Community involvement and victimization at school: an analysis through family,personal and social adjustment

The present study analyzes the impact of adolescents' community involvement on victimization by peers at school through various indicators of family, personal and social adjustment (openness of communication with mother and father, life satisfaction, social self‐esteem, and loneliness). Participating in the project were 565 adolescents aged 11 to 18 (51% male) drawn from secondary schools in Spain. Statistical analyses were conducted using bivariate correlations, the t test and structural equation modeling. Results indicated an indirect and protective influence of community involvement, openness of communication with parents and life satisfaction on victimization by peers. There was also a direct protective effect of social self‐esteem and a direct risk effect of loneliness on victimization at school. Findings are discussed in light of the consideration that community involvement is a key factor in the promotion of other protective factors related to adolescent victimization at school. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

“It's like all of his attention is on you”: A mixed methods examination of attachment,supportive nonparental youth–adult relationships,and self‐esteem during adolescence

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to examine the relationship between attachment, supportive nonparental youth‐adult relationships, and self‐esteem during adolescence. First, in a quantitative path analysis, we found that perceived social support from nonparental adults partially mediated the relationship between adolescent attachment and self‐esteem. In our follow‐up mixed methods analysis, we analyzed youth reflections of support experienced in relationships with significant non‐parental adults (VIPs). As compared to youth with positive attachment models, youth with negative attachment models reported fewer instances of emotional support but more instances of validation support. The youth with negative attachment models described (1) the importance of trust and (2) receiving emotional support specific to their needs. In instances of validation support, these youth described how their VIPs (1) provided them with honest and realistic feedback, (2) challenged their negative thinking and (3) created opportunities for them to recognize and showcase their strengths. Our findings underscore the importance of considering youths' individual attributes in the context of their ongoing relationships in order to gain a more nuanced understanding of the role and dynamics of supportive nonparental youth‐adult relationships in youths' lives.     

大学生父母教养方式、领悟社会支持、孤独感与主观幸福感的关系

目的探讨大学生父母教养方式、领悟社会支持、孤独感与主观幸福感的关系。方法对南昌市9所高校的764名大学生采用Campbell幸福感量表、父母教养方式量表、领悟社会支持量表、孤独量表进行调查。结果①相关分析表明主观幸福感与父母教养方式、领悟社会支持、孤独感各因子及总分相关具有统计学意义;②逐步多元回归分析表明,孤独总分、朋友支持、父亲过度保护、父亲情感温暖和理解4个因子对主观幸福感的联合解释量最大(R2=0.197,F=40.79,P<0.001);③路径分析表明,孤独感作为中介变量对家庭教养方式、社会支持和主观幸福感关系产生影响。结论①大学生主观幸福感总体处于中等水平;②父母的情感温暖和理解,领悟到更多的社会支持,有利于降低个体的孤独感增加主观幸福感。     

初中生自尊和网络攻击行为的关系:人际关系的中介作用

目的:调查初中生的自尊、人际关系和网络攻击行为,并分析人际关系在自尊和网络攻击行为的关系中是否起到了中介作用。方法:采用同伴提名、人际关系综合诊断量表、罗森伯格自尊量表和少年网络攻击行为评定量表对江苏省连云港市2所普通中学共601名初中生进行测量。结果:1网络攻击行为在性别(t=3.154~4.544,P0.01)、是否参与过网络游戏(t=2.095~2.517,P0.05)、年级(F=4.002,P0.05)和同伴关系类型(F=6.158~13.035,P0.001)上都存在显著差异;2自尊与网络攻击行为(r=-0.242~-0.294,P0.001)、自尊与人际关系(r=-0.084~-0.153,P0.05)、人际关系与网络攻击行为都显著相关(r=0.112~0.188,P0.05;人际交往中的异性交往维度和网络攻击中的反应性攻击维度相关不显著);3人际关系在自尊和网络攻击行为的关系中起到部分的中介作用,效应量为7.33%。结论:自尊既直接影响初中生的网络攻击行为,又通过人际关系间接地影响网络攻击行为。对初中生网络攻击行为的干预可从提高自尊水平和改善人际关系、包括同伴关系入手。     

大学生情感平衡、领悟社会支持与交流恐惧的关系

目的探讨大学生情感平衡、领悟社会支持与交流恐惧的关系。方法采用情感平衡量表、领悟社会支持量表和交流恐惧自陈量表对176名大学生进行了调查。结果大学生情感平衡与交流恐惧得分有着非常显著的正相关，与领悟社会支持存在着非常显著的负相关（P〈0.01）。领悟社会支持与情感平衡对大学生交流焦虑有非常显著的预测作用（P〈0.001）。结论大学生情感、领悟社会支持与其交流恐惧存在显著的相关。     

贫困大学生社会支持、自尊与心理健康的相关研究

目的探讨贫困大学生社会支持、自尊与心理健康的关系。方法选取贫困大学生生396名为研究组．相对应的388名非贫困大学生生为对照组，采用康奈尔健康量表（CMI），社会支持评定量表（SSRS），自尊量表（SES）进行测评。结果贫困生在除抑郁因子外其它各因子得分和CMI总分均高于非贫困生，并且差异达到显著水平；社会支持评定量表的主观支持和支持利用度得分贫困生普遍低于非贫困生；自尊水平两组没有差异。相关分析表明，社会支持、自尊和心理健康间两两显著相关。回归分析进一步表明．社会支持对自尊和心理健康各维度回归效果显著。结论自尊、社会支持对提高贫困大学生心理健康水平有重要意义。     

硕士研究生人际信任、社会支持与孤独感的关系研究

目的了解在校硕士研究生的人际信任、社会支持和孤独感的现状,并探讨三者之间的关系。方法采用人际信任量表(ITS)、社会支持量表(SSRS)和孤独感量表(UCLA)对太原市3所大学的300名在校研究生进行调查。结果①人际信任(t=4.221,P0.001)和支持的利用度(t=-3.375,P=0.001)在性别上存在显著差异;主观支持(t=2.268,P0.05)、社会支持总分(t=2.292,P0.05)在是否婚恋上存在差异;孤独感在年级上存在差异(F=3.17,P0.05);②人际信任总分和社会支持得分存在负相关(R=-0.21,P0.05),和孤独感得分呈正相关(R=0.32,P0.05),社会支持和孤独感呈显著负相关(R=-0.51,P0.001);③通过逐步回归,从回归方程可以看出人际信任和社会支持可以预测孤独感29.6%的变化量。结论研究生的人际信任、社会支持和孤独感两两呈显著相关,人际信任和社会支持可以有效预测孤独感。     

Determinants of sense of community in congregations

This study examined the contribution of personal aspects (i.e., self‐esteem and motivation to lead), social aspects (i.e., number of congregational friends and positive and negative societal conditional regard), and psychological aspects (feelings of loneliness) to the sense of community among congregational members. The study was conducted in Israel among 260 active synagogue members between the ages of 18 and 88 years old (mean = 32.91). Structural equation modeling indicated that social aspects made the most significant contribution to sense of community. A significant direct positive contribution of a number of congregational friends and societal conditional positive regard to sense of community was found. However, societal conditional negative regard made the highest negative direct contribution to sense of community, and motivation to lead made no contribution to sense of community. Self‐esteem made only an indirect positive contribution to sense of community via loneliness, and loneliness made a direct negative contribution to sense of community. Findings highlight the importance of the social aspect as a whole, and of societal conditional regard specifically, in understanding sense of community among congregational members.     

亲子社会支持对四川留守老人孤独感的影响

目的 了解四川省自贡市农村留守老人的孤独感与老人的孝顺期待、子女间亲子支持的关系.方法 采用UCLA孤独量表、亲子社会支持问卷对四川自贡农村留守老年人进行问卷调查.结果 农村留守老人的孤独感得分显著高于常模（t=8.326,P＜0.001）;低亲子支持的农村老人孤独感显著高于中、高亲子支持的农村老人的孤独感（F=8.121,P＜0.001）.结论 ①农村留守老人的孤独感较高;②亲子社会支持对老人的孤独感体验有显著的影响,老人的亲子支持越低,孤独感越高.     

Impact of perceived social support on depression in Chinese rural‐to‐urban migrants: The mediating effects of loneliness and resilience

The present study aimed to examine whether loneliness and resilience played the roles of mediators on the relationship between perceived social support and depression. A total of 712 Chinese rural‐to‐urban migrants from Nanjing, who were measured with perceived social support, resilience, loneliness, and depression, participated in the study. Results indicated that perceived social support and resilience were negatively associated with depression. Loneliness was a significant and negative predictor for depression. In addition, we also revealed that resilience and loneliness partially mediated the relationship between perceived social support and depression. These findings might develop a better understanding of depression in the course of migration.     

Eating disorder behaviors and depression: a minimal relationship beyond social comparison,self‐esteem,and body dissatisfaction

Existing literature fails to comprehensively identify factors contributing to the comorbid relationship between eating disorder (ED) behaviors and unipolar depression. Maladaptive social comparison, body dissatisfaction, and low self‐esteem are disruptive psychological patterns common to both constructs. It is unclear whether a unique relationship exists between depression and eating disorder behaviors beyond the effects exerted by this negative cognitive triad. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether a unique relationship exists between depression and ED behaviors after controlling for maladaptive social comparison, body dissatisfaction, and low self‐esteem. We predict minimal unique variance in ED behaviors will be explained by depression after controlling for this negative cognitive triad. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65:1–11, 2009.     

Moderating variables in the relationship between social comparison and depression: An evolutionary perspective

This study investigated the relationship between social comparison and depression utilizing an evolutionary framework. It investigated the moderating effects on social comparison of the importance of comparison dimensions to the person, and of the perceived importance of the dimensions to other people. An adaptation of a measure of self‐esteem (Self Attributes Questionnaire; Pelham & Swann, 1989) was utilized. This consisted of 10‐point Likert scale ratings on 10 individual social comparison dimensions (e.g. intelligence, social skills, sense of humour). Questions were added to explore beliefs regarding the importance of social comparison dimensions. Data were collected from a combined clinical sample and non‐clinical sample of 174 people. The findings support the prediction that the relationship between social comparison on a particular dimension and depression is moderated by the perceived importance of that dimension in attracting the interest of others.     

家庭功能及社会支持对农村老年人孤独的影响

目的:探讨社会支持及家庭功能对农村老年人孤独的影响。方法:分层整群抽取安徽省三个乡镇5652名≥60岁的农村老年人,采用统一调查表进行问卷调查。结果:农村老年人独孤平均得分为41.92±9.22分。高年龄组、文化程度低、未婚、离异或丧偶、家庭经济收入低、家庭人口数少、家庭功能和社会支持不好的老年人,孤独评分较高。逐步回归分析结果表明,家庭功能、主观支持、支持利用度等变量可显著预测孤独。结论:农村老年人孤独较为普遍;家庭功能和社会支持是影响老年人孤独的重要因素。     

潮汕地区农村留守儿童孤独感与社会支持的关系研究

目的探讨潮汕地区农村留守儿童孤独感与社会支持的关系。方法运用儿童孤独量表、社会支持评定量表和自编的一般情况问卷,随机抽取潮州、汕头、揭阳3市农村地区的五年级和初一年级学生进行问卷调查。结果 1在社会支持总分方面,父母均在外打工组儿童得分显著低于父亲在外打工组和对照组儿童;在客观支持维度上,父母均在外打工组和对照组儿童得分均低于父亲在外打工组儿童;23组留守儿童与对照组儿童的孤独感存在显著差异;3初一年级留守儿童在社会支持总分、客观支持维度得分显著高于五年级留守儿童;4留守儿童的孤独感与社会支持总分、客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度都呈显著负相关。结论潮汕地区农村留守儿童孤独感与社会支持呈负相关。     

大学生自我设限、自尊与完美主义的关系

目的:探讨大学生自我设限、自尊与完美主义的关系。方法:采用自我设限量表(SHS)、自尊量表(SES)及多维完美主义量表(FMPS)对711名在校大学生相关心理特质进行调查,采用相关分析和归因分析探究了自我设限、自尊与完美主义的关系并构建了结构方程模型。结果:自我设限对自尊起到负向预测作用(r=-0.411,P0.01),对完美主义有显著的正向预测作用(r=0.359,P0.01);通过中介效应分析得知自尊在完美主义与自我设限之间起到了部分中介作用,二者对自我设限的方差解释达到了58.8%。结论:自尊、完美主义是大学生自我设限的重要影响因素。     

顺德高中生内外向性人格、社会支持与孤独感的关系研究

目的探究内外向性人格、社会支持与高中生孤独感的关系。方法采用问卷调查法对顺德5所主要完全高中共296名高中生以班为单位进行随机抽样调查。结果①男高中生孤独感程度显著高于女高中生；来自农村的高中生社交孤立程度显著高于来自城镇的高中生；②相关分析表明：高中生孤独感的各个维度与内外向性人格和社会支持有显著的负相关；社会支持与内外向性人格有显著的正相关；③回归分析进一步表明：内外向性人格和社会支持对孤独感的各个维度均有显著的预测作用；社会支持对内外向性人格有显著的预测作用。结论内外向性人格、社会支持是影响高中生孤独感的主要因素。     

Leadership competence and political control: The influential factors

This study considers the impact of social support upon the psychological empowerment of community activists. Although it has been clearly shown that the human and personal resources that individual activists bring to their voluntary activity and the inputs of the agencies and associations in which they are active both contribute to the activists' empowerment, little research has considered the effect of the support given by family, friends, and significant others. One hundred twenty‐two community activists in the lower socioeconomic neighborhoods of a city in the center of Israel filled in questionnaires at the conclusion of a year's training program. The questionnaires included scales of social support (family and friends), satisfaction with the course (practical and learning), leadership competence, policy control, self‐esteem, and mastery. The variables were of importance in their contribution to leadership competence and policy control, but in different ways. Both forms of satisfaction from the course, self‐esteem, and family support, contributed to leadership competence, while both mastery and self‐esteem, and the support of friends contributed to policy control. The differences between leadership competence and policy control are discussed in the light of these findings. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 371–381, 2003.     

People‐nearby applications and local communities: Questioning about individuals’ loneliness and social motivations toward people‐nearby applications

The present study aims to deepen the relationship between people's loneliness and relational motivations toward people‐nearby applications (PNAs) use, within the uses and gratification framework. Indeed, due to the spread of indifference and mistrust toward other citizens, local communities and the relationships within them can leave some individuals’ social needs unsatisfied. An online questionnaire, including the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults—short version and the Cyber Relationships Motives Scale, was administered to 647 PNAs users (age: M = 26.76; standard deviation = 8.77); hierarchical regressions were performed. Individuals’ loneliness associated significantly with the search for love and the desire to meet new people when perceiving offline constraints, but not with the simple desire to meet new people. These results support the idea that PNAs could represent a mean to integrate the aggregation functions of local communities, allowing to find new people to meet nearby regardless of the constraints actually perceived. Being social relationships critical for individuals’ well‐being, understanding the unsatisfied individual needs underlying PNAs social uses and how these apps could be used within local communities could help in integrating people within their local communities and neighbourhoods again, fostering their well‐being too.     

Loneliness and social support: Differential predictive power on depression and satisfaction in senior citizens

The lack of social support and the feelings of loneliness among older adults are associated with physical and mental health negative outcomes. This study attempts to test for their differential predictive power on depression and satisfaction in seniors. Data were drawn from a sample of 335 older adults ranging from 55 to 80 years old, with a mean age of 63.97 years (standard deviation = 5.56) attending a learning program at the University of Valencia during the academic year 2014–2015. In addition to health and wellbeing outcomes, we used the Functional Social Support Questionnaire DUKE‐UNC, and two scales of loneliness, the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale and the University of California Loneliness Scale version 3. Using structural equations models with Mplus, two models were proposed to assess the predictive power of social support and loneliness on wellbeing outcomes, specifically life satisfaction and depression, while controlling for health. Results confirm the negative association between loneliness and satisfaction with life and the positive one with depression.     

医学生情绪调节自我效能感与社会支持、应对方式的关系

目的:探讨医学生情绪调节自我效能感、社会支持、应对方式三者间的关系,为医学生的心理咨询和心理健康教育提供科学依据,从而提高医学生的心理健康水平。方法:通过情绪调节自我效能感量表、领悟社会支持量表、应对方式问卷对某医科大学的319名医学生进行调查。结果:医学生的总体情绪调节自我效能感总体上处于中等偏上水平,但在结构上有所失衡:医学生感受和调节正性情绪的效能感比较高,而调节沮丧/痛苦情绪效能感和调节生气/愤怒情绪效能感比较低;女医学生感受正性情绪效能显著高于男医学生(t=2.83,P0.01);而男医学生调节沮丧痛苦情绪效能感和调节生气愤怒情绪效能感显著高于女生(t=4.78,2.19;P0.01);情绪调节自我效能感总分及各维度分均与消极应对都呈显著负相关,与社会支持呈显著正相关,感受正性情绪效能感和领悟社会支持对应对方式有一定的负向预测作用。结论:医学院校应采取各种有效方式加强心理健康的教育,提高医学生对情绪的调节效能感以及领悟社会支持的能力,改变认知,从而更好应对压力。