反相高效液相色谱法测定5-氨基水杨酸及其代谢物在人血浆及尿中的浓度

目的：研究５－氨基水杨酸及其代谢物在人血浆及尿中的浓度。方法：反相高效液相色谱法（ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ）为测定方法。结果：血浆测定两者线性范围均为０．０８～８．００μｇ·ｍｌ－１，最低检出浓度均为０．０４μｇ·ｍｌ－１，两者平均回收率分别为８７．９３％，９１．４８％，日内ＲＳＤ分别为６．０４％，５．５１％，日间ＲＳＤ分别为７．９８％，４．４３％。５－氨基水杨酸尿浓度测定线性范围为０．５～１０μｇ·ｍｌ－１，最低检出浓度为０．２５μｇ·ｍｌ－１，平均回收率为１０１．８３％，日内ＲＳＤ为１．５７％，日间ＲＳＤ为２．６４％。结论：该测定方法快速，简便，灵敏     

高效液相色谱法梯度法脱测定三七中三七皂苷R1含量

目的：以ＨＰＬＣ梯度法脱测定三七中三七皂苷Ｒ１含量。采用Ｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｏｒｂ ＮＨ２柱,流动相为ＣＨ３ＣＮ－ＣＨ３ＯＨ－Ｈ２Ｏ,梯度洗脱浓度５５：３０：１５→７０：２０：１０,波长２１０ｎｍ,外标一点法测定。结果：以峰面积计算,三七皂苷Ｒ１在５～４０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１呈线性相关,γ＝０．９９４,最低检测限为０．６μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１（Ｓ／Ｎ）＝３。平均回收率１０２．６％,ＲＳＤ为１．４３％,日内误差ＲＳＤ＝１．７％（ｎ＝５）,日间误差ＲＳ＝３．０％（ｎ＝４）。结论：本法专属性强,结果准确,操作简便。     

双波长分光光度法测定替硝唑环丙沙星注射液含量

目的：应用双波长分光光度法测定替硝唑、环丙沙星注射液含量。方法：以ｐＨ４．５的醋酸盐缓冲液为溶剂,在波长３１７,２９７．６,２７７,３５４．２ｎｍ处进行测定。。结果：替硝唑浓度在４～２０μｇ·ｍｌ－１之间,环丙沙星浓度在２～１０μｇ·ｍｌ－１之间符合比尔定律,浓度与吸收度差值呈良好的线性关系。替硝唑平均回收率为１００．８％,ＲＳＤ为１．０％（ｎ＝９）,环丙沙星平均回收率为９８．８％,ＲＳＤ为０．８％（ｎ＝９）。结论：该方法简便、快速、准确可靠。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸环丙沙星血药浓度及其药动学研究

采用高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）测定盐酸环丙沙星的血药浓度。色谱条件为：紫外检测波长λ２７７ｎｍ；分析柱为ＨＰ－ＲＰ－ＯＤＳＣ１８柱，Φ４．６×２２０ｍｍ；流动相：乙腈∶（溴化四丁基铵０．００８ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１＋磷酸二氢钾水溶液０．０１１ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）＝１４∶８６，配好后磷酸调ｐＨ至２．７４±０．０２。本法血清最低检出浓度０．０１μｇ·ｍｌ－１。对１０名受试者口服５００ｍｇ两种盐酸环丙沙星片后进行药动学和生物利用度研究。药－时曲线经拟合为二室开放模型，其Ｔ１／２β分别为４．６８±０．５３ｈ与４．４０±０．４７ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．２８±０．０７ｈ与１．３３±０．０７ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ分别为６．４４±０．６１（μｇ·ｍｌ－１）与５．８８±０．４０（μｇ·ｍｌ－１），ＡＵＣ分别为１９．８８±１．８３（μｇ·ｈ－１·ｍｌ－１）和１９．２４±１．０８（μｇ·ｈ－１·ｍｌ－１）。供试品片剂的相对生物利用度为１０３．３２±４．８１％（９９．５８±４．６３％，经含量校正），经统计分析两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

高效液相色谱法测定4－［4″－（2″，2″，6″，6″－四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基）氨基］－4＇－去甲表鬼臼毒素大鼠血浆浓度及药代动力学参数

建立了大鼠血浆中４－［４″－（２″，２″，６″，６″－四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基）氨基］－４＇－去甲表鬼臼毒素（ＧＰ－７）浓度的ＨＰＬＣ测定方法。用ＯＤＳ柱分离，甲醇－水－冰醋酸（５９：４１：０．６）为流动相，检测波长２８５ｎｍ。血浆甲乙醚－二氯甲烷混合液萃取，４５℃水浴蒸干，残渣用流动相溶解进样，内标法定量；血药浓度在２～２００μｇ·ｍｌ－１范围内呈线性关系，ｒ＝０．９９９７，血浆最低检测浓度０．２μｇ·ｍｌ－１，方法回收率９４％～１００％，日内、日间ＲＳＤ２．２９％～７．７０％。大鼠ｉｖＧＰ－７１０，２０，３０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，药代动力学过程符合二室开放模型，消除半衰期为３９．８±１０．８ｍｉｎ。     

高效液相色谱法测定静注吡洛地尔兔血药浓度及药物动力学参数

本文应用反相高效液相色谱法测定兔静注吡洛地尔（１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）血药浓度，样品用正庚烷提取。流动相以１０％三乙胺：甲醇液（甲醇：水＝９：１）＝５：９５。紫外检测波长为２５４ｎｍ，回收率８１．４％，日内和日间的ＲＳＤ值为２．４％、３．５％。最低检测血浓为２０ｎｇ／ｍｌ。用３Ｐ８７程序拟合为二室模型。α＝３．０８ｈ－１，β＝０．１８ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２＝４．０７ｈ，Ｋ１０＝０．９１ｈ－１，Ｋ１０＝０．６１ｈ－１，Ｖｃ＝１１．４５ＡＬ／ｋｇ，ＣＬ＝６．７３Ｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ），ＡＵＣ＝２．２１（μｇ·ｈ）／Ｌ。     

阿莫西林克拉维酸钾口服干混悬剂含量测定方法研究

目的：对阿莫西林克拉维酸钾口服干混悬剂含量测定方法研究。方法：采用高效液相色谱法，在３×３ＣＲＣ１８柱（４ｍｍ×３．５ｃｍ）上，以ｐＨ４．４磷酸二氢钠溶液－甲醇（９５∶５）为流动相，流速１．０ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ－１，检测波长为２２０ｎｍ。结果：阿莫西林和克拉维酸浓度分别在２５～５００μｇ·ｍｌ－１及１０～２００μｇ·ｍｌ－１范围内有良好的线性关系，平均方法回收率分别为９９．４％±１．９％和９９．５％±２．０％，日内精密度分别在１．１％～２．３％和１．７％～２．６％之间，日间精密度分别＜３．１％和＜２．５％。结论：本法实用简便，结果可靠。     

优喘平在人体内药物动力学及体内外相关性

以紫外分光光度法测定优喘平体外释放度，结果表明优喘平在各介质（ｐＨ１～８．４）释药量恒定；以荧光偏振免疫法测定血药浓度，６名志愿者单剂量口服４００ｍｇ·ｄ－１，Ｔｍａｘ１２．７±２．７６ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ３．８±０．９μｇ·ｍｌ－１，Ｔ１／２１１．８±６．２ｈ，ＡＵＣ６３．５±２９．３μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；多剂量口服４００ｍｇ·ｄ－１，显示间隔２４ｈ用药，茶碱血清浓度差异无显著性，可维持治疗血药浓度（５～１０μｇ·ｍｌ－１）；体外释药量与体内吸收量呈良好的相关性。     

高效液相色谱法和微生物法测定人血浆中头孢克罗浓度的比较

目的：比较ＨＰＬＣ法和微生物法测定头孢克罗血药浓度。方法：８名健康志愿者单剂量口服７５０ｍｇ头孢克罗胶囊,分别用ＨＰＬＣ法和微生物法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果：ＨＰＬＣ法线性范围为０．２５～２５．０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１,回收率为（９３．６～１０５．７）％,日内间ＲＳＤ分别为（３．１２～８．９７）％和（３．１３～１０．６６）％;微生物法线性范围为０．１～２．０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１,回收率为（９２．６～９９．１     

氨茶碱不同给药方案的血药浓度比较

对氨茶碱不同给药方案进行血药浓度监测,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：采用ＨＰＬＣ法测定血中不同时间的茶碱浓度,１０２例患者氨茶碱的给药方案分为口服组,静脉滴注组,静脉滴注＋口服组。结果：（１）口服０．２ｇ,ｑ８ｈ,或０．２ｇｔｉｄ的患者血药谷峰浓度在１０～２０μｇ·ｍｌ－１范围分别约占８７％和６５％。（２）静脉滴注０．５ｇ,ｑｄ,或静脉滴注０．２５ｇ,ｑｄ＋口服０．１ｇ,ｔｉｄ的患者血药谷峰浓度在１０～２０μｇ·ｍｌ－１范围分别约占７８％和８２％。（３）口服０．１ｇ,ｔｉｄ或０．２ｇ,ｑｎ的患者血药谷浓度＜１０μｇ·ｍｌ－１,分别约占９３％和８２％。３例发生毒性反应血药浓度均＞２０μｇ·ｍｌ－１。结论：对轻、中度哮喘的治疗和预防应使用较小剂量（０．１ｇ,ｔｉｄ或０．２ｇ,ｑｎ）,维持血药浓度在５～１０μｇ·ｍｌ－１即可。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.