干血滤纸片样品用于HIV抗体检测的研究

目的研究干血滤纸片样品是否可替代血浆样品用于艾滋病病毒（HIV）抗体检测.方法采集128例静脉吸毒者的血液样品,分别制备成血浆和干血滤纸片样品.用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测HIV抗体,并与血浆样品检测结果进行比较.经ELISA检测阳性的干血滤纸片样品,进一步用免疫印迹法（WB）检测,并与血浆样品检测结果进行比较.结果以最佳实验条件（15～30℃、3～5天、48小时、100μl）用ELISA法检测,干血滤纸片样品与血浆样品检测结果无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,128例样品中检出阳性54例,阴性74例.54例阳性样品经WB确认,两种样品检测结果一致,均为阳性.结论用ELISA和WB方法检测干血滤纸片样品与血浆样品中的HIV抗体,结果无明显差异.干血滤纸片样品可替代血浆样品用于HIV抗体检测.     

吸毒人群尿液血液标本HIV-1抗体ELISA检测对比分析

目的　用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)检测吸毒人群尿液标本中艾滋病病毒 1型 (HIV 1 )抗体 ,与血清学检测结果进行比较。方法　采集某市劳教所吸毒者尿液、血液标本 354例 ,HIV 1抗体阳性吸毒者复检尿液标本1 9例 ,共计 373例。应用ELISA初筛试剂检测尿液及血液标本中HIV 1抗体 ,阳性者取其血液标本进一步用Genelabs试剂做蛋白印迹 (WB)试验确认。结果　尿液、血液标本中检测HIV 1抗体的特异性为 99 72 % ,尿试剂的假阳性率为 0 2 8% ;血液标本HIV 1抗体阳性者 ,尿液标本检测也呈阳性 ,灵敏度为 1 0 0 %。结论　尿液标本用ELISA方法检测HIV 1抗体与血液标本ELISA方法的检出率有高度的一致性。尿试剂适用于对高危人群进行尿液HIV 1抗体的筛查工作     

ELISA法检测尿液中HIV-1抗体的研究分析

目的 探讨艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者晨尿、非晨尿和血液中HIV-1抗体检测结果的一致性，引进尿液HIV-1抗体检测方法。方法 平行采集吸毒人员血液和尿液标本，分别用血液和尿液酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测HIV抗体，阳性血清标本送云南省疾病预防控制中心确认。结果 检测483人，血检阳性91人，晨尿检测阳性96人，两种方法一致性98．96％。对应晨尿阳性者采集非晨尿和阴性对照尿液标本各91份(其中血液标本检测HIV抗体阳性者86份)，检出阳性86份，阴性5份，非晨尿标本与血液标本检测结果一致。以血液标本检测结果为准，晨尿标本检测HIV-1抗体的灵敏度100％，特异度98．72％；非晨尿标本检测HIV-1抗体的灵敏度和特异度均为100％。结论 尿液ELISA法检测HIV-1抗体结果可靠，非晨尿可代替晨尿作HIV-1抗体筛查。     

HIV抗体检测替代策略Ⅱ在云南省应用的可行性探讨

目的 评价用艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测替代策略Ⅱ检测HIV抗体的可靠性,探讨HIV抗体检测替代策略Ⅱ在云南省应用的可行性.方法 对所有筛查阳性标本同时用替代策略Ⅱ及免疫印迹法(WB)检测,并对检测.结果 进行比较.结果 915份初筛阳性的标本中,两种酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测.结果 阳性且S/CO≥6的有854份,明胶颗粒凝集试验(PA)检测.结果 均为阳性,WB确认为阳性,符合率为100%;两种ELISA法检测.结果 均阳性,但其中1种或2种S/CO在1.0～5.9之间的共有61份,经WB确认检测,其中32份为阳性,28份为不确定,1份为阴性.结论 两种ELISA试剂和第三种高特异性筛查试剂联合检测HIV抗体,可以替代90%以上的WB确认检测.当两种ELISA法检测.结果 S/CO＞6,且第三种高特异性筛查试剂检测.结果 为阳性时,与WB确认检测.结果 符合率是100%;当1种或2种ELISA法检测.结果 1＜S/CO＜6时,三种方法与WB确认检测.结果 符合率仅为52.5%.因此,在使用HIV抗体替代策略Ⅱ时,应同时考虑ELISA法的反应强度(S/CO值)和其他筛查方法的.结果 .在综合考虑了以上因素后,HIV抗体检测替代策略Ⅱ在云南省应用是可行的.     

我国首例HIV-2感染者的确认

目的 HIV-2抗体的确认。方法 用多种血清学检测方法测定一份可疑HIV-2抗体,并用HIV-2特异性免疫印迹试剂盒确认。结果 从一个科特迪瓦回国人员采集的血液标本经FAGT(GBC,HIV-1 2)和ELISA(Vironostica,HIV-1 2)检测为HIV抗体阳性,使用HIV-1 2免疫印迹试验(WB)证实该血清含有HIV-2特异性抗体,其中LiaTekⅢWB出现HIV-1 p24和HIV-2的gp105、gp35 3条反应条带,HIV Blot 2.2WB出现HIV-1 p24和HIV-2 gp36 2条反应带,继续用HIV-2特异性的HIV-2 Blot 1.2试剂盒检测,出现gp125、gp80、P68、p56、gp36、p26和p16条带,而HIV-1感染者血清仅出现p26反应带,因此,确认检出HIV-2抗体阳性者。结论 发现我国首例HIV-2病毒感染者。     

622例HIV抗体筛查阳性病例采用免疫印迹试验确认结果分析

目的探讨HIV抗体ELISA筛查阳性与免疫印迹试验（WB）确证结果的关系,为HIV感染诊断提供科学依据。方法622例ELISA阳性标本与WB确证结果进行比较,采用SAS9.1进行数据描述统计和关联性分析。结果 364例确证为HIV-1抗体阳性,ELISA阳性与WB阳性符合率为58.52%。经spearman相关分析,ELISA S/Co比值与确证阳性密切相关。结论 ELISA筛查试验存在一定假阳性,高S/Co也并不代表HIV感染。     

2005年黑龙江省艾滋病检测情况分析

目的为了了解黑龙江省艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测的现状,提高检测水平。方法对黑龙江省2005年全年各艾滋病筛查实验室送检的196份血清样本,以及自愿检测的HIV抗体初筛阳性的2份样本进行检测分析。结果经胶体金快速检测法检测,送检的196份中138份HIV抗体阳性(138/196,70.4%);自愿检测2份均阳性(100%)。经酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法复查,送检样品中112份HIV阳性(112/196,57.1%),自愿检测的2份均阳性(100%)。胶体金法与ELISA法检测均阳性,或有一种方法为阳性的共149份标本,经免疫印迹(WB)试验确认后,103例为HIV-1抗体阳性,26例阴性,20例不确定。26例阴性标本中,ELISA法检测假阳性6例,胶体金法20例。结论HIV初筛实验假阳性比率较高,有待进一步培训及规范管理。     

吸毒人群尿液、血液平行检测艾滋病病毒1型抗体结果分析

目的 利用吸毒人群尿液和血液标本比较不同方法检测艾滋病病毒1型(HIV-1)抗体结果的一致性。方法 平行采集强制戒毒所234名吸毒者的尿液和血液标本,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别测定不同标本中HIV-1抗体。结果234人中5人血液标本HIV-1抗体为阳性,其平行尿液标本中4人阳性,另1人蛋白印迹试验确认为阴性。结果显示:两种标本检测HIV-1抗体的符合率为99.6％。结论 尿液标本ELISA试剂的检测结果是可靠的。     

ELISA、胶体硒和免疫试鸭验检测HIV抗体结果分析

目的 复检和确认初筛HIV抗体阳性血清，并对比分析试验结果。方法 对初筛阳性血清，用胶体硒和ELISA试验复检，任一复检试验阳性的血清再用westernblot（WB）试验确认。结果 224份初筛阳性血清经复检84份阳性，WB确认61份HIV—1抗体阳性，不确定10份，阴性13份。以WB结果为标准，ELISA、胶体硒法的阳性符合率分别为84．72％和82．43％。ELISA的敏感性为100％，特异性为96．84％，胶体硒法的敏感性为100％，特异性为95．03％。阳性、不确定和阴性组血清EI，ISA平均S／CO分别为20．550，2．244和1．434。ELISA和胶体硒法复检同时阳性，在阳性组、不确定组、阴性组分别为100％（61／61），10％（1／10）和0（0／13）。结论 胶体硒和ELISA复检可排除大部分初筛假阳性，但两种复检试验均存在一定的假阳性。3种试验的不符情况仅出现在HIV抗体阴性和不确定组，确定HIV感染依赖于WB确认试验。     

适合VCT的HIV抗体检测替代策略研究

目的 探求适合在艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)点应用的检测艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体的替代策略.方法 从河南、安徽和山西省的27个VCT检测点日常工作中采集样品10 310份,离心分离血浆后,全部用HIV快速检测试剂1(RT1)和HIV快速检测试剂2(RT2)进行检测,其中任何一种试剂的检测.结果 为阳性时,分别用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂和免疫印迹试验(WB)试剂复检.当两种快速检测均为阴性时,保留血浆,集中用ELISA试剂复检,复检为阳性者,进一步用WB确认检测.结果 RT1检测为阳性的样品418份,WB确认阳性的样品386份;RT2检测为阳性的样品427份,WB确认阳性的样品388份;RT1和RT2均为阳性的样品391份,WB确认阳性的样品386份.RT1和RT2检测.结果 不一致的样品共63份,57份为ELISA阴性,6份为ELISA阳性.结论 使用任何一种HIV快速检测试剂可以筛查出99%以上的阴性样品;两种HIV快速检测试剂的检测.结果 均为阳性时,可以筛查出98%以上的阳性样品;两种HIV快速检测试剂的检测.结果 不一致时,ELISA复检为阴性的样品可按HIV抗体阴性咨询,ELISA复检为阳性的样品应进一步做WB确认检测.使用RT1 RT2 ELISA策略,可以替代98.54%的WB确认检测,并且与WB确认检测.结果 的符合率为99.94%,因而可以在保证检测.结果 质量的同时,大大减少检测费用,提高检测效率和成本效益.     

一例HIV抗体蛋白免疫印迹法检测条带不全病例的分析

目的通过对最近一例艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体实验室检测"不确定"结果的分析讨论,尽可能减少实验室"不确定"结果的比例,提高实验室HIV确证实验的质量。方法该病例的血清标本采用两种酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)及两种快诊实验检测,又用蛋白免疫印迹法(WB)进行确证实验,并结合流行病学资料、核酸检测和基因测序结果,对该样本进行全面分析。结果 2012年11月至2013年3月期间,一例首次来自上海市肺科医院,两次随访均来自浦东新区自愿咨询检测门诊(VCT)的病例,ELISA和快诊检测为HIV抗体阳性,但WB确证结果首次为"不确定",第2、第3次随访结果也均为"不确定",后经核酸检测结果为阳性,基因测序结果为HIV-1型的CRF01_AE重组亚型,符合该病例的流行病学调查资料。结论对确证试验为"不确定"的病例,应综合初筛结果和实验室辅助检测手段及流行病学史,尽早明确个体HIV感染情况。     

Laboratory testing for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus: established and novel approaches

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Western blot are the primary tests for the diagnosis and confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The ELISA, an inexpensive screening test for antibodies to HIV-1, is both sensitive and specific. The HIV-1 Western blot is a reliable confirmatory test following a repeatedly reactive ELISA. False-positive HIV-1 results with this sequence of tests are extremely rare but can occur, and test results that are inconsistent with clinical or other laboratory information should be questioned, repeated, or supplemented. The US Food and Drug Administration has also approved rapid and more accessible testing methods. Oral mucosal transudate and urine testing are noninvasive testing methods; rapid and home sample collection kits offer easier access to testing.     

Immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, particle agglutination and western blot for the detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) has been applied for detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). To compare the IFA with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and particle agglutination (PA), we examined the antibody response to HIV-1 in 475 sera from AIDS, PGL and ARC patients as well as several risk groups and healthy persons by three methods. The positive results by any methods were confirmed by western blot (WB). The results by all methods were well correlated on the sera from 45 asymptomatic male homosexuals and 70 female prostitutes. There were some false positive results by ELISA in the sera from prisoners and healthy persons. Four sera from drug abusers were positive only by PA and IFA and were negative by ELISA. All were WB-inconclusive. Particle agglutination and IFA results were compared with western blot analysis on 208 ELISA-positive sera. All IFA-strongly positive sera (84%) were positive by western blot. The sera with weakly positive, negative and inconclusive results by IFA (16%) were possibly any of positive, inconclusive or negative by western blot. By PA, 200 of 208 (97%) sera were PA-positive and 1% of these sera were WB-inconclusive while the PA-negative sera were either negative or inconclusive by western blot. These results suggested that PA is a simple and sensitive method for screening of HIV-1 antibody while IFA could be a primary confirmatory test and western blot would then be used for confirming any IFA-negative or inconclusive results.     

宁夏自治区1999年HIV哨点监测报告

目的调查了解劳教吸毒罪错人员HIV感染情况.方法用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)和确诊实验(WB)对吸毒者分别进行HIV初筛和确认.结果在659名吸毒者中查出HIV阳性者4例,检出率为0.61%.年龄以20～40岁为主,感染者职业以农民居多.结论静脉注射毒品可能与感染HIV有密切关系,注射时间越长,感染危险性越高.     

HIV-1 infection in HIV-1 enzyme-linked immunoassay seronegative patients in Kinshasa, Zaire

Serum samples of 62 African patients who had clinical manifestations of HIV-1 infection but were seronegative for HIV-1 by ELISA (Organon) were subsequently further tested by another HIV-1 ELISA test (Wellcozyme), HIV-1 IgG Western blot, HIV-1 antigen detection and HIV-2 ELISA. Patients' lymphocytes were cultured for HIV-1 and 2. Because of limited quantities of serum available all tests were not performed on all samples. Seven (26%) of 27 sera of patients meeting the WHO clinical case definition of AIDS were Western-blot-positive. In contrast, of 35 patients' sera with possible HIV related disease, only one (3%) was Western blot positive (P = 0.02) and none of 75 sera from HIV-1 ELISA (Organon) seronegative blood donors (P less than 0.01) were Western blot positive. Of 30 HIV-1 ELISA (Organon) seronegative patients tested with the HIV-1 ELISA Wellcozyme assay only one was seropositive (this patient's serum was also Western blot positive). Of 17 HIV-1 ELISA (Organon) seronegative patients tested, HIV-1 antigen was found in 1 case (6%) (this patient's serum was Western blot negative). None of the 34 patients tested by HIV-2 serology was HIV-2 seropositive. HIV-1 was isolated by culture in 3 (21%) of 14 HIV-1 ELISA seronegative patients (sera of the 3 patients were Western blot negative). In total, 12 (19%) of 62 HIV-1 ELISA (Organon) seronegative patients were found to be positive for HIV, either by Western blot HIV antigen testing or viral culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Detection of HIV antibodies in saliva as a tool for epidemiological studies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of saliva specimens for the detection of HIV antibodies among high-risk groups in epidemiological studies. DESIGN: Testing of saliva specimens collected by different methods from individuals with known HIV status. The most reliable method was examined for its usefulness in a field study among a high-risk group. METHODS: Saliva samples were obtained either by using a cotton-wool roll ('Salivette') or as 'whole saliva'. HIV antibodies were determined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Confirmation was performed using a line immunoassay or an immunoblot assay. RESULTS: In 'Salivette' samples, HIV antibodies were detected by ELISA in seven out of 22 seropositive individuals. In contrast, testing of 'whole saliva' samples from 79 HIV-seropositive and 115 HIV-seronegative individuals resulted in a 100% correlation with HIV serum status. The positive reaction of 20 'whole saliva' specimens was confirmed in a line immunoassay, whereas in an immunoblot assay only seven specimens were positive, one negative, and 12 indeterminate. In an HIV prevalence study among drug users, 395 'whole saliva' samples were tested in two different ELISA. Both assays showed complete agreement in detecting 58 positive and 337 negative samples. All positive samples were confirmed by the line immunoassay. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that 'whole saliva' specimens are a good alternative to blood samples in epidemiological studies of HIV prevalence in high-risk groups.     

Detection of emerging HIV variants in blood donors from urban areas of Cameroon

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has licensed several assays for use in donor testing and management of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, the performance of these assays for detection and quantitation of emerging HIV genetic variants has not been studied extensively. We tested 240 human plasma specimens collected from two urban blood centers in Cameroon where HIV genetic diversity and recombinant HIV strains are highly prevalent, using several FDA licensed assays. The testing record in Cameroon indicated that 149 specimens were HIV antibody positive and 91 specimens were negative using a rapid HIV-1/2 antibody assay in routine use in Cameroon blood centers. Both sets of samples were evaluated in the FDA laboratory using four ELISA tests for HIV-1 group M, HIV-1 group O, and HIV-2 antibodies, one IFA for HIV-1 antibody, one Western blot for HIV-1, one HIV-1 p-24 antigen assay, and three nucleic acid tests (NAT). Our results indicate that the assays had high sensitivity for detection of emerging genetic variants, although a small number of samples harboring circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) found in Cameroon were not always consistently detected by a few assays. These findings may be due to the evolving genetic diversity of HIV strains in Cameroon.     

54 537份血清HIV抗体检测情况的分析

目的 分析近年来广州军区部队医院艾滋病实验室检测HIV感染的情况,为部队防治艾滋病提供基本资料.方法用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)和确认实验(WB)对血清进行HIV初筛和确认.结果 在54 537名不同种类的人群中,共查出17例HIV感染者,检出率为0.311/10万.1997年、1998年和1999年分别在吸毒人群、地方伤病员和吸毒人群中发现HIV感染者,感染者以农民居多;占58.8%,其次干部占18.2%.年龄以20～40岁为主,占感染人群的88.8%(14/17).17例感染者中,16人已婚,1人未婚.结论 近年检出HIV抗体阳性的人员均为地方吸毒人员和住院病人,部队人群面临感染的危险因素正在不断地增加,提示应抓住当前防制的有利时机,开展有计划、有步骤的防制工作.加强血、血制品的管理,加强艾滋病性病的综合防治.     

Syringe HIV seroprevalence and behavioural and demographic characteristics of intravenous drug users in Sydney, Australia, 1987

The contents of needles and syringes returned by intravenous drug users to two Sydney needle and syringe exchange centres were analysed for HIV antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive and borderline samples were further tested by the Western blot method. Basic demographic and needle sharing data were also collected from the clients of the exchanges. Of a sample of 1544 returned syringes, 48 (3%) were confirmed as containing HIV-infected blood. The proportion of infected syringes at exchange 2 was 6% (33 out of 545), which was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than the proportion of exchange 1 at 1.5% (15 out of 999). The difference in seroprevalence between the two centres may be related to the behavioural characteristics of the client populations that attended each of the exchanges. The maintenance of a low syringe HIV seroprevalence (1-1.5%) over a 7-month period at one exchange may indicate that the availability of sterile needles and syringes prevented transmission of HIV among the clients of that exchange. HIV antibody testing of the contents of used syringes is a potentially valuable method of monitoring HIV infection among intravenous drug users. In this study, syringe exchange schemes have proved to be suitable venues for investigating the demographic characteristics and risk-taking behaviours of this population.