双小切口直视下复位动力髋螺钉内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨双小切口直视下复位动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的效果。方法对120例老年股骨转子间骨折患者行双小切口直视下复位DHS内固定。观察手术切口长度、手术时间、术中失血量、术后引流量、骨折复位情况、患者扶拐下地行走时间、骨折愈合时间及术后患肢髋关节功能恢复情况。结果手术时间40～50 min,术中失血量85～105 ml。骨折均获解剖复位。120例均获随访,时间6～20个月。骨折愈合时间6～8个月。Harris评分:优95例,良21例,可4例,优良率96.7%。结论双小切口直视下复位DHS内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折,更易于骨折断端的解剖复位和拉力螺钉放置于恰当的位置;手术时间短,术中失血量少,术后并发症少,疗效较好。     

Othofix转子间外固定架治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效观察

目的探讨Othofix转子间外固定架治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2012年10月-2015年3月,采用闭合复位Orthofix转子间外固定架治疗的36例老年股骨转子间骨折患者(外固定架组)临床资料,并与同期行闭合复位Gamma钉内固定治疗的47例股骨转子间骨折患者(Gamma钉组)进行比较。两组患者性别、年龄、致伤原因、侧别、骨折AO分型、合并内科疾病及受伤至手术时间等一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),具有可比性。记录并比较两组患者手术时间、术中失血量、住院时间、骨折愈合时间及并发症等;术后根据Sanders髋关节创伤后功能评定标准进行髋关节功能评分。结果外固定架组患者手术时间、术中失血量及住院时间均显著低于Gamma钉组(P0.05)。两组患者均获随访,随访时间6~12个月,平均8.8个月。术后两组患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。外固定架组和Gamma钉组骨折均获骨性愈合,愈合时间外固定架组明显少于Gamma钉组(t=14.780,P=0.000)。两组均无骨道感染、骨髓炎等深部感染发生。外固定架组14例(38.9%)出现轻微表浅软组织钉道感染,Gamma钉组未出现切口感染,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=22.010,P=0.001)。外固定架组出现轻度髋内翻3例(8.3%)、半针切出2例(5.6%),Gamma钉组分别为4例(8.5%)和3例(6.4%),两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.001,P=0.960;χ2=0.025,P=0.830)。术后6个月根据Sanders髋关节创伤后功能评定标准评价,外固定架组优16例、良15例、可3例、差2例,优良率86.1%;Gamma钉组优22例、良20例、可4例、差1例,优良率89.4%;两组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.200,P=0.610)。结论闭合复位Othofix转子间外固定架治疗老年股骨转子间骨折具有手术时间短、操作简便、出血量少、固定可靠、手术风险小、患者术后恢复快等优点,临床效果满意。     

早期闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

[目的]观察早期闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效及安全性。[方法]2010年6月~2016年10月,156例老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者采用早期闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗,参照Tronzo-Evans分类方法,均为Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折。观察患者手术时间、术中失血量、并发症、愈合时间及髋关节功能恢复情况。[结果]手术时间18~46 min,平均25 min;术中显性失血量65~160 ml,平均110 ml。155例患者获随访,随访时间5~18个月,平均12个月。所有骨折均达骨性愈合,愈合时间10~26周,平均17周,无骨折不愈合、髓内钉断裂、切割、切出、切口感染,10例出现肺部感染、15例出现泌尿系统感染、8例出现下肢深静脉血栓、5例出现肺栓塞,1例肺栓塞患者死亡,其余均经治疗后痊愈。末次随访时采用Harris髋关节功能评分标准评定疗效,优128例、良19例、可8例。[结论]早期闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折安全性高、骨折愈合率高、并发症少、髋关节功能恢复良好。     

闭合与切开复位防旋型股骨近端髓内钉固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效比较侯

目的 比较闭合复位与切开复位防旋型股骨近端髓内钉（PFNA ）固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效.方法 对87例老年股骨转子间骨折患者行PFNA固定治疗,切开复位32例,闭合复位55例.比较两组的切口长度、手术时间、术中失血量、骨折复位、内固定满意率、患肢部分负重时间、骨折愈合时间、并发症及髋关节功能情况.结果 切口长度、手术时间及术中失血量闭合复位组均明显短（少）于切开复位组（P〈0.01）,骨折复位满意率闭合复位组高于切开复位组（P〈0.05）.87例均获随访,随访时间：闭合复位组12～42个月,切开复位组12～48个月.部分负重时间闭合复位组明显早于切开复位组（P〈0.01）.并发症：切开复位组发生率为22%,闭合复位组无严重并发症（P〈0.01）.两组骨折全部愈合,愈合时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.末次随访时髋关节Harris评分闭合复位组高于切开复位组（P〈0.01）.结论 与切开复位PFNA固定比较,闭合复位PFNA固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折手术操作简便,患者功能恢复更好.     

三维外固定架治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨三维外固定架治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的方法及疗效。方法采用闭合复位、三维外固定架治疗16例老年股骨粗隆间骨折。结果16例获得3～36个月随访,平均14个月。所有患者骨折均愈合,疗效根据髋关节功能Harris评分标准评定：优4例,良10例,可2例,优良87．5％。结论闭合复位、三维外固定架治疗老年股骨粗隆问骨折具有创伤小、手术时间短、固定牢靠等优点,该方法较实用。     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗27例股骨转子间骨折患者。记录手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、并发症及外侧壁骨折发生情况,末次随访采用髋关节Harris评分评价疗效。结果手术时间40～102(73.8±2.9) min,术中出血量30～200(80.0±10.1) ml,骨折愈合时间12～17(14.3±2.1)周。患者均获得随访,时间3～24(15.45±7.36)个月。术中发生外侧壁骨折1例,术后发生防旋钉部分退出1例。末次随访髋关节Harris评分91～95(92.7±3.6)分。结论 PFNA治疗股骨转子间骨折创伤小,手术时间短,恢复快,术后髋关节功能恢复良好。     

微创闭合复位结合外固定架治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折

目的:探讨微创闭合复位结合外固定架治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法:2007年8月至2013年9月,采用微创闭合复位结合外固定架固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折43例,男26例,女17例;年龄68～92岁,平均78岁;受伤至手术时间1～8 d,平均3 d.按照AO分型:A1型22例,A2型15例,A3型6例。观察术后骨折的愈合时间,并采用Harris评分系统对治疗效果进行评价。结果:43例患者均获得随访,时间10～18个月,平均13个月。手术切口在拔除外固定后Ⅰ期/甲级愈合,骨折均愈合,愈合时间12～18周,平均16周。2例股骨粗隆部螺纹针松动,2例髋内翻畸形,1例延迟愈合。无骨不连、外固定物断裂、血管神经损伤病例。术后Harris髋关节评分为85.89±7.36,优18例,良19例。结论:微创闭合复位结合外固定架治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折可获得良好的临床疗效,对不能耐受麻醉和手术创伤的老年患者是一种简单、有效的治疗方法。     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨采用闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折的临床效果。方法对117例老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折采用闭合复位、小切口PFNA内固定治疗。统计手术时间、术中出血量、围手术期隐性失血量与输血量,分析手术相关并发症。结果手术时间30～90(50±10)min;术中显性失血量50～210(85±15)ml,40例术后输少浆RBC 2～4U。99例获得解剖复位。114例获得随访(死亡3例),时间6～16个月,骨折全部愈合。髋关节Harris评分:优102例,良5例,差7例,优良率为93.8%。结论闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折固定牢靠,并发症少,疗效满意。     

闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效.方法 采用闭合复位PFNA治疗88例老年股骨转子间骨折患者.记录手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合情况以及术后并发症发生情况,采用Harris髋关节功能评分标准评定疗效.结果 手术时间48～126(82.3±24.6)min,术中出血量50～28...     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法采用闭合复位PFNA治疗46例股骨转子间骨折患者。记录手术时间、术中出血量及术后并发症发生情况,末次随访时采用髋关节功能Harris评分评价疗效。结果手术时间40~120 min,术中出血量30~100 ml。患者均获得随访,时间6~36个月。骨折均一期愈合,无切口感染、深静脉血栓形成、螺旋刀片切割股骨头、断钉等并发症发生。末次随访时根据髋关节功能Harris评分评价疗效:优38例,良7例,可1例,优良率97.8%。结论闭合复位PFNA治疗股骨转子间骨折创伤小,固定可靠,可早期恢复髋关节功能,有效减少并发症。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.