高血压患者的血压昼夜节律变化与靶器官损害

目的研究原发性高血压（ＥＨ）患者血压昼夜节律改变与高血压病期及严重程度的关系。方法应用无创动态血压监测系统记录２４ｈ血压并分析正常人组（５２例）、高血压Ⅰ期（４８例）、Ⅱ期（８５例）、Ⅲ期（３２例）患者白昼与夜间的血压变化。结果Ｉ～Ⅲ期患者夜间收缩压（ＳＢＰ），舒张压（ＤＢＰ）下降率分别为１８％，１５％；８％，７％；１％，２％；昼夜节律紊乱Ⅰ期６％，Ⅱ期３６％，Ⅲ期８４％。Ⅰ期夜间ＳＢＰ下降率高于正常人组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论夜间血压下降率可以做为临床上高血压程度及靶器官受损评估的一项指标。     

依那普利对NIDDM24小时动态血压和尿白蛋白的急性作用

３２例ＮＩＤＤＭ和１３例在发性高血压患者那依那普利共３天，服药前后测定２４小时动态血压和尿白蛋白（ＵＡＥＲ）、转铁蛋白（ＵＴＥＲ）、视黄醇结合蛋白（ＵＲＥＲ）排泄率。服药３天后，ＮＩＤＤＭ的２４小时动态血压和尿蛋白排泄率明显下降；在原发性高血压患者，夜间ＳＢＰ除外，依那普利并未能使２４小时动态血压明显减低，但全天及白天、夜间的ＵＡＥＲ明显降低，本研究认为依那普利对肾脏有特殊的保护作用，而这一作用依     

老年原发性高血压动态血压及脉压的特点

目的：探讨老年原发性高血压动态血压及脉压的特点。方法：采用随机对照研究,回顾分析65例老年原发性高血压患者和32例中青年原发性高血压患者的动态血压表现。结果：老年原发性高血压组24h平均脉压（24hAPP）、白天平均脉压（dPP）、夜间平均脉压（nPP）,夜间平均收缩压（nSBP）显著高于中青年组（P均〈0．01）,24h平均舒张压（24hADBP）、白天平均舒张压（dDBP）、夜间平均舒张压（nDBP）显著低于中青年组（P均〈0．05）。结论：较之中青年高血压,老年原发性高血压患者的动态收缩压显著升高,动态舒张压显著降低,动态脉压明显增大。     

肾实质性高血压24小时动态血压分析

目的：分析肾实质性高血压24小时动态血压变化。方法：实验组（A组）对象为经临床和实验室检查确诊的肾实质性高血压病人，共52例；对照组（B组）为同期随机抽取的我院52例轻、中度原发性高血压病人。两组均作动态血压检测（ABPM）。结果：A、B两组之间24小时收缩压、舒张压，白天收缩压、舒张压无显著性差异（P〉0．05），夜间收缩压、舒张压则有高度显著性差异（P〈0．01），夜间血压下降率A组收缩压、舒张压均〈10％，B组则〉10％，两组间亦有高度显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论：肾实质性高血压夜间收缩压、舒张压下降较少，昼夜节律减弱。     

航海人员高血压24小时动态血压变化特征

目的：探讨航海人员（包括水下和水面作业）中血压患者24小时动态血压监测（ABPM）参数变化特征。方法：选择偶测收缩压≥140mmHg和或舒张压≥90mmHg的37例航海人员中高血压患者行24h ABPM，并与94例血压正常的航海人员（＜140／90mmHg）对比观察。结果：航海人员中高血压患者24h平均SBP的DBP、白昼或夜间平均SBP和DBP，白昼或夜间SBP和DBP负荷值，均明显高于血压正常线；高血压患者夜间SBP和DBP均值下降＞10％（＞10mmHg）；水下作业组的高血压患者白昼或夜间SBP和DBP负荷值高于水上作业组。结论：本组航海人员中高血压患者均显示杓型高血压，可能与轻、中度高血压（35／37）较多有关；水下作业组高血压患者负荷值升高明显，提示水下作人员的工作环境与生活条件等复杂因素影响，易产生增压反应有关。     

高血压伴颈动脉粥样硬化患者动态血压监测的意义

对１０８例原发性高血压患者应用彩色超声心动图检查颈动脉形态，并结合２４小时动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ），观察颈动脉粥样硬化（ＣＡＳ）与动态血压的关系。结果显示：ＣＡＳ组夜间收缩压和舒张压负荷值明显高于颈动脉正常组（Ｐ值均＜０．０１）；日间收缩压和舒张压负荷值及２４小时平均收缩压和舒张压两组比较亦有显著性差异（Ｐ值均＜０．０５）；ＣＡＳ组的血压昼夜节律紊乱检出率（６２．５％）显著高于颈动脉正常组（３７．５％）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；两组偶测血压相近（Ｐ值均＞０．０５）。表明ＣＡＳ与动态血压均值、血压负荷值及血压昼夜节律紊乱密切相关，其中以夜间血压负荷的持续时间及昼夜节律消失的关系为明显，提示在高血压患者预测高血压性脑血管损害方面，动态血压优于偶测血压。     

原发性高血压伴急性脑梗死患者心率变异性与血压变异性分析

目的：探讨原发性高血压伴急性脑梗死患者的心率变异性（heart rate variability, HRV）和血压变异性（blood pressure variability,BPV）。方法收集原发性高血压合并急性脑梗死患者82例、单纯原发性高血压患者108例,进行动态心电图和动态血压同步测量,计算机自动计算 HRV 和 BPV 各指标。结果脑梗死组 HRV 各指标均低于单纯高血压组,且差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）;夜间血压下降率脑梗死组均低于单纯高血压组,BPV 各指标脑梗死组均高于单纯高血压组,其中夜间舒张压下降率、24 h 平均收缩压（24 h SBP）和24 h 收缩压变异系数（24 h SCV）两组差异有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。结论与单纯原发性高血压患者相比,原发性高血压合并急性脑梗死患者自主神经功能受损明显。随访观察 HRV 和 BPV 指标的变化对高血压及高血压合并急性脑梗死患者的病情评估及改善预后有一定的临床意义。     

原发性高血压者ABPV、HRV和QTV及其相关性研究

目的：了解原发性高血压（EH）患者血压变异（ABPV）、心率变异（HRV）、QT变异度（QTV）及其相关性，探讨β受体阻滞剂对心脏自主神经功能的改善。方法：正常对照组（Ⅰ组）19例、原发性高血压未治疗组（Ⅱ组）39例及β受体阻滞剂治疗组（Ⅲ组）30例）同时测定24h动态血压和动态心电图。结果：收缩压标准差（ABPVs)24h昼夜间Ⅱ、Ⅲ组＞Ⅰ组，且夜间Ⅱ组＞Ⅲ组；Ⅱ、Ⅲ组24h、昼间舒张压标准差（ABPVd）有显著性差异，左室肥厚（LHV）与无LHV昼夜间ABPVs有显著差异。Ⅰ组RR间期标准差（SDNN）及24h、夜间RR间期之差的均方根(RMSSD）高于Ⅱ组，夜间SDNN、RMSSDⅠ组＞Ⅲ组，昼间SDNNⅢ组＞Ⅱ组，昼、夜间规一化的高频段功率（HFnoom）Ⅰ组＞Ⅱ组，昼间规一化的低频段功率（LFnoom）、昼夜间HFnoomⅢ组＞Ⅱ组，夜间低高频比值（LF／HF）Ⅰ组＞Ⅱ组，Ⅲ组＞Ⅱ组。Ⅰ组夜间SDNN、RMSSD、HFnorm高于昼间，昼间LF／HF高于夜间；Ⅱ组SDNN、LFnorm、LF／HF夜间明显上升于昼间；Ⅲ组RMSSD夜间高于昼间，LF／HF为昼间高于夜间，昼间及夜间QTV比较，Ⅰ、Ⅲ组昼间QTV明显＞夜间。Ⅱ组伴LVH者昼间ABPVs与SDNN正相关，24hSDNN与QTV正相关。结论：EH患者ABPV增大，HRV降低；EH伴LVH者ABPV、HRV及QTV间存在一定的相关性；β受体阻滞剂可一定程度地增加HRV，降低ABPV，ABPV是EH患者LVH的良好预测指标。     

原发性高血压与肾性高血压的动态血压特点及其与心肌肥厚的关系

目的：观察原发性高血压与肾性高血压的动态血压特点，以了解其造成心肌肥厚的原因。方法：将未予治疗的高血压患分为原发性高血压组64名，肾性高血压组64名，比较2组的脉压（PP）、血压变异性（BPV）、白天平均收缩压（dSBP)、白天平均舒张压（dDBP),夜间平均收缩压（nSBP)、夜间平均舒张压（nDBP);彩色多普勒测定心肌重量指数（LVMI），统计分析LVMI与各动脉血压指标的相关性。结果：肾性高血压组的PP、BPV、LHVI较原发性高血压组明显增高，2组的dSBP、dDBP、nSBP、nDBP差异无显性；2组的LHVI均与PP、BPV明显相关。结论：原发性高血压与肾性高血压的心肌肥厚均与PP、BPV相关，提示PP、BPV可能是心肌损害的预测因子；而在平均动脉压相同的情况下，肾性高血压比原发性高血压对心肌的损害作用更大。     

老年高血压患者肾素活性,血管紧张素Ⅱ水平与动态血压关系的探讨

目的为探讨老年高血压患者的血浆肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡｎｇⅡ）水平与动态血压各参数值的关系。方法对５７例老年高血压患者及２６例健康老人在平衡饮食后行ＰＲＡ、ＡｎｇⅡ水平检查及２４小时动态血压监测。结果高血压组动态血压各参数值均显著高于对照组;与肾素正常者相比,高血压组中肾素增高者（ＰＲＡ＞８００ｎｇ／Ｌｈ）夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压及血压负荷值显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,２４小时平均收缩压亦明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其夜间非构型发生率高。结论高肾素型老年高血压患者的２４小时血压节律消失,血压负荷值尤其是夜间血压负荷明显升高,易引起各靶器官的功能损害应当引起重视     

Role of renin–angiotensin aldosterone system on short-term blood pressure variability in hypertensive patients

The relationship between the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system and short-term blood pressure variability has not been well elucidated. Here, we investigated whether blood pressure variability determined by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring differed among patients with primary aldosteronism (PA), renovascular hypertension (RVHT), and essential hypertension (EHT). We examined 25 patients with PA, 28 patients with RVHT, and 18 patients with EHT. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was conducted in all patients. Short-term blood pressure variability was evaluated by calculating the standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and average real variability (ARV) of 24-h, daytime, and nighttime blood pressure values. Day–night differences in blood pressure were also determined. The mean 24-h systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the PA and RVHT groups were found to be comparable to those in the EHT group. The SD, the CV, nor the ARV of the 24-h, daytime, and nighttime blood pressures showed any significant differences among the three groups. The day–night differences in blood pressure were comparable among the three groups. The short-term blood pressure variabilities evaluated by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were comparable among the patients with EHT, RVHT, and PA. The results suggest that the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system may contribute little to short-term blood pressure variability in individuals with hypertension.     

MYOCARDIAL IMAGING WITH 123I-METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION AND RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION

Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial imaging is considered to reflect cardiac sympathetic function. We performed myocardial MIBG scintigraphy and echocardiography in 27 patients with essential hypertension (EHT), 7 patients with renovascular hypertension (RVHT), and 8 normotensive subjects (NT) to investigate alterations in MIBG myocardial imaging in the presence of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). EHT were divided into two groups based on LV wall thickness; EHT with LVH group (≥13 mm, n = 15) and EHT without LVH group (<13 mm, n = 12). The delayed uptake of MIBG was decreased, and the washout rate of MIBG was greater in the EHT with LVH group than EHT without LVH group or NT group. The washout rate was correlated with LV mass and LV diastolic function (as assessed by mitral flow). In RVHT group, the MIBG washout rate increased even without LVH, compared with NT and EHT without LVH groups. In summary, the washout rate of MIBG increased in parallel with the development of LVH in EHT and increased independently of the LV mass in RVHT. Cardiac sympathetic function could be altered in hypertensive LVH and in renovascular hypertension.     

Myocardial imaging with 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine in essential hypertension and renovascular hypertension

Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial imaging is considered to reflect cardiac sympathetic function. We performed myocardial MIBG scintigraphy and echocardiography in 27 patients with essential hypertension (EHT), 7 patients with renovascular hypertension (RVHT), and 8 normotensive subjects (NT) to investigate alterations in MIBG myocardial imaging in the presence of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). EHT were divided into two groups based on LV wall thickness; EHT with LVH group (> or = 13 mm, n = 15) and EHT without LVH group (< 13 mm, n = 12). The delayed uptake of MIBG was decreased, and the washout rate of MIBG was greater in the EHT with LVH group than EHT without LVH group or NT group. The washout rate was correlated with LV mass and LV diastolic function (as assessed by mitral flow). In RVHT group, the MIBG washout rate increased even without LVH, compared with NT and EHT without LVH groups. In summary, the washout rate of MIBG increased in parallel with the development of LVH in EHT and increased independently of the LV mass in RVHT. Cardiac sympathetic function could be altered in hypertensive LVH and in renovascular hypertension.     

Increased Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients With Resistant Hypertension

Resistant hypertension (RHT) is an important disease that causes an increase in cardiovascular risk, yet its etiology remains unclear. The authors aimed to investigate neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as an inflammation marker in patients with RHT. A total of 150 patients were included in the study and grouped according to their office and ambulatory blood pressure measurements. They were classified as having normotension (NT), controlled hypertension (CHT), or RHT. The RHT group had a significantly higher NLR than the CHT group (P=.03), and NLRs of both hypertension groups were significantly higher than those in the NT group (P<.001, for both). NLR and neutrophil count were found to be independent correlates for RHT in multivariate analysis (P<.001). NLR and neutrophil count are increased in RHT patients than both CHT and NT patients. This finding, which is defined for the first time in patients with RHT, may imply the importance of inflammation in blood pressure control.     

Sympathetic neural mechanisms in white-coat hypertension

OBJECTIVES: This study planned to establish whether sympathetic hyperactivity exists in white-coat hypertension (WHT) in the clinical setting, relative to matched groups with normotension (NT) and untreated essential hypertension (EHT). BACKGROUND: White-coat hypertension differs from EHT by the presence of normal ambulatory blood pressure. Sympathetic hyperactivity exists in patients with EHT in the clinical setting and is believed to contribute to the development of target organ damage. Similar organ damage has been reported in WHT, yet little is known about sympathetic neural activity in this condition. METHODS: Using microneurography, we examined groups of 12 matched subjects with WHT, EHT and NT during the same clinical setting to quantify muscle sympathetic nerve activity as multiunit discharge (MSNA) and single units (s-MSNA). RESULTS: The s-MSNA in WHT (54 +/- 4.2 impulses/100 beats) was greater (p < 0.05) than in NT (37 +/- 5.4 impulses/100 beats) despite similar age and body mass index (BMI). The EHT values of s-MSNA (73 +/- 5.2 impulses/100 beats) were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than in WHT despite similar age, BMI and blood pressure levels. The MSNA followed a similar trend. White-coat hypertension had a similar cardiac baroreceptor reflex sensitivity to NT, but this was impaired in EHT relative to both NT and WHT. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown, in the clinical setting, that central sympathetic hyperactivity exists in WHT, albeit to a lesser degree than EHT. These findings suggest that WHT may not be entirely benign and that the observed sympathetic hyperactivity may be responsible for development of target organ damage in this group of patients.     

Nocturnal blood pressure profiles among normotensive, controlled hypertensive and refractory hypertensive subjects

BACKGROUND:

Nocturnal blood pressure abnormalities are independently associated with an increased risk of death and cardiovascular disease. It is unclear, however, whether they are related to the presence or severity of hypertension.

OBJECTIVES:

To determine and compare the prevalence of sleep pattern disturbances in normotensive (NT) and hypertensive patients.

METHODS:

The present cross-sectional study assessed the nocturnal blood pressure profiles from 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring of refractory hypertensive (RH) (n=26), controlled hypertensive (CH) (n=52) and NT (n=52) subjects who were matched for age, sex and body mass index. Results are expressed as mean ± SD or proportion, as appropriate.

RESULTS:

During sleep, the percentage fall in mean arterial pressure was 15.1±6.1% in the NT group, 11.5±7.0% in the CH group and 7.7±7.7% in the RH group (P<0.0001). The corresponding proportions of nondipping were 25.0%, 42.3% and 61.5%, respectively (P=0.006), and those of nocturnal hypertension were 9.6%, 23.1% and 84.6%, respectively (P<0.0001). All pairwise comparisons of nocturnal blood pressure fall were significant. The proportion of subjects in the RH group who experienced a rise in nocturnal blood pressure (19.2%) was significantly greater than the proportions in the NT and CH groups (P=0.001), as was the proportion of subjects with nocturnal hypertension (P<0.0001). There was less extreme dipping in RH, although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.08).

CONCLUSIONS:

A significantly higher prevalence of nondipping, nocturnal hypertension and nocturnal blood pressure rising in RH was demonstrated. These sleep disturbances or independently, their cause, may account for the difficulties in attaining blood pressure control.     

The role of Na,K-ATPase inhibitor on pressor responsiveness in patients with benign essential hypertension

To clarify the role of Na,K-ATPase inhibitor in the enhanced pressor response to infused noradrenaline (NA-R) in patients with benign essential hypertension (EHT), NA-R, plasma noradrenaline concentration (PNA), and blood ionized calcium (Ca2+) were investigated before and after intravenous injection of ouabain in 15 normotensive subjects (NT) and 13 EHT. NA-R was enhanced by ouabain in both NT and EHT. The augmentation of NA-R following ouabain injection (delta NA-R) and % delta NA-R were significantly lower in EHT than in NT. Following ouabain injection, no significant change in PNA and blood Ca2+ was observed in both NT and EHT. NA-R negatively correlated with PNA and blood Ca2+, which were estimated just prior to noradrenaline infusion, before ouabain injection as well as after. After ouabain, the regression line between NA-R and PNA or blood Ca2+ shifted toward higher NA-R level in NT, unlike in EHT. These results suggest that an exogenous Na,K-ATPase inhibitor brings about a blunted enhancement of NA-R in EHT consistent with the presence of an endogenous Na,K-ATPase inhibitor in EHT.     

Responses of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) to hypertonic saline infusion in essential hypertensive patients and normotensive subjects]

The demonstration that exogenous atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) has markedly lowered plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) suggests a possible negative control of endogenous ANP on the secretion of ADH from the posterior hypophysis. To test this possibility and to clarify the role of ADH and ANP in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension (EHT), the responses of ADH and ANP to a hypertonic saline infusion were investigated in EHT patients and normotensive subjects (NT). Twenty inpatients with EHT (10 males and 10 females; 50.5 +/- 6.5y) and 10 NT subjects (5 males and 5 females; 50.6 +/- 7.8y) underwent a 20 min intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline (2.5% NaCl; 0.25ml/kg/min) in a fasting state. Blood samples were drawn before and 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min after the infusion and analyzed for ADH and ANP as well as plasma osmolarity (Posm), Na and albumin. Basal levels of ADH and ANP were not significantly different between NT and EHT. ADH was rapidly increased by the infusion in both groups; however, its percent increase was much higher in EHT than in NT during and after the infusion. Surprisingly, a highly significant negative correlation between ADH and ANP was found before and after the infusion in both groups. Although blood pressure was not changed significantly, the enhanced response of ADH to a sodium and volume load may play a role in part in the pathophysiology of EHT. In addition, it has been suggested that a possible suppression by ANP on the secretion of ADH may be one of the mechanisms of the diuretic action of ANP.     

Blood pressure and heart rate variability in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension.

To investigate the circadian profiles of BP and heart rate in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), the variability of BP and heart rate during day time (daytime) and the amplitudes of nocturnal fall were evaluated in ISH (n = 19) comparing with those of essential hypertensive patients (EHT, n = 18) and normotensive subjects (NT, n = 16) in the same age range. ISH showed a significantly wider BP variability during the day time and a greater amplitude of nocturnal fall compared with EHT and NT. However, the heart rate variability during the daytime and the amplitude of nocturnal fall were similar among the three groups. ISH showed a stronger correlation between BP and heart rate during 24 hours compared with EHT and NT. Approximately 80% of ISH showed a significant positive correlation between BP and heart rate. These results suggest that the BP of ISH patients is susceptible to fluctuations in autonomic nerve activity.     

Is isolated nocturnal hypertension a novel clinical entity? Findings from a Chinese population study

We reported previously that normotensive Chinese had higher nighttime diastolic blood pressure compared with non-Chinese. We, therefore, studied the prevalence and characteristics of isolated nocturnal hypertension (HT) and its association with arterial stiffness, an intermediate sign of target organ damage. We recorded ambulatory blood pressure, the central and peripheral systolic augmentation indexes, the ambulatory arterial stiffness index, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in 677 Chinese enrolled in the JingNing population study (53.6% women; mean age: 47.6 years). Prevalence was 10.9% for isolated nocturnal HT (>or=120/70 mm Hg from 10:00 pm to 4:00 am), 4.9% for isolated daytime HT (>or=135/85 mm Hg from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm), and 38.4% for day-night HT. Patients with isolated nocturnal HT, compared with subjects with ambulatory normotension (45.8%), were older (53.7 versus 40.7 years), more often reported alcohol intake (68.9% versus 51.0%), had faster nighttime pulse rate (62.8 versus 60.7 bpm), had higher serum cholesterol (5.12 versus 4.77 mmol/L), and had higher blood glucose (4.84 versus 4.38 mmol/L). Similar to patients with isolated daytime HT or day-night HT, patients with isolated nocturnal HT had higher indexes of arterial stiffness (P<0.05) than subjects with ambulatory normotension (central augmentation index: 140% versus 134%; peripheral augmentation index: 82.6% versus 76.5%; ambulatory arterial stiffness index: 0.40 versus 0.35 U; brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity: 16.2 versus 14.7 m/s). Of 74 patients with isolated nocturnal HT, only 4 (5.4%) had hypertension on conventional office blood pressure measurement (>or=140/90 mm Hg). In conclusion, isolated nocturnal HT can only be diagnosed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, is prevalent among Chinese, and is associated with increased arterial stiffness.