UPLC-MS/MS检测大鼠血浆中阿帕替尼的浓度及其药动学研究

目的 采用UPLC-MS/MS建立快速检测大鼠血浆中阿帕替尼浓度的方法,并应用于药动学研究。方法 大鼠血浆样本用乙腈沉淀蛋白,液质联用技术检测浓度,流动相为乙腈-水（含0.1%甲酸）,梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃,内标为氯唑沙宗;质谱条件：电喷雾离子化源（ESI）,负离子监测模式,检测离子对阿帕替尼为m/z 396.2→210.0和m/z 396.2→158.0,氯唑沙宗m/z 168.0→132.0。结果 阿帕替尼和内标氯唑沙宗的保留时间分别为1.07 min和1.40 min,线性范围为10~2 000 ng·mL^-1（r²=0.993）,检测限为1 ng·mL^-1,准确度为90.65%~111.50%,基质效应为89.14%~104.65%,平均回收率>86%,日内、日间精密度RSD均<10%。常温下放置24 h、冻融2次和-80℃冻存30 d的RSD均<10%。药动学研究结果显示,大鼠单次灌胃阿帕替尼76.5 mg·kg^-1,AUC_（0-t）为（6 114.41±645.99）ng·mL^-1·h,CL_z/F为（12.21±1.08）L·h^-1·kg^-1,V_z/F为（75.70±38）L·kg^-1,T_1/2为（4.23±1.94）h,T_max为（2±0.71）h,C_max为（1 377.7±284.54）μg·L^-1。结论 该法操作简便,重复性好,准确可靠,适用于大鼠血浆中阿帕替尼的浓度检测及其药动学研究。     

青蒿琥酯自微乳在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的 建立大鼠血浆中青蒿琥酯的HPLC-MS/MS测定方法,并研究青蒿琥酯自微乳在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法 12只SD大鼠随机分为2组,单剂量分别灌胃（50 mg·kg^-1）青蒿琥酯自微乳和青蒿琥酯原料药,以格列吡嗪为内标,用LC-MS/MS测定给药后血浆中的药物浓度,并计算药动学参数。结果 青蒿琥酯血浆样品的线性范围为1.0~1 000.0 ng·mL^-1,回归方程为A=294.74C-439.33（r=0.999 6）,定量下限为1.0 ng·mL^-1。日内、日间变异系数（RSD）均<10%,符合生物样品的分析要求。青蒿琥酯原料药和青蒿琥酯自微乳的药动学参数C_max、t_1/2和AUC_0→t分别为：（87.6±8.80）ng·mL^-1,（1.88±0.33）h和（43.3±1.74）h·ng·mL^-1;（421±41.6）ng·mL^-1,（1.48±0.17）h和（282±17.7）h·ng·mL^-1。其中,C_max和AUC_0→t存在显著性差异（p<0.01）。结论 该方法简便灵敏,可用于血浆中青蒿琥酯的含量测定,经灌胃给药后,与原料药比较,青蒿琥酯自微乳能显著提高生物利用度。     

珍菊降压片在大鼠体内药动学研究

目的 建立同时测定大鼠血浆中芦丁和氢氯噻嗪的LC-MS/MS方法,并研究珍菊降压片在大鼠体内的药动学。方法 采用蛋白质沉淀法处理血浆样品,色谱柱为Pntulips BP-C₁₈柱（2.1 mm×50 mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-水梯度洗脱,柱温为30℃;流速为0.45 mL·min^-1。采用电喷雾离子源,选择离子反应监测模式。采用DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数。结果 方法学验证结果表明内源性杂质不干扰待测物和内标的测定,芦丁和氢氯噻嗪的线性范围分别为5~1 000 ng·mL^-1（r²=0.997 1）和2.5~500 ng·mL^-1（r²=0.995 8）。芦丁和氢氯噻嗪药动学参数：AUC_（0-t）为（107 157.31±38 056.63）,（130 387.28±46 306.69）ng·mL^-1·min^-1;T_1/2z为（108.65±20.95）,（240.86±46.44）min;T_max为（34.25±16.34）,（120.00±0.00）min;C_max为（683.44±254.03）,（368.45±136.95）ng·mL^-1。结论 该方法准确度、精密度、回收率和基质效应均符合生物基质样品测试要求,适用于珍菊降压片在大鼠体内的药动学研究。     

UHPLC-MS/MS同时检测大鼠血浆中5种CYP450探针药物

目的 采用UHPLC-MS/MS同时检测大鼠血浆中非那西丁、甲苯磺丁脲、奥美拉唑、美托洛尔、咪达唑仑的血药浓度。方法 血浆样品经乙腈沉淀,采用Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8 μm）;流动相为乙腈-含0.1%甲酸的水,梯度洗脱,流速为0.4 mL·min^-1。检测采用电喷雾离子源,多反应监测。非那西丁：[M+H]⁺,m/z 180.1→109.9;甲苯磺丁脲：[M+H]⁺,m/z 271.1→91.0;奥美拉唑：[M+H]⁺,m/z 346.1→135.9;美托洛尔：[M+H]⁺,m/z 268.2→115.0;咪达唑仑：[M+H]⁺,m/z 326.1→290.8;内标卡马西平：[M+H]⁺,m/z 237.1→194.0。6只♂ SD大鼠,单剂量口服灌胃10 mg·kg^-1非那西丁,1 mg·kg^-1甲苯磺丁脲,10 mg·kg^-1奥美拉唑,10 mg·kg^-1美托洛尔和10 mg·kg^-1咪达唑仑,分别在给药后多点尾静脉采血。用DAS计算药动学参数。结果 血浆中非那西丁、甲苯磺丁脲、奥美拉唑、美托洛尔和咪达唑仑在各自浓度范围内线性关系良好。日内及日间RSD均<15%,提取回收率>75%,稳定性考察结果良好。非那西丁的AUC_0-t为（5 868.30±2 062.87）ng·mL^-1·h;甲苯磺丁脲的AUC_0-t为（58 056.34±15 569.16）ng·mL^-1·h;奥美拉唑的AUC_0-t为（14 181.67±4 085.40）ng·mL^-1·h;美托洛尔的AUC_0-t为（1 123.67±180.469）ng·mL^-1·h;咪达唑仑的AUC_0-t为（946.91±322.03）ng·mL^-1·h。结论 该方法灵敏度高、操作方便、结果准确,可作为CYP450酶活性及相关研究的测定方法。     

LC-MS/MS测定患者血浆中莫西沙星的浓度

目的 采用LC-MS/MS测定患者血浆中莫西沙星浓度，并进行血药浓度监测。方法 血浆样品用乙腈沉淀蛋白后，以普瑞巴林为内标，选用ZORBAX SB C₁₈（2.1 mm×100 mm，3.5 μm）色谱柱，以乙腈-水（均含0.1%甲酸）为流动相梯度洗脱，流速为0.30 mL·min^-1，柱温为30℃，进样量为10 μL，总分析时间为4.0 min；采用电喷雾离子化源，正离子方式，多反应监测扫描方式进行监测。结果 血浆中莫西沙星浓度线性范围为10~5 000 μg·mL^-1（r=0.997 8），定量下限为10 ng·mL^-1；质控样品准确度为94.2%~107.1%；日内、日间RSD<15%；样品和内标提取回收率在82.4%~89.8%。结论 该方法快速、灵敏、准确，专属性强，重复性好，适用于莫西沙星临床血药浓度测定。     

PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒经鼻腔、静脉给药后的药动学研究

目的 采用与静脉注射对比的方式,研究聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-α-细辛脑纳米粒（PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒）鼻腔给药后在大鼠体内的药物动力学。方法 以大鼠为动物模型,采用血药动力学、脑药动力学及荧光标记法对比研究PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒经鼻腔给药与静脉注射后药物/纳米粒在大鼠体内的分布情况。结果 PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒静脉注射及鼻腔给药后血浆中的AUC_（0-∞）分别为（11032.4±1 827.1）ng·mL^-1·min及（5 992.9±717.5）ng·mL^-1·min,C_max分别为（421.9±100.2）ng·mL^-1及（171.7±26.3）ng·mL^-1,PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒鼻腔给药后的绝对生物利用度F为54.3%。PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒静脉注射后α-细辛脑在脑组织中的C_max与鼻腔给药后α-细辛脑在脑组织中的浓度C_max分别为（217.9±29.9）ng·mL^-1及（334.2±62.7）ng·mL^-1,PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒静脉注射与鼻腔给药后的AUC_brain/AUC_plasma值分别为1.37和2.85,且两者具有统计学意义。PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒鼻腔给药后的药物脑靶向效率及鼻-脑传递百分比分别为208.03%及52.01%。荧光标记法结果显示,PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒鼻腔给药后脑靶向性比静脉注射后更强。结论 PEG-PLA-α-细辛脑纳米粒适合于鼻腔给药治疗脑部疾病。     

二维液相色谱法同时测定人血浆中伊马替尼及去甲伊马替尼药物浓度及临床应用

目的 基于全自动二维液相色谱技术，建立一种能同时测定人血浆中伊马替尼及活性代谢物N-去甲伊马替尼简单而灵敏的方法，并应用于临床检测。方法 标本经简单去蛋白前处理后直接进样分析，待测物在一维色谱柱Aston SX1(3.5 mm×25 mm，5 μm)上进行初步萃取分离，通过中间柱Aston SCB(4.6 mm×10 mm，3.5 μm)转移至二维色谱柱Aston SCB(4.6 mm×125 mm，5 μm)进行二次分离分析，一维流动相为CAA-1D移动相，流速0.8 mL·min^–1；二维流动相为伊马替尼-2D移动相，流速1.2 mL·min^–1，柱温40 ℃，检测波长264/235 nm。结果 伊马替尼与血液中其他杂质分离良好，伊马替尼及N-去甲伊马替尼浓度分别在13.44~1 400 ng·mL^–1及13.17~1 372 ng·mL^–1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r²=0.999 9，r²=0.999 9)，伊马替尼3个浓度水平(33.6，896，1 120 ng·mL^–1)及N-去甲伊马替尼3个浓度水平(32.93，878.08，1 097.60 ng·mL^–1)回收率分别为>96%及98%，浓度日内、日间RSD均<5.0%。结论 该方法准确度高，重现性好，自动化程度高，相比传统HPLC更具优越性，适用于临床伊马替尼血药浓度检测及其药动学研究。     

LC-MS/MS测定阿齐沙坦及其盐在大鼠血浆中的药动学研究

目的 建立液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大鼠血浆中阿齐沙坦及其盐的浓度并研究其药动学。方法 大鼠血浆样本以乙腈沉淀蛋白后,采用Eclipse Plus C₁₈色谱柱（50 mm×3.0 mm,1.8 μm）;流动相（乙腈：水=60：40）,流速为0.35 mL·min^-1,柱温为40℃;采用Agilent 6430三重四极杆串联质谱仪,离子化方式：电喷雾-正离子（API-ES）;监测方式：MRM;阿齐沙坦监测离子对457.3/233.1,缬沙坦监测离子对436.2/291.4,用作内标。SD大鼠灌胃给予阿齐沙坦1.0 mg·kg^-1及阿齐沙坦盐1.2 mg·kg^-1。结果 阿齐沙坦在5~30 000 ng·mL^-1内线性关系良好;回收率为85%~115%,精密度RSD在±15%内。阿齐沙坦盐大鼠体内主要动力学参数如下：AUC_{（0-24 h）}为（12.9±3.2）μg·mL^-1·h^-1,AUC_（0-∞）为（14.2±4.1）μg·mL^-1·h^-1,C_max为（3.8±0.3）μg·mL^-1,T_1/2为（13.4±0.5）h。阿齐沙坦的主要动力学参数如下：AUC_{（0-24 h）}为（8.1±2.6）μg·mL^-1·h^-1,AUC_（0-∞）为（9.7±3.1）μg·mL^-1·h^-1,C_max为（2.3±0.5）μg·mL^-1,T_1/2为（10.5±0.5）h。结论 本法经方法学验证,适用于大鼠血浆中阿齐沙坦及其盐的浓度测定,可用于阿齐沙坦及其盐大鼠体内药动学研究。     

UPLC-MS/MS同时检测消癌平注射液中通关藤苷A、I、H的含量

目的 建立UPLC-MS/MS同时测定消癌平注射液中通关藤苷A、通关藤苷I、通关藤苷H的含量。方法 采用Phenomenex Kinetex XB-C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm,2.6 μm）,以0.1%甲酸水-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱分离,流速为0.2 mL·min^-1,通过电喷雾离子源,多反应监测（MRM）,正离子模式。结果 通关藤苷A、I、H分别在0.05~10 ng·mL^-1,0.025~10 ng·mL^-1,0.025~10 ng·mL^-1浓度内呈良好的线性关系,r>0.998,检测限为0.012 5~0.025 ng·mL^-1,平均回收率分别为97.9%,95.7%,96.1%,RSD<3.4%。结论 方法简单快速,准确灵敏,可用于消癌平注射液中通关藤苷A、I、H的定量测定。     

酸浆苦素L在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的 建立一种特异、灵敏、快速地检测酸浆苦素L在大鼠体内的药动学特征的LC-MS/MS方法。方法 采用Waters XBridgetm-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5 μm）,含有0.1%甲酸的水溶液-乙腈（45：55）为流动相,等度洗脱,流速为0.6 mL·min^-1。采用负离子模式、MRM模式进行检测。结果 酸浆苦素L浓度在0.492~493 ng·mL^-1与峰面积呈良好线性关系,最低定量限为0.492 ng·mL^-1;批间、批内RSD均<7.86%,平均回收率为99.23%~106.73%,方法重复性良好。药动学结果表示,每只SD雄性大鼠灌胃2.0 mg酸浆苦素L后,酸浆苦素L在大鼠体内平均达峰时间t_max为0.69 h,平均药峰浓度C_max为77.48 ng·mL^-1,药时曲线下面积AUC_0→t为280.78 ng·h·mL^-1,平均半衰期t_1/2为2.89 h。结论 本研究探明了酸浆苦素L在大鼠体内的药动学特征,为锦灯笼在动物体内的血药监测提供了一个新的指标,利于研究人员对锦灯笼（尤其是酸浆苦素类化合物）药理活性与药动学的深入研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.