盐酸美金刚治疗阿尔茨海默病的临床研究

目的 与盐酸多奈哌齐对照比较盐酸美金刚治疗阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease, AD)的有效性和安全性.方法 将36例AD患者随机分为两组,采用双盲双模拟的方法,对照组给予盐酸多奈哌齐10 mg/d,试验组给予盐酸美金刚20 mg/d,疗程16周,每4周随访1次,评估简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、阿尔茨海默病评价量表-认知分量表(ADAS-cog)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)、临床疗效总评量表(CGI)、快速词汇测验(RVR)和数字广度测验(Ds).结果 32例患者完成了本试验,盐酸多奈哌齐组MMSE、ADAS-cog、ADL、RVR和DS评分治疗前后比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05),盐酸美金刚组ADL、ADAS-cog和MMSE评分治疗前后比较有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗前两组各量表评分比较(P>0.05)与治疗16周后两组评分比较(P>0.05),均无统计学差异.结论 盐酸美金刚作为治疗AD的新药,可以改善AD患者的症状,疗效与盐酸多奈哌齐相当,且具有良好的安全性和耐受性.     

不同剂量胆碱酯酶抑制剂治疗阿尔茨海默病的疗效分析及相关研究

目的 观察不同剂量胆碱酯酶抑制剂-多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病(AD)的疗效,分析不同AD评定量表之间相关性,为临床选择合适的AD疗效评估工具提供参考. 方法 选择福建省老年医院神经内科自2010年1月至2010年11月收治的69例AD患者作为观察对象,予以认知量表和电生理认知指标检查后采用随机数字表法分为2组,分别服用多奈哌齐5 mg每天(33例)和10 mg每天(36例),持续服用12个月.干预后第3、6、9、12个月时复查上述各项指标.结果 2组患者采用多奈哌齐干预后,简易智能精神状态量表(MMSE)、AD评定量表认知部分(AOAS-cog)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)、工具性日常生活能力量表(LADL)、N200、P300等指标均有明显改善,其中2组患者MMSE评分、ADAS-cog分值、P300变化的差异有统计学意义(P＜o.05),且10mg组优于5 mg组.MMSE量表与ADAS-cog量表之间存在相关性(r=-0.378,P=0.001),N200、P300 与ADAS-cog量表、MMSE量表之间不存在相关性(P＞0.05). 结论 多奈哌齐治疗轻中度AD疗效可靠且存在剂量效应.痴呆评定量表如MMSE、ADAS-cog之间具有良好的相关性,联合使用可提高效果.     

劳动疗法对慢性精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨劳动疗法对慢性精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法采用护士用观察量表(NOSIE-30),日常生活能力量表(ADL)及临床疗效总评量表(CGI),对18例住院慢性精神分裂症患者进行6个月的劳动疗法,并在治疗前后分别进行评定。结果NOSIE评分中,除精神病表现因子在治疗前后差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),迟缓因子在治疗前后差异有显著性(P<0.05)外,其余各因子分在治疗前后差异均有极显著性(P<0.01);ADL评分中,躯体生活自理量表在治疗前后差异有极显著性(P<0.01),工具性日常生活能力量表在治疗前后差异有显著性(P<0.05);疗效总评显示有效率为89%。结论劳动疗法可以明显提高慢性精神分裂症患者的生活质量。     

多奈哌齐与美金刚联合治疗对老年痴呆MMSE及ADL评分的影响

目的探讨多奈哌齐与美金刚联合治疗对老年痴呆MMSE及ADL评分的影响。方法选取2014-04-2015-06我院收治的老年性痴呆患者86例,随机分成对照组与研究组各43例。对照组单纯行多奈哌齐治疗,研究组在对照组基础上加用盐酸美金刚治疗。对2组患者治疗前后的简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)、AD评估量表-认知部分(ADAS-cog)及不良反应情况进行比较。结果 2组治疗后MMSE评分、ADL评分较治疗前显著上升(P0.05),研究组治疗后MMSE评分、ADL评分显著高于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗后ADAS-cog评分较治疗前显著下降(P0.05),研究组治疗后ADAS-cog评分显著低于对照组(P0.05)。对照组不良反应发生率为18.60%,明显高于研究组13.95%(P0.05)。结论多奈哌齐联合美金刚治疗老年性痴呆效果显著,可有效改善患者的行为功能和认知功能,不良反应少,值得进一步推广。     

多奈哌齐治疗阿尔茨海默病临床疗效分析

目的 探讨多奈哌齐对阿尔茨海默病治疗的有效性及安全性。方法 采用分组对照，治疗组给予多奈哌齐及脑复康治疗16周，对照组只给予脑复康治疗。治疗前后采用AD评定量表的认知次级量表(ADAS-cog)和简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评价患者认知功能、精神行为及痴呆严重程度结果多奈哌齐治疗组患者较对照组患者ADAS-cog及MMSE评分改善明显，而对照组患者评分无明显改变。治疗患者无明显药物副作用。结论 多奈哌齐可以安全地用于治疗阿尔茨海默病。     

阿尔茨海默病行为和精神症状及相关因素研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)行为和精神症状(BPSD)的特点及其相关因素.方法 对符合美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第四版修正版(DSM-IV-R)诊断标准的46例住院AD患者,进行一般资料调查,评定简易智力状态检查(MMSE)、临床痴呆评定表(CDR)、AD病理行为评分表(BEHAVE-AD)及日常生活能力量表(ADL),分析BPSD症状特点及与有关因素的关系.结果 BPSD的发生率为100%,其中以行为紊乱发生率最高(91.3%).幻觉发生率以重度AD最高(47.6%),MMSE分值与BEHAVE-AD幻觉分量表分呈负相关(P<0.05).患者年龄与BEHAVE-AD行为紊乱、日夜节律紊乱分量表分和总分呈负相关(P<0.05或P<0.01).ADL分值与BEHAVE-AD幻觉、行为紊乱、日夜节律紊乱分量表分及总分呈正相关(P<0.05).结论 住院AD患者BPSD的发生率非常高,应引起临床足够的重视.幻觉的出现可作为AD痴呆严重度的预警因素.AD患者BPSD可能与年龄和日常生活能力有关.     

睡眠干预对轻中度阿尔茨海默病患者预后的影响

目的探讨睡眠干预对轻中度阿尔茨海默病患者预后的影响。方法选取我院神经内科住院的26例阿尔茨海默病患者,随机分为对照组及睡眠干预组,2组均应用多奈哌齐控制症状,睡眠干预组病人睡前应用阿普唑仑0.4mg,对照组仅给予形状相同安慰剂。双盲法评估治疗前及治疗6个月后2组阿尔茨海默病评估量表中的认知行为测验(ADAS-cog)、简明精神状态量表(MMSE)及Blessed-Roth行为量表。结果治疗6个月后,2组ADAS-cog、Blessed-Roth行为量表均较前显著下降,简明精神状态量表(MMSE)则明显上升(此量表评估时已考虑文化程度差异),其中睡眠干预组ADAS-cog、Blessed-Roth量表评分显著低于对照组(P0.05),MMSE评分2组无显著差异(P0.05)。结论单纯的睡眠干预有助于延缓患者智能下降的程度,但对于认知功能改善效果有限。     

立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症近期疗效及远期预后分析

目的　探讨立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症的近期疗效和远期预后。方法　回顾性分析 1987年 3月～ 2 0 0 4年 3月间应用立体定向多靶点毁损手术治疗的 39例精神分裂症患者 ,对术后超过 10年的 15例患者设立非手术对照组 ,采用简明精神病量表 (BPRS)、大体评定量表 (GAS)、临床疗效总评量表 (CGI)、阳性和阴性症状量表 (DANSS)、社会功能缺陷量表 (SDSS)和日常生活能力量表 (ADL)等对治疗结果和远期预后进行评定。结果　 39例手术患者优 3例 ,显著进步 16例 ,进步 14例 ,无效 4例。手术前后GAS、BPRS、CGI评分有显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。长期随访 ,手术组与非手术组BPRS中的激活因子分、PANSS中的攻击危险性和偏执 /好斗因子分有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,余各项评分及SDSS和ADL评分两组间的差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　立体定向手术是治疗难治性精神分裂症的安全、有效的方法 ,手术对患者的社会和生活能力无明显影响。     

辛伐他汀对轻、中度老年痴呆合并高脂血症病人疗效的影响

目的观察辛伐他汀对轻、中度老年痴呆合并高脂血症病人降血脂疗效和对痴呆进展的影响。方法选择120例轻、中度老年痴呆合并高脂血症病人随机分为研究组和对照组。对照组给予常规治疗,研究组在相同基础上每晚加服辛伐他汀20mg。比较两组治疗前及治疗后4、12周的血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及简易智能状态量表(MMSE)、临床痴呆程度量表(CDR)和日常生活自理量表(ADL)分数等指标,以MMSE、CDR和ADL为主要评价指标。结果研究组TC,TG,LDL-C,HDL-C,MMSE、CDR及ADL分数的改善优于对照组,差别有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论辛伐他汀降血脂同时能延缓轻、中度老年痴呆的进展。     

氨磺必利治疗首发精神分裂症临床疗效及安全性探讨

目的 探讨氨磺必利治疗首发精神分裂症的临床疗效,评价治疗安全性.方法 回顾性分析我院2011～2012年间收治的58例首发精神分裂症患者的临床资料,所有患者均给予氨磺必利治疗,观察治疗前后患者的阳性和阴性综合征量表(PANSS)评分以及临床疗效总评量表(CGI)评分变化情况,同时记录患者治疗过程中的不良反应.结果 治疗后,PANSS评分、临床疗效总评量表-疾病严重程度(CGI-S)以及临床疗效总评量表-疗效总评(CGI-Ⅰ)评分均较治疗前显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).氨磺必利不良反应发生率为6.9％,随着药物减量后症状逐渐消失.结论 氨磺必利治疗首发精神分裂症临床疗效确切,不良反应发生率低,患者耐受性好.     

The efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of psychosis of Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia: a meta-analysis of 4 placebo-controlled clinical trials

BACKGROUND: Dementia typically includes behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) as well as cognitive decline. Psychosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a specific component of AD, characterized by delusions, misidentifications, and hallucinations. METHODS: This study is a meta-analysis of patients with psychosis of AD from four large placebo-controlled clinical trials of risperidone in dementia. Three trials included patients diagnosed with heterogeneous symptoms of BPSD (those with psychosis of AD were included in this analysis), while one trial included only those diagnosed with psychosis of AD. Efficacy was measured using the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (BEHAVE-AD) Psychosis subscale and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). RESULTS: Primary analyses in the psychosis of AD population demonstrated that risperidone significantly improved scores on the BEHAVE-AD Psychosis subscale and CGI scale compared with placebo. Secondary analyses demonstrated that patients with more severe symptoms showed a more pronounced response to treatment with risperidone compared with placebo than those patients with less severe symptoms. Extrapyramidal symptoms and somnolence were more frequent with risperidone than placebo (p=0.04). Cerebrovascular adverse events and all-cause mortality were observed more frequently, although not statistically significantly, with risperidone versus placebo. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis of psychosis of AD showed improvement in psychotic symptoms and general clinical improvement in patients with psychosis of AD treated with risperidone compared with placebo. The benefits of treatment were most significant in patients with severe symptoms. The safety profile of risperidone in this psychosis of AD population was similar to the more general BPSD population.     

Lack of influence of the apolipoprotein E genotype on the outcome of selegiline treatment in Alzheimer's disease

The objective of our study was to investigate whether an interaction exists between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and the response of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) to selegiline treatment, and whether APOE genotype independently affects the rate of AD progression. A 48-week multicenter double-blind trial was undertaken on 43 patients with mild to moderate AD. Primary efficacy measures were the AD Assessment Scale (ADAS), an 11-item cognitive subscale of ADAS (ADAS-Cog/11) and the Mini Mental State Examination. Secondary outcome measures were Clinical Global Impression of severity and CGI of change scales. The therapeutic response to selegiline was not affected by APOE genotype. Our results revealed that the APOE4 allele carrier AD probands did not respond better to selegiline treatment than the APOE2-3 patients, i.e. APOE status did not influence the therapeutic outcome of selegiline treatment.     

Association of daytime napping and Parkinsonian signs in Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), with unstable sleep-wake rhythms that worsen with advancing disease stage. EDS is also very common in Parkinson's disease (PD), regardless of disease severity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether more Parkinsonian motor signs exist in AD patients with more reported daytime napping compared to AD patients without daytime napping. PATIENTS AND METHODS: AD patients ((National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association) NINCDS/ADRDA criteria) were prospectively evaluated in a dementia clinic. Parkinsonian motor signs were assessed using a modified motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (mmUPDRS). AD patients were grouped according to daytime napping frequency: (1) minimal napping (AD-Naps), or (2) napping at least once a day (AD+Naps). Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and chi2-tests computed differences between groups for mmUPDRS, nighttime sleep disturbances, and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: AD patients were classified as AD-Naps (n=155) or AD+Naps (n=180). Compared with AD-Naps patients, AD+Naps patients had higher total mmUPDRS scores (P<0.001), higher rigidity scores (P<0.005), and more gait impairment (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: AD patients with more reported daytime napping had more Parkinsonian motor signs, suggesting that this subgroup may have an increased propensity for sleepiness resembling PD. Longitudinal studies with objective measures are needed to determine whether causal relationships exist between sleepiness and Parkinsonism in AD.     

Low use of analgesics in Alzheimer's disease: possible mechanisms

This article discusses three possible mechanisms that might underlie the often observed low use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other analgesics in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared with nondemented elderly: (a) AD patients are progressively less able to communicate about pain; (b) AD patients suffer from fewer painful conditions than nondemented elderly subjects; and (c) considering the neuropathology, AD patients might actually experience pain to a lesser extent. Suggestions for future pain assessment in AD are made.     

Clinical predictors of response to Acetyl Cholinesterase Inhibitors: experience from routine clinical use in Newcastle

BACKGROUND: Acetyl Cholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEIs) have been in clinical use for the past five years in the UK for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are few data on the patterns and predictors of response to AChEI therapy in routine clinical practice. We therefore investigated clinical variables that may distinguish between AChEI responders and non-responders. METHODS: A retrospective sample of 160 consecutive patients with dementia who were treated on clinical grounds with an AChEI was studied. Treatment response was defined in two ways: (a) A clinical response was achieved when there was no deterioration or there was an improvement on a global clinical assessment (CGI) and (b) a Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) response when there was an improvement of 2 or more MMSE points. RESULTS: A total of 62 (45%) patients achieved an MMSE response. A diagnosis of dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease+Dementia (PDD) was associated with a MMSE response, as were hallucinations, and lower MMSE scores at baseline. 125 (78%) patients achieved a CGI response for which there were no clinical predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of illness, a diagnosis of DLB and PDD, and presence of hallucinations at baseline were predictive of a MMSE response. Non-AD dementia and severe dementia responded equally well to AChEI treatment and results of further randomised, placebo-controlled studies are needed to clarify the role of AChEI in the treatment of these disorders.     

阿尔茨海默病病人的脑脊液蛋白指标改变

目的:为给临床提供诊断阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)的客观指标,采用ELISAs法分析了21例AD、28例非AD痴呆、35例其它神经系统疾病患者、50例正常对照者脑脊液标本,观察正常老化和AD进程中脑脊液中Tau、Aβ1～40、Aβ1～42/43变化规律。结果:Tau水平随年龄而增加,AD组Tau水平为(491.5±35.7)ng/L且与临床进程存在相关性,Aβ1～42/43水平为(109.9±73.2)pmol/L,Aβ1～40、Aβ1～42/43为(16.03±4.07)。AD组Tau水平、Aβ1～40/Aβ1～42/43比率显著高于其组及Aβ1～42/43水平低于其他组的结果说明对CSF中Tau、Aβ1～40、Aβ1～42/43的分析可以帮助诊断AD。     

Cerebrospinal fluid endothelin-1 in Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of Alzheimer type.

We have measured the endothelin-1 concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid samples from 5 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 6 patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) and 7 patients with other diseases without dementia (disease control: DC). The cerebrospinal fluid endothelin-1 level was significantly lower in AD than in DC. No correlation was observed between cerebrospinal fluid endothelin-1 concentration and any other factors such as age, duration from onset, systolic blood pressure, cerebrospinal fluid protein level or plasma endothelin-1 concentration in AD or SDAT. These results suggest a possible alteration of the endothelin-1 system in the central nervous system in Alzheimer's disease.     

A lzheimer病患者血清IL-2、sIL-2R水平的研究

目的 :Alzheimer病 (AD)是由多种病因引起的涉及多种病理机制和出现多种病理表现的多因素性疾病。近年来研究发现 AD患者血清中细胞因子水平增高以及皮质、海马内神经炎性斑数量增加 ,表明免疫炎症机制在 AD的发生、发展中起重要作用。本研究拟通过对 AD患者血清 IL - 2、 s IL - 2 R水平的检测 ,来探讨其在 AD慢性炎症病理过程中的作用。方法 :采用双抗体酶联免疫吸附试验 (EL ISA) ,检测 10例 AD患者血清 IL 2及 s IL 2 R水平 ,并与血管性痴呆 (VD)组及正常对照组做了比较。结果 :AD组血清中 IL- 2水平为 35 2± 33.4pg/ ml,明显高于 VD组 (2 83.6± 6 2 .9pg/ ml)和正常对照组 (2 5 8.5± 49.1pg/ ml) ,差异显著 (P<0 .0 0 5 ) ;AD组 s IL - 2 R水平为 81± 37.3pmol/ L ,明显高于VD组 (5 4.1± 30 .9pmol/ L )和正常对照组 (48.3± 18.3pmol/ L ) ,差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :说明 AD患者脑内免疫细胞被激活 ,IL- 2、s IL- 2 R参与了 AD的慢性炎症改变过程。血清 IL- 2和 s IL- 2 R可作为检测 AD外周血的免疫标记物。     

Intra vitam lumbar and post mortem ventricular cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive interleukin-6 in Alzheimer's disease patients

OBJECTIVES: In view of contradictory findings in previous studies, to examine the diagnostic value of interleukin-6 measurements in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer's disease patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Interleukin-6-immunoreactivity (IL-6-IR) was measured in 169 intra vitam lumbar and 21 post mortem ventricular CSF samples of patients with probable and neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD), non-AD dementias (NAD), neurological disorders without cognitive impairment (OND) and controls (CON) using a specific sandwich enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Intra vitam lumbar samples had significantly elevated (P < 0.03) IL-6-IR not only in the AD, but also in the NAD and OND group compared with controls. AD patients with late onset (> 65 years) had slightly (P > 0.05) higher values than patients with early onset (< 65 years). In post mortem ventricular fluid, differences among groups did not reach significance (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that elevations of CSF IL-6-IR can not serve as a diagnostic marker of the disease, but, hypothetically, could reflect presence or activity of IL-6 mediated immunological phenomena in single AD patients.