams increased from day 10 to day 16. Cadmium levels were higher in milk than in plasma, with milk/plasma ratios varying from 2 to 6. Zinc levels in milk were positively correlated to cadmium levels in milk (r(2)=0.26; P=0. 03). In milk, (109)Cd was distributed in fat (46-52%), casein fraction (40-46%), and whey fraction (6-8%). There was a high correlation between cadmium concentrations in pups' kidney and cadmium concentrations in dam's milk (r(2)=0.98; P < 0.001). Of the cadmium dose given to the dams <0.05% was retained in the litters on day 16 of lactation. No effects were observed due to cadmium exposure on body weight in pups or dams. Cadmium treatment did not cause any effect on the lactose or protein concentration in milk, the concentrations of DNA, RNA or the ratio RNA/DNA in the mammary gland. Histological evaluation of mammary tissue did not reveal any abnormalities at any dose level. (109)Cd was bound to metallothionein in mammary tissue. The fraction of radiolabelled cadmium bound to metallothionein increased in a dose-dependent manner in both the liver (88-98%) and mammary tissue (57-80%). The present results indicate a low transfer of cadmium to the suckling pup, which might be due to binding of cadmium to metallothionein in the mammary tissue. However, during the susceptible developmental period even a low cadmium exposure may be of concern.     

Circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum: roles in diagnosis and prognosis in diabetes and cancer

The presence of DNA and RNA circulating in human plasma and serum is described. The possible sources of the DNA/RNA in blood, their ability to enter other cells and to express in the recipient cells are discussed and the relationship with metastases considered. The possible role(s) of the DNA/RNA in clinical diagnosis, in monitoring treatment and in prognosis are considered for diabetes and oncology.     

SalB stimulates neurogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo

Aims： Previous studies suggested that Salvianolic acid B （SalB） has strong protective effect against cerebral ischemia. Recently, Sal B has been reported to enhance angiogenesis in vitro. Based on the information above, in this study we are interested in the effect of SalB on neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Methods：In vitro study, we used embryonic mouse （El6） primary cortical neural cultures. Neuron was recognized by anti-MAP2 with immunocytochemistry. Neurogenesis was tested with BrdU incorporation by ELSA method. SalB（ 10 -6 -10 -8M） or vehicle was added to the culture medium 24 hrs before BrdU addition. In vivo, middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） rats were used as focal cerebral ischemia model.