Transrectal contrast enhanced ultrasound for diagnosis of prostate cancer

The diagnosis of prostate cancer is based on histology. Prostate biopsies are obtained based on the triad of prostate specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasound. Because prostate biopsies still have a large percentage of negative outcomes, patient selection and biopsy direction need improvement. This paper describes the recent improvements in prostate cancer imaging, especially contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasound. A paper within the framework of the European Society for Urological Imaging (ESUI).     

包括腔静脉旁部的肝尾叶切除术

目的：探讨并总结包括腔静脉旁路肝尾叶切除的方法和经验。方法：分别采用右后途径和左侧途径行肝右尾叶和全尾叶切除;前者附加部分右后叶切除,后者可为单独全尾叶切除或附加左外叶或左半肝切除。结果：成功施行包括腔静脉旁部的肝尾叶切除13例,其中右尾叶切除7例,全尾叶切除6例;全组无手术死亡,术中,术后均无严重并发症发生;术中平均失血量为896.15ml,平均肝门阻断时间为25.4min,术后平均住院12d。结论：虽然肝门部解剖关系复杂,但手术切除包括腔静脉旁部的肝尾叶仍是安全可行的。     

高原鼠L-精氨酸预处理与第一肝门阻断时肠道细菌易位

目的探讨高原鼠L-精氨酸预处理对第一肝门阻断时肝缺血再灌注损伤和肠道细菌易位有无保护作用。方法SD大鼠在高原环境饲养14天后分为假手术组(5只)及实验组(持续阻断30分钟及60分钟组,L-精氨酸预处理加持续阻断30分钟及60分钟,每组5只)。无菌条件下用无损伤血管夹阻断大鼠第一肝门建立肝脏缺血再灌注(I/R)模型,再灌注24小时后在无菌条件下分别取门静脉血、回肠系膜淋巴结进行肠道细菌培养。观察外源性L-精氨酸预处理对第一肝门阻断时肝缺血再灌注损伤与肠道细菌易位有无保护作用。结果假手术组未培养出细菌;持续阻断30分钟组2例、持续阻断60分钟组5例、外源性断60分钟组5例血液及淋巴结均培养出大肠埃希氏菌。与假手术组比较,差异非常显著;持续阻断60分钟组亦明显高于持续阻断30分钟组,便各预处理组与相同阻断时间组之间无差异。结论高原第一肝门阻断的时间及肝缺血再灌注损伤对肠道细菌易位有显著的影响,但外源性L-精氨酸预处理对高原第一肝门阻断时肝缺血再灌注损伤和肠道细菌易位无明显的保护作用。     

Features of the metabolic syndrome of "hypertriglyceridemic waist" and transplant coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the prevalence of the atherogenic metabolic triad and the hypothesis that waist circumference and fasting triglyceride concentrations could be used as screening tools for identification of the atherogenic metabolic triad in a population of heart transplant men. It also evaluated the relationship between the atherogenic metabolic triad and coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: In the study group of 83 consecutive male heart transplant patients having their routine annual coronarography, 23 patients (28%) were characterized by the atherogenic metabolic triad defined by the presence of elevated fasting insulin and apolipoprotein B concentrations and by small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. RESULTS: Seventy-seven per cent of patients with waist circumference values >/= 90 cm and with elevated triglyceride levels (>/=2.0 mmol/liter) were characterized by this atherogenic metabolic triad. Patients with the atherogenic metabolic triad were at markedly increased risk of CAD (odds ratio of 25.3, 95% CI: 1.11-577.3, p < 0.04) compared to heart transplant patients without the atherogenic metabolic triad. CONCLUSIONS: About 30% of heart transplant patients showed the features of the atherogenic metabolic triad. Measurement and interpretation of waist circumference and fasting triglycerides could be used among heart transplant patients to early identify men characterized by the presence of elevated fasting insulin and apolipoprotein B concentrations and small LDL particles. The presence of the atherogenic metabolic triad identified patients at high risk of CAD even in the heart transplant population.     

Pringle法导致的肝脏缺血再灌注损伤对肝癌肝切除患者预后的影响

目的 探讨PrinCe法肝门阻断所致的肝脏缺血再灌注损伤是否影响肝癌肝切除患者的预后.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年12月西南医院收治的315例行肝癌肝切除患者的临床资料.将术中进行肝切除时采用Pringle法肝门阻断的分为缺血再灌注组(194例);肝切除时采用CUSA刀、Tissuelink电刀而没有进行肝门阻断的分为非缺血组(121例).采用:检验、X2检验、Kaplan-Meier生存曲线、Log-rank检验和Cox回归模型分析两组患者的术前、术中和预后情况.结果 缺血再灌注组中位年龄为49岁,较非缺血组中位年龄59岁明显年轻(X2=4.12,P<0.05).缺血再灌注组肿瘤直径5 cm者占55.7%(108/194),非缺血组5 cm者占68.6%(83/121),两组比较差异有统计学意义(X2=4.12,P<0.05).缺血再灌注组术后第3、7天AST分别为255 U/L和112 U/L,明显高于非缺血组的128 U/L和35 U/L(X2=4.57,5.89,P<0.05);缺血再灌注组术后第3天Tbil为56 U/L,高于非缺血组的39 U/L(X2=4.79,P<0.05);缺血再灌注组的无瘤生存率和累积生存率均显著低于非缺血组(X2=5.93,8.32,P<0.05).术中出血量、肿瘤直径、是否行肝门阻断和有无门静脉侵犯是无瘤生存率的独立影响因素.结论 采用Pringle法肝门阻断导致的肝脏缺血再灌注损伤可明显降低肝癌肝切除患者术后的无瘤生存率和累积生存率.     

Anatomy,Definition, and Treatment of the “Terrible Triad of the Elbow” and Contemplation of the Rationality of this Designation

In the realm of orthopaedics, the terrible triad of the elbow is infamous, not simply because the prognosis is poor for most patients, but also, maybe to a greater extent, because the unique name of this malady attracts considerable attention and interest in both doctors and patients. The adjective terrible is bestowed on an elbow triad that comprises three coexisting complicated traumas; namely, radial head and ulnar coronoid process fractures and posterior dislocation of the elbow joint. In this review, the classification, treatment principles and prognosis for different forms of management of the radial head and ulnar coronoid process fractures and the ligaments lesions are introduced sequentially and various surgical procedures and their efficacy are discussed. This triad has long given orthopedic surgeons headaches. Nonetheless, in recent years a series of anatomical mechanical studies on the elbow joint have been published and there have been several breakthroughs in surgical techniques for managing this elbow triad. This review examines some memorable millstones and unveils trends in the current clinical norm for this triad. The accomplishments achieved recently have reportedly resulted in enhanced prognoses in the last two or three years compared with previous years. It is therefore high time to revise our thoughts about the justice and accuracy of defining this triad of the elbow as terrible. Lastly, we may safely conclude that the terrible triad of the elbow is much less terrible than previously, provided the commonly approved clinical approaches are undertaken.     

Currarino三联征的诊断和治疗体会

目的探讨Currarino三联征的诊断和治疗。方法对7例Currarino三联征的临床表现、诊断和治疗及预后进行回顾性分析。结果本组中6例术前未能明确诊断,其中3例为再次手术。7例患儿均一期手术治愈,1例术后发生尿潴留,1例骶前感染。结论术前明确诊断对治疗具有重要意义,应强调彻底切除骶前肿物。     

An unusual case of complete Carney's triad in a 14-year-old boy

Carney's triad represents the association of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor, pulmonary chondroma, and extraadrenal paraganglioma. Only 79 cases of this rare condition have been described. Here, the authors describe the unusual case of a 14-year-old boy who presented with a complete Carney's triad. This is only the second reported case in the world literature of a patient manifesting a complete Carney's triad at presentation. The management of each tumor is discussed. J Pediatr Surg 37:1228-1231.     

The female athlete triad: a case series and narrative overview

Objective:

To illustrate the varying presentations of the female athlete triad and to inform the practitioner of the potential sequelae of this common condition.

Clinical Features:

Four patients presented with a variety of signs and symptoms of the female athlete triad including low caloric intake, osteoporosis, amenorrhea and/or endothelial dysfunction.

Intervention and Outcome:

A conservative treatment approach was utilized in each case including education on the female athlete triad, education on increased caloric intake and a referral to the family physician.

Conclusion:

Health care practitioners should be aware of the different clinical presentations of the female athlete triad. A narrative review of the literature is provided to educate practitioners on the components of the female athlete triad, proper diagnosis and appropriate management.     

下腔静脉重建联合肝叶切除治疗肝癌的初步研究

目的 探讨在全肝血流控制下不采用静脉转流技术行下腔静脉重建的肝叶切除治疗侵犯下腔静脉的肝癌的临床经验和疗效。方法 自2004年8月至2005年7月，对3例胆管细胞性肝癌和2例肝细胞性肝癌合并下腔静脉直接侵犯而无癌栓患者，在全肝血流控制而无静脉转流技术下行解剖性肝叶切除联合下腔静脉重建术（局部切除修复2例、局部切除补片2例、人工血管移植1例）。结果 5例患者手术均成功。平均手术时间345（300～450）min，平均手术失血量1375（1200～1800）ml。累计平均肝门阻断时间、全肝血流阻断时间和下腔静脉阻断时间分别为19min、21．2min、56min。术后发生胸腔积液1例，胆漏1例，腹水1例，均治愈。患者平均住院时间15．5（11～19）d。随访4～15个月，1例术后9个月死于肿瘤复发，4例已存活4、8、10、15个月。结论 在全肝血流控制而无静脉转流技术下行下腔静脉重建联合解剖性肝叶切除治疗直接侵犯下腔静脉的肝癌不仅可安全施行，而且可延长患者生存时间。     

Penile agenesis: a fatal variation of an uncommon lesion

Two male neonates (46XY karyotype) were born with a triad of penile agenesis associated with imperforate anus and complete absence of the median raphe. Both patients died of renal dysplasia and secondary pulmonary hypoplasia shortly after birth. This triad appears to be secondary to a lack of caudal mesoderm migration during month 1 of gestation, leading to severe developmental defects in the caudal axis. In all reported cases to date this triad of findings has been incompatible with extrauterine life.     

Carney's triad

A 26 year old female presented with partial expression of Carney's triad. This is the first Australian report of the condition. The role of surgery and the need for vigilance to detect the occurrence of the complete triad are stressed.     

Is there a learning curve associated with the use of remifentanil?

This study prospectively determined whether there was a learning curve with the use of remifentanil, as indicated by decreased hemodynamic variability, improved recovery profile, and decreased incidence of opioid-related adverse events with increasing experience. Patients undergoing diverse surgical procedures (outpatient [n = 1340] and inpatient [n = 560]) were enrolled by investigators (n = 190) who had no previous experience with remifentanil use. Each investigator enrolled 10 patients. A standardized protocol for administration of remifentanil was used. Data were analyzed to determine differences between the first three patients and the last three patients enrolled for each anesthesiologist in the study. There were no differences in hemodynamic variables between the first triad and the last triad in either outpatients or inpatients. Requirements for hypnotic drugs and the doses of remifentanil used were also similar between groups. Analgesic medications administered at the end of surgery and in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) were similar between groups, except that the last triad in the outpatient group received smaller doses of fentanyl compared with the first triad. Times to response to verbal command, tracheal extubation, and operating room discharge did not differ between groups. However, patients in the last triad undergoing outpatient surgery had shorter times to eligibility for PACU discharge, but times to eligibility for discharge home did not differ. The overall incidence of all adverse events (i.e., hypotension, hypertension, muscle rigidity, respiratory depression, apnea, nausea, and vomiting) was less in the last triad as compared with the first triad. When analyzed separately, only the incidence of vomiting (in the outpatient group) was decreased in the last triad as compared with the first triad. This study suggests that there is a learning curve that aids reduction of minor adverse effects associated with the use of analgesic medications administered at the end of surgery in outpatients, which might have reduced the incidence of postoperative vomiting and the duration of PACU stay. Implications: This study demonstrated that anesthesiologists rapidly acquire the ability to use remifentanil with limited experience. However, there is a learning curve that aids reduction of minor adverse effects associated with the use of analgesic medications administered at the end of surgery in outpatients, which might have reduced the incidence of postoperative vomiting and the duration of postanesthesia care unit stay.     

伴结节性硬化症的双肾多发性血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(附四例报告)

目的 探讨伴结节性硬化症的肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AML)的临床诊治特点。方法 报告4例结节性硬化症伴多发性双肾AML的临床诊治资料。男女各2例。年龄17～44岁。l例表现为典型“三联征”，3例有典型面部皮疹，2例有癫痫发作史，3例伴肝、脾、骨等多发肾外病灶，3例颅脑CT检查均发现典型的大脑钙化结节灶。结果 3例患者经CT检查确诊，l例CT检查未发现肿瘤内特异性脂肪密度组织，B超引导下穿刺活检确诊，因右肾肿瘤巨大行肾切除术。l例患者因肿瘤小且症状轻微行保守治疗，另2例肿瘤伴出血者经保守治疗症状好转，随访6～36个月，肿瘤大小无变化，无症状复发。结论 伴结节性硬化症的双肾占位即使CT检查未发现特异性脂肪密度也不能排除AML的可能，细针穿刺活检能够确诊并排除肾癌。治疗方案应根据双侧肾肿瘤大小、分布、发展情况及症状决定。     

高原地区大鼠常温下耐受入肝血流阻断安全时限的研究

目的研究在高原地区(海拔3000米)大鼠常温下耐受入肝血流阻断安全时限。方法分为单纯入肝血流阻断50、40、30、20、15、10分钟6组及假手术组。首先按50、40、30、20、10分钟实验,测定死亡率,然后按死亡率较低组开始实验,于12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h分别开腹,取心脏血及肝脏标本行肝功、病理检查。结果发现大鼠在高原地区(海拔3 000米)可以耐受10 min的肝门阻断,超过20 min肝门阻断肝功损伤严重,肝脏病理改变明显,死亡率升高。结论可以确认10分钟是高原地区(海拔3 000米)大鼠能耐受的最大缺血安全时限。     

The Currarino triad: the variable expression

Background

The Currarino triad is a relatively unknown hereditary disorder linked to the 7q36 region and characterized by an anorectal malformation, sacrococcygeal defect, and a presacral mass.

Purpose

The aim of the study was to report the highly variable expression in patients with the Currarino triad and provide a guideline for the clinician if the Currarino triad is suspected.

Methods

We examined the symptoms and associated anomalies in 5 families with the Currarino triad by retrospective chart review.

Results

Fifteen patients had Currarino-associated anomalies. This included anorectal malformation in 9, a presacral mass in 9, and a sacral bone defect in 15. Tethered cord was present in 4 patients. There were 12 symptomatic patients. Constipation was diagnosed in all of them. Other symptoms included recurrent urinary tract infections caused by bladder dysfunction in 5, abnormal gait in 1, and another patient who initially presented with meningitis. Two carriers of the genetic defect had no symptoms or anomalies.

Conclusions

The phenotypical expression of the gene mutations causing the Currarino triad can vary from asymptomatic to patients presenting with the complete triad. Presence of a crescent-shaped defect of the sacral bone may be used as initial screening method. As the penetration of the genetic defect is variable, DNA screening is the only method to fully exclude the triad.     

The female athlete triad: an emerging role for physical therapy

Over the last thirty years, participation by girls and women in organized athletics has increased dramatically. This presents unique challenges in the area of sports medicine, orthopaedics, and pediatrics. While the benefits of participation in sports and exercise vastly outweigh the risks of permanent injury, an evolving concern is the number of stress fractures in active women. The female athlete triad ("triad") describes the coexistence of 3 distinct medical conditions that may occur in athletic girls and women. Originally, the triad included eating disorders, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Presently, it includes eating disorders/disordered eating behavior, amenorrhea/oligomenorrhea, and decreased bone mineral density (osteoporosis and osteopenia). Briefly, when coupled with inadequate nutrition, the high caloric expenditure of exercise training resultsin a sustained negative caloric balance or low energy availability, which is exquisitely sensed by the hypothalamus, initiating a complex neuroendocrine adaptive cascade. This cascade is associated with changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, such that estrogen levels are decreased, resulting in reproductive dysfunction that may include amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, or anovulation. Low estrogen in otherwise young healthy women, like menopause, is associated with decreased bone mineral density and increased risk of fractures. The triad is not an inevitable consequence of participation in sports or physical activity at any level, however, exercise may contribute to the disruption of caloric balance. The triad is a complex disorder that requires intervention by a multidisciplinary team. Physical therapists bring a unique expertise to the team. The present review summarizes each component of the triad, component linkage, and the role of physical therapy in prevention, assessment, and intervention.     

Unhappy triad of the knee: What are the current concepts and opinions?

The association between injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscus (MM) has been known to orthopedic surgeons since 1936; O'Donoghue first used the term "unhappy triad" of the knee to describe this condition in 1950. Later studies revealed that involvement of the lateral meniscus is more common than MM in these cases, leading to a change in the definition. Recent studies have revealed that this triad may be primarily linked to knee anterolateral complex injuries. Although there is not a definite management protocol for this triad, we try to mention the most recent concepts about it in addition to expert opinions.     

Recurrent meningitis associated with complete Currarino triad in an adult--case report

A 58-year-old woman presented with Currarino triad manifesting as recurrent meningitis. Currarino triad is a combination of a presacral mass, a congenital sacral bony abnormality, and an anorectal malformation, which is caused by dorsal-ventral patterning defects during embryonic development. She had a history of treatment for anal stenosis in her childhood. Radiographic examinations demonstrated the characteristic findings of Currarino triad and a complicated mass lesion. The diagnosis was recurrent meningitis related to the anterior sacral meningocele. Neck ligation of the meningocele was performed via a posterior transsacral approach after treatment with antibiotics. At surgery, an epidermoid cyst was observed inside the meningocele. The cyst content was aspirated. She suffered no further episodes of meningitis. The meningitis was probably part of the clinical course of Currarino triad. Radiography of the sacrum and magnetic resonance imaging are recommended for patients with meningitis of unknown origin. The early diagnosis and treatment of this condition are important.     

A case of bilateral multiple pulmonary chondroma: necessity of follow-up for Carney’s triad

We report a case of pulmonary bilateral multiple chondromas that were possibly an initial clinical presentation of Carney's triad. A 56-year-old Japanese non-smoking asymptomatic woman was admitted to the hospital for further examination of small, multiple, bilateral nodules in the lungs. Although chest radiological findings suggested that the nodules were possibly metastatic pulmonary tumors, the malignant origin was not detected. During diagnostic video-assisted thoracic surgery, wedge resections including the nodules were performed. Since pathological examination showed nodules were surrounded by fibrous and eosinophilic stroma, we diagnose the nodules as chondromas. These chondromas were possibly components of Carney's triad, because each nodule had a thin fibrous pseudocapsule and did not have an entrapped epithelium and fat. Some patients die of Carney's triad because of malignant alteration of lesions. Therefore, the patients with Carney's triad should be taken a medical check periodically. This patient was scheduled to undergo the check-up for several years.