重庆市肺结核可疑症状者就诊延迟及其影响因素研究

目的 了解重庆市肺结核可疑症状者就诊延迟程度,探索影响就诊延迟的主要因素,以及流动人口和常住人口间影响因素的差异.方法 在重庆市流动人口较多的两个区中,对在随机抽取的20所医疗机构就诊,年龄在15岁以上的肺结核可疑症状者进行问卷调查.结果 590份有效问卷中,就诊延迟中位时间为19 d;其中常住人口15 d,流动人口为22.5 d.影响就诊延迟的主要因素有：出现症状后是否愿意就诊、职业、文化程度、结核病史、恩格尔系数、就诊点远近、有无医疗保障、婚姻状况和性别.结论 肺结核可疑症状者就诊延迟较为严重;影响其就诊延迟的主要因素有出现症状后是否愿意就诊等.采取综合性干预措施,有助于减少肺结核可疑症状者就诊延迟,提高结核病发现率.     

沈阳市205例住院肺结核患者就诊延迟及影响因素分析

目的分析沈阳市肺结核患者就诊延迟的现状及其影响因素,为制定改善措施提供依据。方法采用前瞻性资料收集的方法对2017-2018年沈阳市第十人民医院(沈阳市胸科医院)结核病二科收治的确诊为肺结核且≥15岁的205例住院患者进行问卷调查和临床资料收集,包括患者一般人口学特征[年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、婚姻状况、文化程度、是否为流动人口、是否饮酒、是否吸烟和有无医疗保险及类型(费别)等],临床特征[包括疾病严重程度、治疗类型(初、复治)、是否耐药、首诊机构、是否因症就诊、有无空洞、痰涂片检查结果],以及对结核病防治知识知晓情况(包括对8条结核病防治核心知识的基本认知,如对结核病的传播途径、可疑症状、结核病防治相关免费政策及对防治专业机构是否了解等情况)等。以患者自出现肺结核症状之日起至首次到医疗机构就诊之日止的时间间隔天数≥14d作为就诊延迟的判断标准,采用χ2检验和多因素logistic回归法对就诊延迟患者的影响因素进行分析。结果205例调查患者中,就诊延迟110例,就诊延迟率为53.7%。多因素logistic回归结果显示,就诊距离较远[OR(95%CI)=3.405(1.102~10.518)]、病情一般[OR(95%CI)=12.384(3.558~43.109)]、治疗类型为初治[OR(95%CI)=2.099(1.109~3.974)],以及饮酒[OR(95%CI)=2.283(1.212~4.299)]是就诊延迟的危险因素。结论沈阳市住院肺结核患者就诊延迟现象明显,就诊距离较远、临床症状一般、初治患者,以及有饮酒史的肺结核患者易出现就诊延迟,应加强对社会人群的结核病相关知识的宣传教育。     

武汉市社区肺结核可疑症状者求医行为及其影响因素分析

目的 了解武汉市社区肺结核可疑症状者的求医行为及其影响因素,为提高肺结核患者发现率提供依据。 方法 采用整群等比例随机抽样方法,抽取4个调查点,每个调查点15岁以上常住人口共5878名。2010年5-7月,筛选出调查前6个月内连续咳嗽、咯痰2周以上或咯血、痰中带血者作为调查对象（共270名）,进行面访式问卷调查。270份调查问卷中,259份合格,合格率95.9%。对270名调查对象进行X线胸片检查、3次痰涂片和2次痰培养检查。用卡方检验及logistic回归对肺结核可疑症状者求医行为的影响因素进行分析。 结果 259例中,79例（30.5%）没有任何求医行为,86例（33.2%）曾去社区及以上医疗机构正式就诊,89例（34.4%）曾自我药疗,5例（1.9%）曾去私人诊所就诊。多因素logistic回归分析显示,有无医疗保障与可疑症状者是否正式就诊相关,差异有统计学意义（β=1.225,Wald χ²=3.955,OR=3.405, 95%CI＝1.018~11.392,P<0.05）;有无严重或慢性呼吸道症状与可疑症状者是否正式就诊高度相关,差异有统计学意义（β=1.601,Wald χ²=22.210,OR=4.959, 95%CI＝2.548~9.652,P<0.01）;是否感到羞耻与可疑症状者是否正式就诊高度相关,差异有统计学意义（β=0.927,Wald χ²=7.767,OR=2.528, 95%CI＝1.317~4.853,P<0.01）。 结论 武汉市社区肺结核可疑症状者主动就诊率不高,有无医疗保障、有无严重或慢性呼吸道症状及是否感到羞耻是影响肺结核可疑症状者求医行为的主要因素。     

重庆市梁平县肺结核患者就诊延迟及其相关因素分析

目的了解重庆市梁平县肺结核患者就诊延迟情况,探索与就诊延迟相关的主要因素。方法从结核病信息管理系统导出重庆市梁平县2005--2012年登记的结核病患者的个案资料共计3365例,采用描述性分析就诊延迟率;采用秩和检验分析不同性别、年龄、职业、患者来源、登记类型的就诊延迟是否有差异,以P〈0．05为差异有统计学意义;采用logistic回归分析性别、年龄、职业、患者来源、登记类型是否与就诊延迟相关（P〈0．05为差异有统计学意义）。结果重庆市梁平县肺结核患者就诊延迟率为73．14％（2461／3365）,就诊延迟中位数为32d,有52．84％（1778／3365）的肺结核患者就诊延迟在1个月以上。职业、患者来源和登记类型与就诊延迟相关,农民就诊延迟高于其他职业（OR=1．513,95％CI=1．279～1．778,P〈0．05）;因症推荐患者就诊延迟高于转诊患者（OR=2．170,95％CI=1．798~2．618,P〈0．05）;复发患者就诊延迟高于新患者（OR=1．222,95％CI=0．9501．572,P〈0．05）。结论重庆市梁平县肺结核患者就诊延迟率高,就诊延迟与患者职业、来源和登记类型相关,建议采取综合有效措施,减少该地区的肺结核患者就诊延迟现象。     

150例农村地区肺结核可疑症状者就诊情况分析

目的了解肺结核可疑症状者在县级及乡镇的就诊情况。方法在贵州省的8个乡镇选取150例肺结核可疑症状者进行问卷调查。结果到县级就诊“治疗的机会成本”是到乡镇的16.8倍,58.7％的可疑症状者选择基层医疗机构作为首诊单位,首诊延迟的患者占44.7％;只有30.7％的结核病人初次诊断在县级结防机构,16.7％的结核病人诊断延迟;在乡镇就诊的可疑症状者平均花费为149.13元,接受痰菌检查者占67.9％。结论乡镇查痰点方便病人就诊,但乡镇卫生院诊断水平相对低。非结防机构对肺结核病人的确诊延迟情况严重。     

我国六省市流动人口结核病就诊意向分析

目的 了解流动人口出现肺结核可疑症状时的就医意向,为流动人口结核病防治提供科学依据。方法 于2015年5—9月,采用概率比例规模抽样(probability proportionate to size sampling, PPS)方法,从东、中、西部各抽取2个省,依据方便抽样方法,选择流动人口从业比例较高的生产企业工人、建筑工人和服务业从业者三类流动人口作为研究对象,基于健康信念模式设计问卷,对6省12个城市共计3300名流动人口进行问卷调查,收回有效问卷3294份,有效率为99.8%。分析不同特征流动人口在出现结核病可疑症状时的就诊意向,及不同就诊意向的流动人口健康信念模式各模块的得分情况。结果 3294名流动人口在出现轻度和中度结核病可疑症状时有延迟就诊意向的分别占22.8%(751/3294)和14.9%(491/3294),建筑业流动人口在轻度症状或中度症状的延迟就诊意向比率均最高,分别为29.7%(341/1149)和22.2%(255/1149);41~50岁年龄组延迟就诊意向比率均最高,分别为25.6%(212/829)和18.9%(157/829);西部地区流动人口延迟就诊意向比率均最高,分别为32.7%(342/1046)和23.0%(241/1046)。未接受过结核病宣传教育的调查对象有延迟就诊意向的比率均高于接受过相关宣传教育的调查对象,前者出现轻度和中度结核病可疑症状时分别占26.2%(553/2111)和16.5%(348/2111),后者分别占16.7%(192/1153)和11.7%(135/1153)。健康信念模式各模块中,调查对象结核病知识平均分为(8.51±3.37)分,感知肺结核威胁平均分为(12.28±2.62)分,感知及时就诊益处平均分为(14.27±1.89)分,感知就诊障碍平均分为(13.03±1.12)分。提示因素平均分为(6.45±1.12)分。结论 流动人口有延迟就医意向的比率较高,需要大力开展健康教育,西部地区及建筑工人应是其中重点,开展健康教育时应以健康信念模式为基础,将就诊益处及障碍纳入宣传内容。     

提高流动人口中肺结核可疑症状者查痰率措施的研究

目的通过对流动人口中肺结核可疑症状者初诊前干预,提高痰检率。方法将肺结核可疑症状者分2组,对照组407例按国家结核病控制项目实施指南规定病人发现程序进行,研究组266例即对国家结核病控制项目实施指南规定病人发现程序略加改动,在肺结核可疑症状者初诊前进行干预,先让他们留齐3个痰标本后再进行就诊登记。结果研究组肺结核可疑症状者痰检率95.7%,对照组80.3%,2组痰检率比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论初诊前干预可明显提高肺结核可疑症状者的痰检率,从而提高涂阳肺结核病人的发现率。     

提高流动人口中肺结核可疑症状者查痰率措施的研究

目的通过对流动人口中肺结核可疑症状者初诊前干预,提高痰检率.方法将肺结核可疑症状者分2组,对照组407例按国家结核病控制项目实施指南规定病人发现程序进行,研究组266例即对国家结核病控制项目实施指南规定病人发现程序略加改动,在肺结核可疑症状者初诊前进行干预,先让他们留齐3个痰标本后再进行就诊登记.结果研究组肺结核可疑症状者痰检率95.7%,对照组80.3%,2组痰检率比较有显著性差异（P＜0.01）.结论初诊前干预可明显提高肺结核可疑症状者的痰检率,从而提高涂阳肺结核病人的发现率.     

湖南省农村传染性肺结核患者发现延误的影响因素研究

目的　探讨社会经济、卫生服务、文化背景、症状、行为等因素对农村传染性肺结核患者发现延误的影响。方法　采取横断面调查方法 ,根据不同经济状况在湖南省随机抽取 4个县为研究现场。运用自制的调查问卷 ,在知情同意的前提下对到抽样县结核病防治所诊治、年龄在 15岁及以上的痰涂片阳性的肺结核连续患者逐一面谈。结果　共 318例痰涂片阳性的肺结核患者接受了面谈并完成调查问卷。从症状出现到被确诊为肺结核的平均总延迟时间为 84 6d(中位数 6 5 0d) ;平均就诊延迟和确诊延迟分别为 5 0 8d(中位数 30 0d)和 33 8d(中位数 2 4 0d) ;分别有 187例(5 8 5 % )和 2 0 0例 (6 2 9% )患者存在就诊和确诊延误。导致患者就诊延误的影响因素有 :有无咯血、居住地的距离、有无迷信行为、有无接受民间偏方行为和家庭人均年收入等 ;导致确诊延误的影响因素有 :性别、文化程度、是否接受抗结核治疗的宣传教育、有无迷信行为、有无接受民间偏方行为和患者对结核病的感受等。结论　需采取综合性干预措施 ,包括加强各级医疗机构医务人员有关国家结核病控制规划和相关专业技术的培训 ,合理设置结核病诊治点和广泛开展结核病健康教育等 ,以减少结核病患者的发现延误     

山东省部分地区老年肺结核患者就诊延迟现况及其影响因素

目的 分析老年肺结核患者就诊延迟情况及其影响因素.方法 通过设计的调查问卷,对所选地区结防机构规定时段内登记的肺结核患者进行现场调查.结果 248例老年肺结核患者就诊延迟率75.4％,平均就诊延迟71.0d;老年患者男女性别之比为3.96,高于非老年患者组的1.91(P＜0.01);老年肺结核患者就诊延迟较非老年患者严重(P =0.001,OR =2.212);就诊延迟组活动性肺结核患者中痰检阳性率高于就诊未延迟组(P=0.004,OR=2.353);户籍人口、有咳嗽咳痰无咯血症状、患者来源是老年肺结核患者就诊延迟的影响因素.结论 老年肺结核患者就诊延迟现象严重,尤其是有咳嗽咳痰无咯血症状、户籍人口肺结核患者;就诊延迟导致痰涂片阳性患者增多,对社会危害更大,采取措施降低老年患者就诊延迟对做好结核病控制工作十分必要.     

Treatment seeking for symptoms suggestive of TB: comparison between migrants and permanent urban residents in Chongqing, China

objectives To understand the health-seeking behaviour of rural-to-urban migrants with chronic cough in Chongqing city, and compare this with the permanent urban population taking into account the socioeconomic factors influencing delays in access to healthcare in urban China.
methods Patient survey in 23 health facilities from different levels of two urban districts in Chongqing: 1005 tuberculosis (TB) suspects (229 rural-to-urban migrants and 776 permanent urban residents) were interviewed about socioeconomic status and service-seeking behaviours.
results Migrants (67.7%) delayed treatment by more than 2 weeks, as did 54.0% of urban residents ( P  < 0.01). The reasons given by migrants for the delay in seeking care were lack of money and lack of perceived need for care. Female TB suspects, people without health insurance, those without sufficient knowledge of TB, without full-time employment and people with low incomes also experienced longer patient delay ( P  < 0.01).
conclusions To be more effective, TB control efforts need to be better accessible to the economically and socially vulnerable.     

山东省4地市城区登记肺结核患者诊断状况的调查分析

目的 了解山东省城区登记的结核病人就诊情况和确诊情况，为提高城区的结核病服务质量提出建议。方法 对山东省泰山区等4个地级市的城区结防机构登记的246例肺结核病人进行问卷调查。 结果 病人自发病至初次就诊平均间隔12 d，病人延误的主要原因是对病情不在乎；67.5%的病人存在确诊延误，不同婚姻状况和选择不同首诊机构的患者，确诊延误的差异具有统计学意义。 结论 需要开展群众性健康教育，提高结核病知晓率，使病人出现结核病疑似症状后及时就诊；应鼓励结核可疑者在发病后首选结防机构、区级以上综合医疗机构或专科医院就诊。     

Prevalence of tuberculosis suspects and their healthcare-seeking behavior in urban and rural Jordan

To determine the prevalence and healthcare-seeking behavior of tuberculosis (TB) suspects in Middle and South Jordan. A community-based survey was carried out between June-September 2005, whereby 61,730 adult household members were inquired about the presence of persistent cough for more than three weeks to identify TB suspects. These adults were then interviewed and referred to the nearest health center for clinical and sputum smear examination. Of the 61,730 surveyed household members, 1,544 (2.51%) were identified as TB suspects, of these two were sputum smear positive pulmonary TB. The first action with the onset of symptoms was to visit the health centers. Reasons for timely seeking care were accessibility of the facilities and confidence in obtaining a cure, and obstacles were belief that symptoms would resolve and economic constraints in rural residents. Females, rural residents, expatriates, and using private means of transportation were predictors of delay in seeking care for more than three weeks. This study has set the baseline information about the prevalence of TB suspects in Jordan and their healthcare-seeking behavior that shows community preference to seek care at health centers. These should be upgraded and the health workers trained on suspect management to enhance the TB elimination efforts.     

Delay in the treatment of pulmonary TB in a changing demographic scenario.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify patient and health care delays in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Emilia-Romagna region, Italy, and to study the association between migration status and delay. DESIGN: All patients with symptomatic PTB, aged >15 years, who were notified in Emilia-Romagna during 2003 and were alive at time of data collection, were included. An individual form was completed for each notified patient by the local health authority officer in charge of surveillance data. RESULTS: Median patient delay, health care delay and total delay were 7, 36 and 65 days, respectively. Recent migrants (stay in Italy < or = 3 years) had the longest patient delay (16 days), while Italian patients had the longest health care delay (60 days). Migration status was independently associated with both patient and health care delay, although the direction of association changed according to which delay was considered. CONCLUSION: Public health interventions aiming to reduce delay in treatment of PTB should improve the access of recent migrants to health care and increase suspicion of TB among Italian patients. Studies on delays in treatment of TB should investigate patient delay and health care delay as distinct outcomes.     

广东省信宜市实施世界银行贷款中国结核病控制项目效果分析

目的评价世界银行贷款中国结核病控制项目在信宜市实施的成效。方法根据信宜市结核病报表资料分析肺结核病患者发现及治疗效果。结果信宜市结核病控制项目从1994年11月开始启动,2001年12月31日截止,7年来累计接诊肺结核病例(含疑似患者)19 403例,发现活动性肺结核病患者3 130例,其中涂阳肺结核患者2 955例,新发涂阳2 645例,复治涂阳310例。新发涂阳病例平均治愈率97.2%,7年来呈上升趋势,从87.5%上升到98.7%。结论信宜市实施世界银行贷款中国结核病控制项目已取得显著成效。     

重庆市“项目”实施效果及影响因素的分析

目的对“项目”实施六年实施效果及影响因素进行分析?方法重庆市结核病控制项目办公室中心登记室收集1992～1997年的季报及年报?结果截止至1997年底,全市“项目”覆盖人口为87.0%,接诊可疑患者149731例,发现活动性肺结核43135例,与“项目”前相比,涂阳登记率提高24个百分点,涂阳病人平均治愈率提高近10个百分点,证实结控项目的技术策略对结核病的控制成效?结论行政区划的变更?配套经费不足?流动人口管理不善及归口管理不力是影响项目覆盖?病例发现及“项目”实施效果的主要因素。     

河南省居民和肺结核可疑症状者对结核病免费治疗政策知晓情况调查

目的了解河南省结核病免费政策在居民和肺结核可疑症状者的知晓情况。方法将目标人群分为居民和肺结核可疑症状者2组。采取非概率目的抽样,进行入户问卷调查。结果本次共调查了居民637人,肺结核可疑症状者220人。肺结核可疑症状者了解免费政策的不到一半,居民更少不到30%。20岁以下年龄组对免费政策的知晓率最高,不同性别的可疑者和居民对免费政策的知晓没有差别,居民中经济水平好的对免费政策的知晓率较高。结论加强对免费政策在大面积宣传力度;医务人员在接诊肺结核病人时,要认真地进行门诊健康教育;结核病控制政策的宣传应当向贫困地区倾斜。     

Assessing health seeking behaviour among tuberculosis patients in rural South Africa.

SETTING: South Africa's rural Northern Province. OBJECTIVES: To examine patterns of health seeking behaviour among hospitalised tuberculosis patients. DESIGN: Information on personal characteristics, health seeking behaviour and delays to presentation and hospitalisation was collected from hospitalised TB patients. Analysis of rates was used to investigate factors associated with delay. RESULTS: Among 298 patients, median total delay to hospitalisation was 10 weeks, with patient delay contributing a greater proportion than service provider delay. Patients more often presented initially to public hospitals (41%) or clinics (31 %) than to spiritual/traditional healers (15%) or private GPs (13%). Total delay was shorter amongst those presenting to hospitals than those presenting to clinics (rate ratio 1.33, 95%CI 1.13-1.85), with a significantly smaller proportion of the total delay attributable to the health service provider (18% vs. 42%). Those exhibiting a conventional risk profile for TB (migrants, alcohol drinkers, history of TB) were diagnosed most quickly by health services, while women remained undiagnosed for longer. CONCLUSION: Considerable delay exists between symptom onset and treatment initiation among pulmonary tuberculosis patients. While a substantial delay was attributable to late patient presentation, an important, preventable period of infectiousness was caused by the failure of recognised clinical services to diagnose tuberculosis among symptomatic individuals.     

Patient and health system delays in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Southern Thailand after health care reform.

SETTING: Seven public hospitals in a southern province of Thailand. OBJECTIVES: To measure delays in tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and to examine the factors associated with these delays, with special focus on the effect of drug store utilisation and health insurance coverage on patient delay. DESIGN: A total of 202 newly diagnosed smear-positive and smear-negative pulmonary TB patients were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The median patient, health system and total delay were 4.4, 2.8 and 9.4 weeks, respectively. Risk factors for patient delay were age 31-60 years, having mild illness, previous similar symptoms and first presenting to non-qualified providers. Health insurance was not associated with a shorter patient delay. Health system delay was significant longer for patients with health insurance and first presenting to low-level public health facility (i.e., community hospital, health centre, primary care unit or private clinic/hospital). CONCLUSIONS: The public should be informed how to recognise TB symptoms to shorten patient delay. The Thai National Tuberculosis Control Programme needs to supervise the private health sector, including drug stores, for better TB control. Drug store personnel need to be trained to recognise and refer TB suspects. The capacity of low-level public health facilities and private doctors in TB diagnosis needs improvement. A proper referral system should be developed.