小儿细菌性痢疾147例志贺菌菌型及耐药性分析

目的:探讨昆明地区儿童志贺菌感染菌型分布及耐药情况,为指导临床合理应用抗生素提供依据,提高治疗效果,降低患儿病死率。方法:收集2008年1月至2011年12月检测的11 173例患儿粪便培养标本,通过诊断凝集血清分型并培养鉴定细菌菌型,采用K-B纸片法对志贺菌进行常用抗生素的敏感性检测。使用WHONET 5.4软件对原始数据进行分析和统计学处理。结果:11 173例标本共培养分离出志贺菌属147株(1.32%)。2008年至2011年分别检出志贺菌22株(0.99%)、31株(1.08%)、43株(1.43%)和51株(1.64%),检出率逐年上升。分离出的志贺菌分型显示福氏志贺菌占80.3%(F2a、F2b、F4c分别占61.9%、14.3%、4.1%),宋内志贺菌占15.8%,鲍氏志贺菌占2.6%,痢疾志贺菌占1.3%。药敏分析发现志贺菌对氨苄西林普遍耐药,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松和头孢哌酮的耐药率较高(分别为70.7%、68.7%和63.9%),对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟耐药率较低(分别为13.6%和25.9%)。志贺菌存在较严重的多重耐药现象,最常见为针对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟的多重耐药(51%),其次为针对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮的多重耐药(43%)。结论:小儿细菌性痢疾志贺菌具有较高的交叉耐药和多重耐药性,特别是对第三代头孢菌素耐药率较高并且呈现逐年上升趋势,故应加强监测本地区志贺菌耐药情况以有效地控制耐药株的播散流行和产酶株的蔓延。     

2004—2016年郑州市细菌性痢疾流行特征及病原学分析

摘要： 目的 了解郑州市细菌性痢疾的流行情况及病原学特征, 为制定防控措施和策略提供参考依据。方法 采用描述流行病学方法对2004—2016年郑州市细菌性痢疾监测数据及菌型检测结果进行分析。结果 2004—2016 年郑州市共报告细菌性痢疾29 284例, 年均发病率为31.28/10万, 总体呈下降趋势 （χ2 趋势=103.60, P＜0.001）。发病高峰为每年的5—10月, 市区高于郊县, 男性发病率高于女性, 3岁以下幼儿是主要的发病人群, 职业以散居儿童为主。 2004—2016年共分离鉴定志贺菌387株, 主要是福氏志贺菌 （280株, 72.35%）, 血清型以F2a为主; 同时宋内志贺菌检出率呈上升趋势。结论 细菌性痢疾仍然是郑州市需要防控的重点传染病, 应在流行季节加大对重点地区、 重点人群的宣教力度, 采取综合防控措施, 进一步降低其发病水平。     

小儿急性细菌性痢疾菌群及药物敏感性动态变化研究

目的 了解小儿急性细菌性痢疾药物敏感性及菌群变化,指导临床合理用药.方法 对9年采经细菌学证实小儿急性细菌性痢疾93例分3个阶段药物敏感性进行比较及菌群分析.结果 9年来小儿急性细菌性痢疾病原菌以福氏志贺菌为主,菌群分布无变化,未发现新的菌群.志贺菌对头孢三嗪、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、丁胺卡那霉素、左氧氟沙星保持很高的敏感性.对头孢哌酮敏感性2001-2003年度下降至85.7%,随后升至93.5%.对庆大霉素的敏感性逐渐上升.对氨苄青霉素、复方新诺明、诺氟沙星的敏感性一直很差.结论 本地区小儿急性细菌性痢疾病原菌仍以福氏志贺菌为主,未发现新的菌群.治疗小儿急性细菌性痢疾比较安全有效的抗生素是三代头孢菌素,谨慎选用丁胺卡那霉素、左氧氟沙星.     

细菌性痢疾杆菌种群分布特征及耐药分析

目的：了解本地区细菌性痢疾杆菌种群、血清型分布,并对菌株进行耐药分析,为细菌性痢疾的预防和临床治疗提供指导。方法对2008年5月～2012年12月期间我院感染病科300例确诊细菌性痢疾病例培养的菌株以及药敏试验结果进行回顾性分析。结果300例确诊病例中,男189例;女111例。检测出3个痢疾杆菌种群：福氏志贺菌（B群）290株,宋内氏志贺菌（C群）9株,痢疾志贺菌（ A群）1株,分别占96．68％、3．00％和0．33％。福氏志贺菌为优势菌株。检测出福氏痢疾杆菌6个血清型以及7个血清亚型。6个血清型主要为X型变种,其次为II型．其中137例患者进行了药物敏感试验,常见药物的耐药情况：氨苄青霉素耐药率100％,复方新诺明耐药率98．44％,诺氟沙星51．79％,主要敏感抗生素：头孢曲松钠95．59％,头孢哌酮钠89．71％。结论淮北地区3种痢疾杆菌株流行,以福氏痢疾杆菌为优势株,其中福氏痢疾杆菌血清型以X型为主,其次为II型。志贺氏菌对各种抗生素均有不同程度耐药,其中氨苄青霉素和复方新诺明最为严重,第三代头孢菌素敏感性较高。     

北京地区携带 OXA-1 型超广谱-内酰胺酶志贺菌耐药特点研究

目的了解本地区志贺菌中携带OXA-1型超广谱母-内酰胺酶（exteneded spectrum beta—lactamases,ESBLs）耐药基因型及耐药特征。方法收集2008至2011年分离出的志贺菌83株,聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测OXA-1型耐药基因,阳性产物序列在GenBank上比对确定基因亚型;对携带OXA-1型耐药基因菌株按照Kirby—Bauer法进行药物敏感性试验,测定志贺菌对8种头孢类抗生素耐药情况。结果83株志贺菌中,21株携带OXA—l型ESBLs基因,阳性率为28．57％,其中21株福氏志贺菌检出15株,61株宋内志贺菌检出6株。阳性产物均为OXA-1亚型。药敏结果显示,携带OXA-1型基因菌株对头孢噻吩、头孢唑林等头孢类抗生素耐药,对头孢西丁、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟和头孢哌酮等头孢类抗生素均敏感。结论本地区志贺菌中以携带OXA-1亚型ESBLs耐药基因为主,在福氏志贺菌中检出高于宋内志贺菌,该基因与志贺菌对头孢类抗生素的耐药性呈-定相关性。     

72株志贺菌耐药情况分析

目的 :了解近5年来我院志贺菌耐药情况变化。方法 :采集临床细菌性痢疾可疑病例粪便 ,进行培养及药敏试验检查。结果 :志贺菌对氨苄青霉素、氟喹诺酮的耐药性明显提高 ,对丁胺卡那霉素、头孢哌酮仍高度敏感。结论 :严格掌握抗菌药物用药指征 ,对预防细菌耐药性的产生 ,具有重要临床意义。     

婴幼儿腹泻病原菌分布特点及药敏分析

目的：研究青岛市2013年儿童感染性腹泻的病原菌的分布、流行病学特征及对抗菌药物的敏感情况,为临床预防以及合理用药提供参考依据。方法对2013年1月~2013年12月临床初步诊断为感染性腹泻患儿的新鲜粪便标本进行细菌分离培养和血清分型鉴定,采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,并以免疫层析双抗体夹心法定性检测A群轮状病毒抗原。结果526份粪便培养共检出病原菌6种80株,检出率为15.2%（80/526）。检出沙门菌38株（47.5%）,志贺菌8株（10.0%）,致泻性大肠杆菌8株（10.0%）,金黄色葡萄球菌4株（5.0%）,铜绿假单胞菌19株（23.7%）,白假丝酵母菌3株（3.75%）。8株志贺菌7株为福氏志贺菌,1株鲍氏志贺菌。沙门菌和志贺菌的耐药率分别为氨苄西林（68.7%、76.9%）、复方新诺明（21.1%、38.5%）、环丙沙星（15.8%、15.4%）、头孢曲松（6.25%、15.3%）。526份标本中A群轮状病毒阳性107份。结论2013年青岛市儿童细菌性腹泻的病原菌以沙门菌为主,易感人群以2岁以下婴幼儿为主;而金黄色葡萄球菌感染以1岁以下婴儿为主;铜绿假单胞菌和白假丝酵母菌引起的腹泻主要是由于长期应用广谱抗生素使肠道菌群失调所导致;A群轮状病毒是引起婴幼儿秋冬季腹泻的主要病原。应规范临床用药,加强细菌耐药监测。     

207株志贺氏菌的血清学分型生化特性和药敏试验结果分析

志贺氏菌是引起细菌性痢疾的病原菌,是许多发展中国家儿童发病和死亡的重要原因,在我国,发病率仅次于乙型肝炎[1].除了加强对志贺氏菌的监测外,及时了解它对常用抗生素的耐药性变化,减少耐药菌株的产生和流行,对细菌性痢疾的诊断、治疗和预防都有非常重要的意义.为了解本地区流行的志贺氏菌血清型、生化特性和对常用抗生素的耐药情况,对我院1996年1月～1998年10月收治的腹泻病人粪便标本中分离的207株志贺氏菌进行了血清型、生化特性和抗生素药物敏感试验结果统计分析,报告如下.     

儿童志贺菌Ⅰ类整合子及与产超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因关系的研究

目的：研究儿童志贺菌Ⅰ类整合子表达及其与产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）基因的相关性。方法：采用PCR方法检测60株产ESBLs志贺菌基因分型以及检测60株产ESBLs与60株非ESBLs志贺菌Ⅰ类整合酶基因,以分析Ⅰ类整合子与细菌耐药性的关系以及与ESBLs基因的关系。结果：儿童临床产ESBLs志贺菌耐药基因分型以CTX-M型最多见（85.0%）,其次为TEM-1型（50.0%）。产ESBL菌株基因分型分布情况以CTX-M型最多见（56.7%）,其次为TEM-1+CTX-M型（20.0%）和TEM-1型（20.0%）。产ESBLs和非产ESBLs菌株中Ⅰ类整合酶扩增阳性例数分别是55例（91.7%）和15例（25.0%）,两组整合子阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,同时Ⅰ类整合子表达与ESBLs具有相关性（R=0.67,P<0.01）;Ⅰ类整合子阳性的菌株耐药性明显高于Ⅰ类整合子阴性的菌株,整合子阳性株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星以及复方磺胺甲噁唑耐药率较高,依次为84.3%、58.6%和90.0%。结论：儿童产ESBLs志贺菌中Ⅰ类整合子携带率明显高于ESBLs阴性菌株,显示儿童志贺菌Ⅰ类整合子与ESBLs基因之间存在密切相关性。     

小儿痢疾杆菌感染的菌群分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解近年来无锡地区引起小儿菌痢的志贺氏菌菌群分布及其耐药性,以便指导临床用药.方法 对2005～2009年门诊大便堵养分离所得358株痢疾杆菌菌株的菌群分布及其耐药性进行回顾性分析.结果 358株痢疾杆菌中.福氏志贺菌感染210株(58.7%),宋氏志贺菌148株(41.3%);总耐药率为32.0%,其中福氏菌为33.5%,宋氏菌为29.8%;痢疾杆菌对氨苄两林、氨苄西林+舒巴坦、复方新诺明、阿米卡星、头孢唑啉耐药严重.结论 小儿患细菌性痢疾时町考虑选用头孢他啶、头孢西丁等或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,大年龄儿童可选用左旋氧氟沙星,必要时可选用亚胺培南.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.