鼠后肢周围神经缺血再灌注对脊髓腰膨大前角运动神经元超微结构的影响

目的 探讨大鼠后肢周围神经缺血再灌注对脊髓腰膨大前角运动神经元超微结构的影响及其内在关系。方法 采用无损伤动脉夹暂时阻断大鼠一侧髂总、髂内、髂外及股动脉的大鼠周围神经缺血的实验模型，透射电镜下观察不同缺血再灌注时间脊髓腰膨大灰质前角细胞的超微结构改变。结果 对照组神经元的超微结构形态正常，缺血6h，8h，12h3组均出现暗神经元改变。缺血8h组，除暗神经元改变外，还出现明确的细胞坏死。缺血12h组，神经元暗细胞变与大片神经组织坏死并存，血脑屏障严重破坏。在缺血6h，8h，12h各组内，随着再灌注时间的延长(60h以内)，神经元的损害明显逐渐加重。结论 大鼠后肢周围神经缺血再灌注可相应地引起脊髓腰膨大前角运动神经元超微结构的改变，可引起神经元的暗细胞变和坏死。在同一缺血组内，随着再灌注时间的延长，神经元的损害逐渐加重。     

周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与神经元凋亡的关系

目的 研究大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与脊髓神经元凋亡的关系和规律,为临床防治此类神经损伤提供理论依据.方法 采用无损伤动脉夹暂时夹闭大鼠髂总、髂内、髂外及股动脉,不同时间段开放恢复血流再灌注的大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注模型,取脊髓腰骶膨大处脊髓灰质组织通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率进行分析.结果 各实验组均可检测到凋亡细胞,但各组细胞凋亡率均有所不同.各缺血组神经细胞凋亡率明显高于假手术对照组(P<0.01).缺血4 h组神经细胞的凋亡率高于其他各组,与2、12 h组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).细胞凋亡率最高出现在缺血4 h再灌注6 h组,缺血4、6、8 h组再灌注72 h后出现细胞凋亡率的下降,甚至低于未灌注组.结论 周围神经缺血再灌注损伤可以引起神经元的凋亡.不同缺血与再灌注时间,神经细胞的凋亡率也不尽相同.     

周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与神经元凋亡的关系

目的 研究大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与脊髓神经元凋亡的关系和规律,为临床防治此类神经损伤提供理论依据.方法 采用无损伤动脉夹暂时夹闭大鼠髂总、髂内、髂外及股动脉,不同时间段开放恢复血流再灌注的大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注模型,取脊髓腰骶膨大处脊髓灰质组织通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率进行分析.结果 各实验组均可检测到凋亡细胞,但各组细胞凋亡率均有所不同.各缺血组神经细胞凋亡率明显高于假手术对照组(P<0.01).缺血4 h组神经细胞的凋亡率高于其他各组,与2、12 h组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).细胞凋亡率最高出现在缺血4 h再灌注6 h组,缺血4、6、8 h组再灌注72 h后出现细胞凋亡率的下降,甚至低于未灌注组.结论 周围神经缺血再灌注损伤可以引起神经元的凋亡.不同缺血与再灌注时间,神经细胞的凋亡率也不尽相同.     

周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与神经元凋亡的关系

目的 研究大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注损伤与脊髓神经元凋亡的关系和规律,为临床防治此类神经损伤提供理论依据.方法 采用无损伤动脉夹暂时夹闭大鼠髂总、髂内、髂外及股动脉,不同时间段开放恢复血流再灌注的大鼠周围神经缺血再灌注模型,取脊髓腰骶膨大处脊髓灰质组织通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率进行分析.结果 各实验组均可检测到凋亡细胞,但各组细胞凋亡率均有所不同.各缺血组神经细胞凋亡率明显高于假手术对照组(P<0.01).缺血4 h组神经细胞的凋亡率高于其他各组,与2、12 h组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).细胞凋亡率最高出现在缺血4 h再灌注6 h组,缺血4、6、8 h组再灌注72 h后出现细胞凋亡率的下降,甚至低于未灌注组.结论 周围神经缺血再灌注损伤可以引起神经元的凋亡.不同缺血与再灌注时间,神经细胞的凋亡率也不尽相同.     

抑肽酶预处理对家兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后脊髓水电解质的影响

目的:观察抑肽酶预处理对家兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后脊髓水电解质的影响,为临床应用抑肽酶治疗脊髓缺血再灌注损伤提供实验依据。方法:60只家兔随机分为缺血再灌注损伤抑肽酶预处理组(A组)和生理盐水对照组(B组),每组30只。建立家兔脊髓腰骶段缺血模型,恢复血流再灌注7d。A组于缺血前10min一次性静脉注射抑肽酶3×107IU/kg,继而用微量泵持续注入1×107IU/(kg·h);B组缺血再灌注时间同A组,以等量生理盐水代替抑肽酶。缺血前、缺血再灌注后8h、24h、48h、72h和7d处死动物,取L4￣L5段脊髓做生化测定,L3￣L4段脊髓做组织病理学检查。结果:在缺血再灌注后检测的各时段,A组较B组脊髓含水量、Ca2+、Na+降低,Mg2+、K+升高(P<0.05)。组织病理学检查发现缺血再灌注后48h,A组脊髓前角运动神经元轻度肿胀,轮廓清楚,前索轴突分布较均匀;B组脊髓前角运动神经元固缩变小,前索轴突数量减少,分布紊乱。结论:抑肽酶具有降低脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后脊髓中含水量、Ca2+和Na+,增加Mg2+和K+含量作用;对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

缺血预处理与肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的研究

目的 :观察缺血预处理对肝脏再灌注损伤的影响。方法 :通过构建正常大鼠和肝硬化大鼠肝脏 70 %的原位热缺血再灌注损伤模型 ,比较缺血预处理和无预处理组及间歇阻断肝门法对再灌注损伤的影响 ;以肝功酶、能量代谢和过氧化损伤等生物化学指标、组织学病理和细胞超微结构的形态学指标 ,观察不同预处理条件对结果的影响。结果 :各项指标显示 ,正常大鼠中 ,缺血预处理与无预处理组相比 ,可显著减轻再灌注损伤 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与间歇性阻断肝门组相比也有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;在各个缺血预处理组内 ,缺血预处理 5min(IPC5min)组较IPC10min组和IPC5min× 2 组效果好 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,证实缺血预处理对肝硬化大鼠肝脏再灌注损伤有保护作用。结论 :缺血预处理可减轻肝脏再灌注损伤 ,并优于间歇性阻断肝门法 ,是一种应用方便、效果较好、前景广阔的阻断肝脏血供的新方法     

缺血预处理对大鼠急性缺血-再灌注肾细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨缺血预处理对急性肾缺血-再灌注细胞凋亡的影响。方法:采用8 min缺血加5 min再灌注预处理在体肾缺血-再灌注模型(I45 min I-R 6h),将实验动物随机分为正常(A组)、假手术(S组)、单纯缺血(B组)、缺血再灌注(C组)、预处理(D组)五组,采用透射电镜、流式细胞仪检测肾细胞凋亡和细胞增殖周期,利用光学显微镜进行组织学观察,同时测定血清中尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)及MDA含量。结果:与A、S组相比,C组细胞凋亡率显著增高(P<0.01);与C组相比,D组细胞凋亡率和细胞增殖指数均降低(P<0.01),G0/G1时段增加(P<0.01),肾组织损伤病理评分显著降低(P<0.05),同时肾超微结构破坏较轻。结论:缺血预处理对急性肾缺血-再灌注有保护作用,可以减轻急性肾缺血-再灌注引起的细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与调节细胞增殖周期有关。     

腹主动脉局部灌注丙泊酚减轻脊髓缺血-再灌注损伤的研究

目的 建立兔脊髓缺血-再灌注损伤模型，研究经腹主动脉局部灌注丙泊酚对脊髓缺血-再灌注损伤的作用。方法 新西兰大耳白兔30只，随机均分为A、B、C三组，诱导后气管插管，持续监测平均动脉压、心率、脉搏血氧饱和度及肛温。左股动脉切开置管至腹主动脉分出左肾动脉远端1．0cm处，于左肾动脉开口远端0．5cm处阻断腹主动脉，同时阻断双侧髂总动脉，自阻断即刻开始经置入导管分别向阻断的腹主动脉远端灌注5ml／kg丙泊酚溶液（A组）、10％脂肪乳（B组）和生理盐水（C组），30min后开放。于动物完全清醒即刻、再灌注后6、24和48h对双后肢神经功能进行评分，光镜观察脊髓前角正常运动神经元并计数。结果 清醒即刻、再灌注后6、24和48hA组神经行为学评分明显高于B和C组（P〈0．05），B、C两组比较差异无统计学意义。三组脊髓前角正常运动神经元中位数分别为11、1和0，A组明显高于B、C两组（P〈0．05）。结论 腹主动脉阻断期间经阻断的腹主动脉局部灌注丙泊酚可减轻脊髓缺血一再灌注损伤。     

缺血后处理和预处理对大鼠骨骼肌缺血-再灌注损伤的作用

目的 探讨缺血后处理( IPost)和缺血预处理(IPC)对大鼠骨骼肌缺血再灌注(IR)损伤的影响.方法 将40只大鼠随机分成缺血再灌注组(A组)、缺血后处理组(B组)、缺血预处理组(C组)、缺血预处理加缺血后处理组(D组)以及对照组(E组),采用切断患肢全部皮肤、肌肉和神经,保留患肢股动、静脉的动物模型,通过夹闭和开放股动、静脉造成骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤,通过测定骨骼肌缺血4h、再灌注1h后血清丙二醛(MDA)和骨骼肌髓过氧化物酶(MPO),以及再灌注6h后骨骼肌的坏死程度来观察缺血后处理.缺血预处理及缺血预处理加缺血后处理对大鼠骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响.结果 B组、C组和D组再灌注1 h MDA和MPO水平以及再灌注6h骨骼肌坏死程度均低于A组(P＜ 0.05),但是高于E组(P＜0.05);B组和D组再灌注1 h MDA和MPO水平以及再灌注6h骨骼肌坏死程度基本相同(P＞0.05);B组和D组再灌注1 h MDA和MPO水平低于C组(P＜0.05),但再灌注6h骨骼肌坏死程度基本相同(P＞0.05).结论 应用缺血后处理和缺血预处理对大鼠骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤有一定的保护效果,联合应用缺血后处理和缺血预处理,对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用并没有明显增强.     

阿霉素预处理替代缺血预处理提供鼠皮瓣缺血耐受的实验研究

目的探讨阿霉素预处理提供鼠皮瓣缺血耐受的可能性及其作用机制。方法健康成年SD大鼠24只,雌雄各半,体重250～300 g,随机分为A、B、C 3组(n=8)。于各组大鼠腹部制备以腹壁浅血管-神经束为蒂、大小为6 cm×3 cm的岛状皮瓣,A组不作处理;B组用微血管夹阻断腹壁浅血管血流10 min,松开后再灌注10 min,反复4次;C组经腹壁浅静脉推注阿霉素(1 mg/kg)。24 h后于皮瓣蒂部夹闭腹壁浅血管4 h,再灌注2 h,制备缺血再灌注损伤模型。术后观察大鼠存活情况,于缺血再灌注损伤后0、8、12、24、30 h各组取皮瓣检测丙二醛(malonyldiadehyde,MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)含量;于缺血再灌注损伤后7 d测量皮瓣成活率后处死大鼠,取皮瓣行组织学观察。结果实验中共5只大鼠死亡,其中A、B组各1只,C组3只,均给予补充。缺血再灌注损伤后7 d,A组皮瓣成活率为10.10%±0.43%,小于B组91.63%±1.76%及C组92.75%±1.48%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组与C组比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.29,P=0.77)。缺血再灌注损伤后0 h 3组间MDA和SOD含量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);8 h后各时间点A组与B、C组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),B组与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。组织学观察示,A组炎性细胞浸润较B、C组明显,纤维增生减弱;B组与C组皮瓣组织学改变相似。结论阿霉素预处理可以提供鼠皮瓣缺血耐受,保护皮瓣减轻缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与诱导内源性保护物质的产生有关。     

缺血预处理对家兔脑缺血保护效应的实验研究

目的 探讨缺血预处理脑保护效应,以及神经细胞凋亡与缺血性脑损害的关系。方法 家兔１５只,随机分为３组,对照组,缺血组,缺血预处理组。Ａ组只做手术操作,Ｂ组采用二血管夹闭全脑缺血１０分钟,Ｃ组在缺血前增加缺血预处理２分钟再灌注３０分钟。对比观察缺血后３天海马ＣＡ１区神经元密度和缺血细胞数,同时使用ＴＵＮＥＬ原位标记法,检测缺血３天后海马区的凋亡细胞。     

The Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning of the Pancreas on Severity of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Pancreatitis After a Long Period of Ischemia in the Rat

Background

The role of ischemia/reperfusion injury in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis is still ill-defined. It is accepted, however, that ischemia/reperfusion induces the development of postimplantation pancreatitis that is responsible for considerable morbidity. Preconditioning by brief exposure to ischemia protects the organ against damage evoked by subsequent severe ischemia. This study was undertaken to examine whether two brief ischemic periods protect the pancreas against severe ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitis.

Materials and methods

This study was performed on 30 rats in three groups. The first group (control) underwent a laparatomy without clamping of any artery. The second group underwent 30-minute clamping of the inferior splenic artery followed by 1-hour reperfusion of the pancreas, and the third group underwent clamping of inferior splenic artery (2 × 5 minutes with 5-minute interval) as ischemic preconditioning and then 30-minute clamping of inferior splenic artery followed by 1-hour reperfusion.

Results

Exposure to 30-minute pancreatic ischemia followed by 1-hour reperfusion led to the development of severe alterations greater than the other group that underwent ischemic preconditioning and then ischemia/reperfusion. Ischemia preconditioning applied prior to induction of pancreatitis reduced plasma lipase and interleukin-1β concentrations as well as less histological signs of pancreatic damage.

Conclusion

We concluded that pancreatic ischemic preconditioning reduced the severity of ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitis. This effect seemed to be related at least in part to the release of the proinflammatory mediator interleukin-1β.     

Ischemic preconditioning improves oxygenation of exercising muscle in vivo

BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning (IP) improves tissue tolerance to prolonged ischemia. In this study, we investigated the functional effect of IP on skeletal muscle of rat hind limb by means of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four separate protocol groups according to different preparations prior to 2 h of global ischemia: a group of ischemic reperfusion without any preparation (I/R), ischemic reperfusion with ischemic preconditioning (IP+IR), ischemic reperfusion with adenosine infusion (ADO+I/R), and sham operation. Ischemia and ischemic preconditioning were induced by clamping infrarenal abdominal aorta and left common iliac artery. For each rat, an exercise test of gastrocnemius muscles was performed by stimulating sciatic nerve before and after global ischemia while performing NIRS. MPO activity of ischemic muscles was also measured. RESULTS: Half-resaturation time after exercise and MPO activity were significantly improved in IP+IR and ADO+I/R groups. Difference of oxyhemoglobin during exercise was also improved in the IP+IR group. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that IP provides the protective effect on in vivo skeletal muscle oxygenation during exercise.     

缺血预处理对骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制及其与腺苷关系研究

目的 :探讨骨骼肌缺血预处理保护作用机制及其腺苷的关系。方法 :采用兔右后肢缺血模型 ,将 2 8只兔随机分为 4组 (n =7) ,对照组 :持续缺血 4h ,再灌注 1h ;预处理组 :缺血 5min ,再灌注 5min ,重复 3次后 ,持续缺血 4h再灌注1h。腺苷治疗组 :于缺血再灌注前经股动脉注入 0 5mg腺苷。腺苷受体拮抗剂 8-PT处理组 :在 3次循环IPC处理前 ,经股动脉注入 3 0mg 8-PT ,再缺血 4h ,再灌注 1h。通过高效液相色谱法测定处理前、缺血 4h ,再灌注 10min、3 0min及6 0min时血浆腺苷浓度变化。通过血浆CPK、MDA及骨骼肌99mTcMDP吸收量的测定判断骨骼肌损伤程度。结果 :预处理组、腺苷组及 8-PT组 ,在缺血 4h和再灌注 1h期间血浆腺苷浓度明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ,再灌注 10min时达到高峰 ,并随再灌注时间延长而逐渐降低。与对照组相比 ,预处理组和腺苷组血浆CPK、MDA及骨骼肌99mTcMDP吸收量显著降低 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :腺苷参与了缺血预处理对骨骼肌的保护作用 ,腺苷受体拮抗可阻断缺血预处理对骨骼肌的保护作用。腺苷释放和腺苷受体激活在骨骼肌缺血预处理中起重要作用。     

Neuroprotective Effects of Riluzole and Ketamine during Transient Spinal Cord Ischemia in the Rabbit

Background: Massive release of central excitatory neurotransmitters is an important initial step in ischemic neuronal injury, and modification of this process may provide neuroprotection. We studied the protective effects of the voltage-dependent sodium channel antagonist riluzole and the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine on hind limb motor function and histopathologic outcome in an experimental model of spinal cord ischemia.

Methods: Temporary spinal cord ischemia was induced by 29 min of infrarenal balloon occlusion of the aorta in 60 anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits. Animals were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups (n = 15 each): group C, saline (control); group R, riluzole, 8 mg/kg intravenously; group K, ketamine, 55 mg/kg intravenously; group RK, riluzole and ketamine. After reperfusion, riluzole treatment was continued with intraperitoneal infusions. Normothermia (38[degrees]C) was maintained during ischemia, and rectal temperature was assessed before and after intraperitoneal infusions. Neurologic function, according to Tarlov's criteria, was evaluated every 24 h, and infarction volume and the number of eosinophilic neurons and viable motoneurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord was evaluated after 72 h.

Results: Neurologic outcome was better in groups R and RK than in groups C and K. All animals in group C (100%) and all animals but one in group K (93%) were paraplegic 72 h after the ischemic insult versus 53% in group R and 67% in group RK (P < 0.01 each). More viable motoneurons were present in groups R and RK than in controls (P < 0.05).     

缺血预处理减轻大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的免疫机制研究

目的探讨大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤(HIRI)的免疫机制和缺血预处理(IPC)的保护作用。 方法80只大鼠被随机分为假手术组(A组)、肝门阻断20 min组(B组)、30 min组(C组)、40 min组(D组)以及肝门阻断30 min前预处理组(E组),每组再分为再灌注2 h亚组和24 h亚组,各8只。检测再灌注后2 h、24 h的血丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、白细胞介素10、12(IL-10、IL-12)以及外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的水平,观察再灌注后2 h、24 h时的存活率及肝脏病理情况。 结果随着肝门阻断时间的延长,ALT、AST显著升高,肝内炎症细胞浸润增加,24 h存活率逐渐降低。D组再灌注2 h时,CD8+ T淋巴细胞显著升高,CD4+/CD8+比值下降,调节性T淋巴细胞显著减少,血清IL-10显著降低,而IL-12水平显著升高。再灌注后24 h,B组大鼠各项指标逐步恢复至假手术组水平,而D组大鼠CD4+T淋巴细胞、CD4+/CD8+比值尤其是Treg显著升高,且IL-10水平显著升高,IL-12水平明显降低。与C组相比,E组阻断30 min后无一例死亡,再灌注2 h的ALT、AST水平显著降低,Treg和IL-10水平显著升高,IL-12水平明显降低,再灌注24 h后各项指标恢复并接近假手术组水平,肝脏病理损伤较轻。 结论肝缺血再灌注引起肝脏损伤甚至死亡,可能与诱导T淋巴细胞尤其是Treg和细胞因子的紊乱有关。缺血预处理可以增加再灌注早期的Treg细胞,有效纠正免疫紊乱,减轻损伤。     

Protection against acute porcine lung ischemia/reperfusion injury by systemic preconditioning via hind limb ischemia

Previous work on various organs and tissues has shown that ischemic preconditioning protects against reperfusion injury in these organs and also against secondary effects in the lung. In contrast, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of preconditioning in a remote organ (hind limb ischemia) on an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) treatment of the lung itself. A porcine model of in situ left lung ischemia (90 min) and reperfusion (5 h) was used. Systemic preconditioning was induced by clamping the left common femoral artery (3 x 5 min). Lung injury was assessed in terms of pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary venous and arterial pO(2), and tissue macrophage counts. The zymosan-stimulated release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in whole blood was determined by a chemiluminometric procedure. Inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6) were measured in arterial plasma as indicators of a systemic inflammatory reaction. Preconditioning by hind limb ischemia completely prevented the I/R-induced functional impairment of the lung, the pulmonary hypertension and the reduced oxygenation capacity. The plasma levels of interleukin-1beta and the macrophage counts in preconditioned animals were reduced to control values, whereas the levels of interleukin-6 and the release of ROS were not affected by preconditioning. In conclusion, systemic preconditioning by repeated hind limb ischemia protects against acute I/R injury of the lung but not against all indices of reperfusion-associated systemic inflammation.