经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术200例报告

本文对１９８８年５月至１９９２年７月间以Ｉｎｏｕｅ单球囊瓣膜成形术治疗二尖瓣狭窄２００例进行分析。本组中男６３例，女１３７例，平均年龄３６．５±８．８岁。经血液动力学及左室造影观察，取得良好效果。左房平均压自３．３４±１．２２ｋＰａ（２５．０８±９．１３ｍｍＨｇ）下降至１．４２±０．５５ｋＰａ（１０．６４±４．１０ｍｍＨｇ）（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣跨瓣压差由３．４０±１．３６ｋＰａ（２５．４９±１０．２２ｍｍＨｇ）下降为０．８９±０．６５ｋＰａ（６．７１±４．８７ｍｍＨｇ），肺动脉收缩压由７．０４±２．８６ｋＰａ（５２．７８±２１．４２ｍｍＨｇ）下降为５．１４±２．２０ｋＰａ（３８．５６±１６．４７ｍｍＨｇ）（Ｐ＜０．００１）；心输出量由３．８４±０．１１Ｌ／ｍｉｎ上升为４．６６±０．２８Ｌ／ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣口面积由１．０８±０．２８ｃｍ２增大为２．２０±０．４７ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１）。５０例随访６～４８个月（平均２４个月），临床症状改善率为１００％。本文对经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）适应证、方法、效果、并发症及其作用机制进行了讨论。     

闭式分离术后再狭窄的经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术

对闭式分离术后平均１３．９±６．５（４～２４）年的１６例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄病人进行了经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗。男性５例，女性１１例。平均年龄４３±６（３２～５２）岁。结果：二尖瓣口面积由０．９８±０．２０ｃｍ２增加至１．９１±０．４９ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣跨瓣压差由１．５８±１．０８ｋＰａ（１２±８ｍｍＨｇ）降至０．５０±０．５０ｋＰａ（４±４ｍｍＨｇ，Ｐ＜０．０１）。并发症：术后发生二尖瓣返流１例，返流加重１例；４例发生房间隔水平分流；３例扩张时球囊破裂。结果提示：对二尖瓣闭式分离术后再狭窄病人（１）行ＰＢＭＶ治疗是一种安全有效的方法；（２）二尖瓣超声记分对其病例选择及疗效判断有重要价值，记分≤１０者疗效最佳；（３）操作中房间隔穿刺及二尖瓣口扩张有时将面临困难，应慎重对待。     

经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术术后及随访结果

采用Ｉｎｏｕｅ及国产球囊对４１例患者施行了经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ），成功的４０例平均左房压由术前的１５．７±３．１ｍｍＨｇ降到６．７±２．９ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１），跨瓣压差由术前的１３．１±２．１ｍｍＨｇ降到４．５±２．４ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１），二尖瓣口面积由术前的１．１０±０．２５ｃｍ２增加到１．９９±０．２７ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１），左房内径由４５．８±５．３ｍｍ减少到４１．２±４．９ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０５），心功能由术前的３．１０±０．６２级改善到１．５８±０．７４级（Ｐ＜０．０１）。２４例随访９±５个月结果示除２例发生再狭窄外，其余病例与术后３天相比，二尖瓣口面积和心功能无明显改变，左房内径进一步下降到３８．２±４．６ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明，ＰＢＭＶ的近远期效果良好。     

经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术远期疗效观察(附26例报告)

采用经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术（ＰＢＰＶ）治疗２６例单纯性先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄（ＩＣＰＳ）。术前跨瓣压差６．６±１．６ｋＰａ（４９．５±１２ｍｍＨｇ）,术后即刻跨瓣压差２．９±０．７ｋＰａ（２２±５．３ｍｍＨｇ）。随诊３个月至７年（平均４．３年）,远期跨瓣压差小于术后即刻跨瓣压差。术后３．５年出现１例轻度再狭窄,占３．８％。４例合并轻度肺动脉瓣返流,对心功能无影响。６个月后,跨瓣压差轨迹趋于稳定。远期效果佳。     

一次口服单硝酸异山梨酯对心力衰竭患者的急性血液动力学效应

对９他心力衰竭患者（冠心病４例，高血压性心脏病１例，扩张型心肌病４例）一次口服单硝酸异山梨酯２０ｍｇ后，采用有创检查观察急性血液动力学效应，发现用药后半小时显效，１小时效应达高峰时，平均肺动脉压，肺毛细血管嵌压分别从服药前的４．６５±１．１７ｋＰａ（３４．９±８．８ｍｍＨｇ），２．８１±０．９２ｋＰａ（２１．１±６．９ｍｍＨｇ）降至３．００±１．０３ｋＰａ（２２．５±７．７ｍｍＨｇ）及１．７６±０．５４ｋＰａ（１３．２±４．１ｍｍｇ，Ｐ＜０．００１），中心静脉压从１．１９±０．６２ｋＰａ（８．９±４．７ｍｍＨｇ）降至０．６９±０．４６ｋＰａ（５．２±３．５ｍｍＨｇ，Ｐ＜０．０１），肺血管阻力由２９，２２±１４．８９ｋＰａ·ｓ／Ｌ降至１６．９６±８．６６ｋＰａ·ｓ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。药物最大效应持续至少６小时。在服药后０．５～２小时，平均动脉压明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。心率无变化。一次口服未见副作用。提示单硝酸异山梨酯是治疗心力衰竭有前途的新药。     

瓣膜球囊扩张术治疗右向左分流重症肺动脉瓣狭窄

报告１０例伴有右向左分流重症肺动脉瓣狭窄，应用超大球囊法进行经皮球囊肺动脉瓣扩张术，肺动脉瓣扩张术跨瓣压差（△Ｐ）由术前１５．８±５．９ｋＰａ降至２．６±０．５ｋＰａ，术时动脉血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）由术前８６．８±３．７％降至６１．８±２６．１％，术毕时ＳａＯ２升至９３．４±４．１％。随访６个月内７例ＳａＯ２达≥９０％，２例于６～１２个月ＳａＯ２达≥９５％，１例ＰＢＰＶ后３年ＳａＯ２仍为９２％。作者认为重症肺动脉瓣狭窄伴右向左分流仍为ＰＢＰＶ适应证，并着重讨论球囊扩张术方法。     

风湿性心脏病合并重度肺动脉高压患者体外循环前、后肺血流动力学改变

目的：观察风湿性心脏病（风心病）重度肺动脉高压患者体外循环（ＣＰＢ）前、后肺血流动力学变化规律。方法：体外循环前、后用Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ导管监测１５例风心病重度肺动脉高压患者肺血流动力学参数。结果：ＣＰＢ前肺动脉压为３．７／２．３～１１．６／６．０ｋＰａ（２８／１７～８７／４５ｍｍＨｇ），ＣＰＢ后为２．９／１．１～１１．８／５．５ｋＰａ（２２／８～８９／４１ｍｍＨｇ）。二尖瓣替换术后肺动脉收缩压无明显降低（－９％，Ｐ＞０．０５），肺动脉舒张压（－２０％）和平均压（－１４％）均明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。肺血管阻力（ＰＶＲ）在ＣＰＢ前高达６０．３±４０．９ｋＰａ·ｓ／Ｌ，ＣＰＢ后明显降低（－４０％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。回归方程为：ＣＰＢ后ＰＶＲ＝０．５４６ＰＶＲｂ＋２３．２４，Ｒ２＝０．６５１（ＰＶＲｂ为肺血管阻力基础值）。鱼精蛋白静脉用药１０例，肺动脉压升高者４例；动脉用药５例，均未发现肺动脉压改变。结论：风心病肺动脉高压患者术后大部分ＰＶＲ不能恢复正常。动脉系统用药可减少肝素鱼精蛋白复合物引起的不良反应。     

Inoue气囊经皮瓣膜成形术治疗成人肺动脉瓣狭窄

１９８５年１２月至１９９４年８月，５３例成人先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄（ＰＳ）患者用Ｉｎｏｕｅ气囊进行经皮肺动脉瓣成形术（ＰＢＰＶ），成功率为１００％，无严重并发症。术后ＰＶＤ口压力阶差从９０．９±４５．９ｍｍＨｇ减至３８．１±３２．３ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＰＶ口直径从８．９±３．６ｍｍ增至１７．４±４．６ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．００１）。在６．４±２．８（０．８至９．５）年的随访期，心功能保持在Ⅰ级至Ⅱ级，其中９例重行心导管术检查，术前术后及随访的ＰＶ压力阶差分别为１０６．９±４７．７ｍｍＨｇ、５０．１±２９．２ｍｍＨｇ及２９．６±１６．０ｍｍＨｇ（术前比术后及随访Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＰＶ口径分别为８．２６±１．４、１７．２±２．０５及１８．７±１．３ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．００１）（术前比术后及随访Ｐ＜０．０５）．认为Ｉｎｏｕｅ气羹ＰＢＰＶ对ＰＳ是有效和安全的方法，远期疗效满意。     

三腔单球囊导管经皮二尖瓣分离术的临床应用

目的为评价三腔单球囊导管行经皮二尖瓣分离术（ＰＴＭＣ）的临床疗效。方法术前行右心导管术测右室和肺动脉压，８ＦＭｕｌｉｎｓ管和房间隔穿刺针穿刺房间隔，成功后肝素化，送入左房导丝到左心房，沿导丝送入三腔球囊导管进左房后操纵导管过二尖瓣口进左心室。同步测二尖瓣跨瓣压差，迅速充盈球囊扩张二尖瓣口，至腰部凹形消失立即回抽空球囊并留置在左室内再次测二尖瓣跨瓣压差。术前、术后采用二维超声和彩色多谱勒血流仪检查，评价ＰＴＭＣ疗效、二尖瓣反流和有否房间隔缺损等情况。结果本组５８例成功率为１００％。肺动脉收缩压由术前５２．４±１８．９ｍｍＨｇ，术后降至３９．９±１７．１ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣跨瓣压差自术前１７．７±８．２ｍｍＨｇ术后降至１．９±２．２ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣口面积自术前１．０±０．２ｃｍ２术后扩大至２．１±０．３ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１）；术后心功能均得到改善。结论三腔单球囊导管操作简单，毋须左心导管亦能同步测二尖瓣跨瓣压差，且无重要并发症，安全、疗效肯定。     

经皮球囊肺动脉瓣扩张术（附二例报告）

采用经皮球囊肺动脉瓣扩张术（ＰＢＰＶ）治疗先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄２例。均为男性、年龄分别为４．５岁、６．５岁。采用快速换片代替电影摄像测定瓣环直径。所用球囊直径大于瓣环直径的１５％和３３％；扩张前跨瓣压差分别为８．９３ｋＰａ（６７ｍｍＨｇ），３．０６ｋＰａ（２３ｍｍＨｇ）；扩张后分别降至１．３３ｋＰａ（１０ｍｍＨｇ），（０．２７ｋＰａ（２ｍｍＨｇ），即刻效果显著，随访三至五个月效果维持即刻水平。此方法操作简便、安全、经济、有效，可做为肺动脉瓣狭窄开胸手术的替代疗法。若无电影摄像，可用快速换片代替。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.