冠心病患者药物洗脱支架植入术后球囊高压后扩张疗效观察

目的观察冠心病患者药物洗脱支架（DES）植入术后球囊高压后扩张的临床疗效。方法选择冠心病患者656例,其中332例（观察组）冠状动脉DES植入术后予非顺应性球囊高压后扩张,324例（对照组）仅行DES植入术,记录术中及术后情况。结果两组血管病变情况、血管病变数量、植入DES数量、支架植入后管腔狭窄程度、术中并发症比较,P均〉0．05。对照组支架植入后管腔最小直径为（2．74±0．32）mm、绝对内径获得为（2．25±0．40）mm,观察组分别为（3．13±0．34）、（2．63±0．47）mm,P均〈0．05;对照组术后随访亚急性支架内血栓发生率为1．54％、晚期支架内血栓发生率为1．85％,观察组分别为0．30％、0．30％,P均〈0．05。对照组术后12个月主要心脏不良事件发生率为6．79％、支架内再狭窄发生率为6．10％、支架最小内径为（2．37±0．38）mm、支架绝对内径丢失为（0．38±0．19）mm、管腔狭窄程度为18．70％±9．28％,观察组分别为2．41％、2．28％、（2．78±0．42）mm、（0．23±0．13）mm、13．50％±8．67％,P均〈0．05。结论冠心病患者DES植入术后行球囊高压后扩张治疗可明显减轻管腔狭窄、减少绝对内径丢失,主要心脏不良事件发生率和支架内再狭窄发生率也明显降低。     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者置入药物洗脱支架的疗效评价

目的 评价冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变置入药物洗脱支架后的疗效。方法 选择我院2004年4月至2005年8月连续接受置入药物洗脱支架（DES）或金属裸支架（BMS）治疗并且进行了冠状动脉造影随访的139例的冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者。所有患者在支架术后6个月后接受冠状动脉造影随访。结果共139例患者（男性114例,女性25例）221处病变完成随访。其中C型病变94处（42．5％）,完全闭塞病变42处（19．0％）,平均每个病变支架长度（26．53±14．72）mm,平均参考血管直径（2．80±0．43）mm。两组患者在性别比例和年龄方面差异无统计学意义。两组在冠心病的危险因素如：高血压病、高脂血症、吸烟等方面差异无统计学意义。两组病变的复杂程度基本相当。DES组的参考血管直径比BMS组小[（2．71±0．41）mm比（2．98±0．53）mm,P〈0．001]。6个月后随访,DES组的支架内再狭窄率（10．6％比38．6％,P〈0．001）和病变内晚期腔径丢失[（0．24±0．56）mm比（0．91±0．77）mm,P〈0．001]明显低于BMS组。DES组的靶病变血管重建率显著低于BMS组（8．6％比30．0％,P〈0．001）。DES组有4例晚期支架内血栓。结论 本研究显示药物洗脱支架对于冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变的介入治疗有着良好的治疗效果,明显优于金属裸支架。     

冠心病合并糖尿病患者金属裸支架置入术后再狭窄的临床和造影预测因素

目的探讨冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄发生的危险因素,建立冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄发生概率的预测模型,为中国冠心病合并糖尿病患者药物洗脱支架的合理使用提供循证医学证据。方法分析我院2002-2004年1126例冠状动脉内非药物洗脱支架置入术患者（2376处病变）,使用多元逻辑回归分析比较术后出现再狭窄组和无再狭窄组冠心病合并糖尿病患者临床数据和造影资料,并使用上述数据库建立支架术后再狭窄发生概率预测表。结果在889例（78．9％）有6个月随访冠状动脉造影资料的患者中,151例（17％）有糖尿病。再狭窄定义为支架内及前后5mm范围内狭窄≥50％参考管腔直径。在非糖尿病组（738例）,再狭窄的发生率为21．2％,糖尿病组（151例）再狭窄的发生率为35．9％（P〈0．001）。多元逻辑分析结果显示参考血管直径（≤3．0mm）,病变长度（〉15mm）和胰岛素治疗是冠心病合并糖尿病患者术后再狭窄的可预见危险因素（P〈0．05）。支架术后再狭窄发生概率的预测表结果显示冠心病合并糖尿病患者再狭窄发生概率首要依赖于参考血管直径。结论冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄发生概率显著增加。参考血管直径、病变长度和需要胰岛素治疗是冠心病合并糖尿病患者支架术后再狭窄的可预见危险因素。非糖尿病患者合并短病变（〈15mm）而无论参考血管直径,糖尿病患者合并冠状动脉大直径血管（〉3．0mm）合并短病变（〈15mm）预期再狭窄发生率〈15％,可以考虑使用金属裸支架。除此之外,建议使用药物洗脱支架。     

糖尿病对冠脉支架术后近期随访结果的影响

目的对冠脉支架术后，糖尿病对近期临床不良事件（MACE）的发生率是否有影响进行研究。方法2000—2006年我院115例冠脉支架术后的患者，50例置入金属裸支架（BMS），65例置入药物涂层支架（SES）。分组：①无糖尿病对照组；②糖尿病组。比较MACE的发生率。结果两组临床资料差异无统计学意义，冠脉病变和术中支架放置差异无统计学意义，置入BMS组，糖尿病与对照组MACE发生率分别为（34，4％和20．0％，P〈0．05），差异有统计学意义；置入SES组，MS与对照组MACE发生率分别为（16．0％和9．5％，P〈0．05），差异有统计学意义。结论糖尿病是冠心病的独立危险因素，且合并糖尿病的冠心病冠脉血管病变较严重，糖尿病对于冠脉支架术后近期MACE发生率有显著影响。     

糖尿病对冠心病药物洗脱支架植入患者临床效果的影响

目的：探讨糖尿病对冠心病药物洗脱支架植入患者疗效的影响。方法：入选2009年7月～2012年9月在我院行冠脉药物洗脱支架植入术患者278例,根据患者是否合并有糖尿病分为冠心病并糖尿病组（n=127）和冠心病组（n=151）,术后对患者进行为期两年随访,比较两组患者的疗效。结果：冠脉造影术显示,冠心病并糖尿病组患者冠脉三支病变发生率显著高于冠心病组患者（39．3％比31．1％,P〈0．05）;两年随访后发现,冠心病并糖尿病组患者远期心脏事件发生率显著高于冠心病组患者（37．0％比17．9％,P〈0．05）。结论：糖尿病对药物洗脱支架植入冠心病患者疗效具有显著影响,在临床上对于这类患者要积极进行降糖治疗。     

西罗莫司和紫杉醇洗脱支架治疗支架内再狭窄的临床近期及10个月疗效

目的比较西罗莫司洗脱支架（Cypher或Cypher select）和紫杉醇洗脱支架（TAXUS）治疗支架内再狭窄的临床近期及10个月疗效。方法自2002年12月至2005年3月,对253例支架内再狭窄的患者采用了药物洗脱支架（DES）治疗并完成了10个月的临床随访和冠状动脉造影复查。253例中男性218例,女性35例,年龄30～80岁,平均年龄57．2岁。结果253例（262处病变）中152例使用Cypher支架176个,101例使用TAXUS支架132个。使用的Cypher和TAXUS支架的平均直径分别为（2．96±0．27）mm和（3．05±0,35）mm,P=0．04,平均长度分别为（23.31±6．68）mm和（23．56±6．54）mm,P=0．745。支架内再狭窄表现为100％闭塞29处,≥90％狭窄143处,〈90％狭窄90处。病变类型为A、B1、B2和C型各为9处、45处、73处和135处。PCI的成功率两组均为100％,住院期间无死亡,Cypher组主要心脏不良事件（MACE）发生率为2．63％,TAXUS组为2．97％,P=0．872。10个月临床造影显示在Cypher支架和TAXUS支架组中造影再狭窄率分别为14．0％和29．4％,P=0．075,MACE发生率分别为6．7％和16．0％,P=0．031。结论应用Cypher和TAXUS支架治疗支架内再狭窄有良好的近期临床疗效,10个月疗效Cypher支架优于TAXUS支架。     

药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉小血管病变的疗效分析

目的 通过分析比较裸金属支架（BMS）与药物洗脱支架[DES，包括雷帕霉素（Cypher）支架和紫杉醇（TAXUS）支架]治疗冠状动脉小血管病变疗效的差异，为DES治疗多支及单支小血管病变冠心病提供依据。方法连续入选2002年12月至2005年5月沈阳军区总医院首次接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）、靶血管为小血管病变且达到完全血运重建的486例患者，其中多支小血管病变（多支）150例。分为BMS组214例（多支63例）、Cypher组140例（多支46例）和TAXUS组132例（多支41例），对比分析各组患者住院期间及随访6个月的临床情况。结果3组患者冠脉病变特点、PCI成功率及住院期间主要不良心脏事件（MACE）发生率等指标差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。冠脉造影随访显示，两个DES组再狭窄率均明显低于BMS（Cypher组4．9％，TAXUS组7．5％对BMS组29．2％，P〈0．05），随访期间MACE发生率亦明显低于BMS（Cypher组2．9％，TAXUS组3．9％对BMS组12、0％，P〈0．01）。进一步分析多支小血管病例，发现两个DES组的再狭窄率及随访期间MACE发生率仍然明显低于BMS组（再狭窄率Cypher组6．7％，TAXUS组7．1％对BMS组37．5％，P〈0．05；MACE发生率Cypher组4、1％。TAXUS组4．8％对BMS组21．O％，P〈0．05）。结论Cypher和TAXUS支架治疗小血管病变安全可行，疗效显著，治疗多支小血管病变可得到相同的疗效。     

冠状动脉小血管支架植入的临床研究

目的：观察冠状动脉小血管病变患者的临床特点、支架植入情况及预后效果。方法：回顾分析冠状动脉小血管严重狭窄患者的临床及支架植入资料，并与同期进行的冠脉大血管支架患者进行比较，比较二者的临床特点、手术方法及预后的异同。结果：冠脉小血管支架组植入成功率97．14％，大血管支架组植入成功率98．95％（P〉0．05）；两组在年龄、性别及高血压患病率方面组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），2型糖尿病患病率在小血管支架组高于大血管支架组（P〈0．05）；植入方法上，使用球囊预扩的比例两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；支架释放后球囊后扩张比例小血管支架组低于大血管支架组（P〈0．05）；术中并发症及随访期预后差异元统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：冠状动脉小血管支架植入的成功率、预后与大血管支架组无显著差异，可安全地用于冠脉小血管病变的治疗。     

国产西罗莫司洗脱支架与紫杉醇洗脱支架抑制血管内膜增生的血管内超声比较研究

目的利用血管内超声（IVUS）方法比较国产西罗莫司洗脱支架（Firebird^TM）与紫杉醇洗脱支架（Taxus^TM）对冠心病患者新生内膜增生的抑制作用。方法自2003年5月至2007年6月,203例冠心病患者（283处病变）行药物洗脱支架术并在术后1年行冠状动脉造影和血管内超声（IVUS）检查。其中136例患者（185处病变）置入Firebird^TM支架（Firebird组）,67例患者（98处病变）置入TaxusTM支架（Taxus组）。结果203例患者（283处病变）中168例患者（236处病变）接受了一年随访造影和血管内超声检查,其中Firebird组108例患者（147处病变）,Taxus组60例患者（89处病变）。两组患者基础临床情况及造影特征相似。Firebird组支架内晚期管腔丢失（0.17±0.29mm比0.43±0.51mm,P〈0.0001）和节段内晚期管腔丢失（0.18±0.36mm比0.38±0.33mm,P=0.003）明显小于Taxus组,而两组近端参考血管晚期管腔丢失（0.11±0.27mm比0.15±0.32mm,P=0.321）和远端参考血管晚期管腔丢失（0.08±0.10mm比0.09±0.16mm,P=0.483）差异并无统计学意义。IVUS分析显示,两组间平均支架面积、平均管腔面积、最小支架面积、平均支架体积、平均管腔体积比较,差异均无统计学意义。但Firebird组平均内膜增生面积（0.35±0.58mm^2比1.29±1.26mm^2,P〈0.0001）、平均内膜增生面积百分数（5.45%±9.26%比17.38%±13.75%,P〈0.0001）、内膜增生最大面积百分数（9.41%±14.15%比31.56%±20.99%,P〈0.0001）、平均内膜增生容积（2.09±5.46mm^3比13.43±18.59mm^3,P〈0.0001）和平均内膜增生容积百分数（1.68%±5.84%比8.62%±9.90%,P〈0.0001）较Taxus组均明显减少。结论国产西罗莫司洗脱支架（Firebird^TM）置入术后再狭窄发生率较低,与TaxusTM支架相比,抑制内膜增生作用更显著。     

两种国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架临床应用结果比较

目的对比研究两种国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架在心血管疾病临床应用中的近中期结果。方法58例符合药物洗脱支架（DES）置入术治疗入选条件的冠心病（或合并外周血管病变）患者被随机分为Firebird组30例与Partner组28例。两组的临床一般资料基本匹配，分别接受Firebird与Partner雷帕霉素DES置入术治疗，统计对比分析两组的术中应用及住院期与出院后随访期结果。结果Firebird与Partner组分别置入DES36枚与33枚，成功率相应为100％与97％（P〉0．05）。Partner组有1枚DES未能通过C型成角病变，2例24atp加压后扩张时支架球囊未破裂；Firebird组2例18atp加压后扩张时支架球囊破裂，2例术后即刻DES内残余（〈20％）狭窄（P〉0．05）。两组随访时间不等，Firebird组明显长于Partner组[（9．4±5．5）个月和（3．9±2．1）个月，P〈0．05]。随访期内，Firebird组2例再发非致命性ST段抬高的心肌梗死，1例术后再狭窄，均经再次PCI靶血管重建；Partner组猝死1例。Partner与Firebird组总的主要不良心脏事件（MACE）分别为3．6％与10．0％，但随访期内两组间的上述临床结果差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论两种国产DES对冠心病或伴下肢缺血性疾病均具有同样优良的近中期临床效果，安全可靠。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.