钉板内固定结合AO外固定架治疗复杂Pilon骨折

复杂Pilon骨折多源于高能量损伤,除骨折严重粉碎外,一般都合并严重软组织损伤,这无疑给治疗带来更大的难度。2001年4月-2006年1月,采用有限钉板内固定结合AO外固定支架治疗复杂Pilon骨折33例,疗效满意,报告如下。1临床资料本组33例,其中男23例,女10例;年龄21~61岁,平均38.6岁。按AO分型:C1型12例,C2型8例,C3型13例。损伤原因:交通事故伤18例,高处坠落伤9例,重物砸伤6例。闭合性骨折21例,开放性骨折12例(按Gustilo分型:Ⅱ型5例,ⅢA型3例,ⅢB型4例)。损伤后至就诊时间:2h~14d。损伤至手术时间:开放性损伤行急诊手术,闭合性损伤伤后7~14d…     

经皮可吸收螺钉内固定治疗Maisonneuve骨折

M aisonneuve骨折是一种特殊类型的踝关节损伤,表现为腓骨近段(上1/3部位)骨折,下胫腓韧带撕裂,外踝与胫骨下端分离,向外后方移位,三角韧带前部纤维撕裂或内踝骨折,内踝与距骨分离。自1999年7月至2005年7月采用可吸收螺钉经皮内固定治疗18例,术后配合U形石膏固定,疗效满意,现报告如下。1临床资料本组18例,男13例,女5例;年龄18~65岁,平均32·7岁;致伤原因:摩托车伤7例,行走扭伤6例,运动伤5例。伤后至手术时间2 h~13 d,平均2·3 d。腓骨损伤部位为腓骨干上段骨折11例,腓骨颈骨折5例,上胫腓联合分离2例。合并内踝骨折4例,内踝并后踝骨折1例。2…     

后Pilon骨折应用后外侧入路治疗体会

目的 :探讨后外侧入路切开复位内固定(ORIF)治疗后Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法:自2010年2月至2013年4月,采用后外侧入路治疗17例后Pilon骨折患者,均涉及胫骨远端关节面超过20%,其中男11例,女6例;年龄29~59岁,平均43.4岁。致伤原因:11例坠落伤,4例车祸伤,2例运动损伤。根据俞光荣后方Pilon骨折的分型,Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型6例。观察骨折愈合时间、骨折复位情况及术后并发症情况,并采用AOFAS评分对其临床疗效进行评估。结果:17例患者均获得随访,时间13~24个月,平均20.5个月。后外侧切口均Ⅰ期愈合。所有病例获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间12~21周,平均15.2周。术后未出现切口感染、神经血管损伤、骨不连及骨折畸形等并发症。根据AOFAS评分标准,总分92.0±10.1,优14例,良2例,一般1例。结论:后外侧入路能在直视下对后Pilon骨折块进行有效复位及可靠固定,操作安全、简单,是治疗后方Pilon骨折的有效方法,值得推广。     

螺钉内固定加石膏外固定治疗Ruedi-AllgowerⅡ型Pilon骨折

2006年2月～2009年6月,我科采用切开复位螺钉内固定加石膏外固定治疗Ruedi-Allgower Ⅱ型Pilon骨折13例,取得了较好的效果. 1 材料与方法 1.1 病例资料 本组13例,男8例,女5例,年龄24～68岁.致伤原因:高处坠落伤6例,交通事故伤5例,其他伤2例.骨折类型均为Ruedi-Allgower Ⅱ型.均无明显骨缺损.合并有腓骨骨折7例,均为闭合性损伤.手术时间为伤后5～10 d.     

延期手术治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的体会

目的探讨采用延期切开复位内固定的方法治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法1996年3月～2003年10月利用石膏固定、跟骨牵引或外固定支架行骨折临时固定，待局部软组织损伤恢复后再行切开复位内固定术的方法治疗胫骨Pilon骨折19例。男17例，女2例；年龄15～62岁，平均34．6岁；坠落伤9例，交通伤7例，运动伤3例；开放性骨折4例，闭合性骨折15例，其中14例合并有腓骨骨折。采用Ruedi—Allgower分型：Ⅰ型3例，Ⅱ型7例，Ⅲ型9例。从踝关节功能评分和影像学两方面进行疗效评价。结果全部病例均获得随访，随访时间1．5～3．5年，平均2．4年。骨折愈合时间10～32周，平均14．8周，优良率78．9％，2例内翻畸形，1例发生骨髓炎。结论伤后在局部软组织损伤恢复后，根据不同骨折类型采取切开复位内固定方法恢复踝关节的解剖关系，使骨折部得到可靠的固定，恢复踝关节功能，是提高胫骨Pilon骨折手术疗效、减少局部并发症的有效措施。     

前外侧有限切开结合内侧微创锁定板接骨术治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨前外侧有限切开结合内侧微创锁定板接骨术治疗Pilon骨折的手术技巧及临床疗效。方法2007年3月至2012年9月采用前外侧有限切开复位结合内侧经皮微创锁定板接骨术治疗合并腓骨远端骨折的胫骨Pilon骨折26例。其中男16例,女10例;年龄23~58岁;平均37.2岁;左侧15例,右侧11例。伤后至手术时间5 h~14 d,平均8 d。所有病例均为闭合性骨折。骨折按AO/OTA分型,43C1型9例,43C2型17例。软组织损伤按Tscherne分度,0度4例,1度14例,2度8例。结果患者随访12~24个月,平均17.5个月。切口愈合良好。骨折愈合时间12~20周,平均14.2周。按Mazur踝关节评分系统评价疗效,优12例,良10例,可4例,优良率为84.1%。结论前外侧有限切开复位结合内侧经皮微创锁定板接骨术治疗Pilon骨折具有减少术中软组织损伤,保护骨折端血供,有效进行骨折复位固定的优点,术后并发症少,疗效优良。     

胫骨前外侧锁定钢板治疗Pilon骨折疗效分析

【摘要】目的 探讨胫骨前外侧锁定钢板治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的疗效。方法 选择2006年1月~2011年5月收治的31例胫骨Pilon骨折的临床资料,包括男28例,女3例;平均年龄38.9岁。Ruedi-Allgower骨折分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型23例,Ⅲ型6例。根据Tscheme-Gotzen软组织损伤分度:闭合性损伤0度2例,1度16例,2度6例,3度1例;开放性损伤1度4例,2度2例。31例Pilon骨折全部采用胫骨前外侧锁定钢板切开复位内固定治疗。结果 31例均获随访(12~36月,平均20月)。骨愈合时间10~24周,平均14周。Teeny和Wiss术后影像学复位评估,关节面解剖复位率为80.6%;Mazur术后功能评分系统评估,优16例,良10例,可4例,差1例,优良率为83.8%。结论 采用胫骨前外侧锁定钢板治疗Pilon复位理想、固定牢靠,有利于早期功能锻炼。     

复杂Pilon骨折的内固定治疗

复杂Pilon骨折属高能量损伤 ,骨折严重粉碎 ,同时合并有不同程度的皮肤软组织损伤 ,治疗困难。本文总结 2 0 0 0年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 4月收治的 14例复杂Pilon骨折的治疗过程和随访结果 ,就治疗上的一些难题进行分析讨论。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　 14例中男 12例 ,女 2例。年龄 2 1～ 5 7岁 ,平均 34岁。右侧 8例 ,左侧 6例。致伤原因 :高处坠落伤 9例 ,交通事故伤 4例 ,重物压伤 1例。根据AO分型 14例均为C型骨折 ,其中C1型 3例、C2 型 7例、C3 型 4例。伤后至手术时间为 2h～ 11d ,平均 3 4d。闭合性损伤 8例 ,开放性损伤 6例。开放…     

联合固定治疗胫腓骨下段骨折

20 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年 1月 ,我院采用May胫骨远端腓侧钢板及克氏针或AO 1/ 3管状钢板内固定治疗胫腓骨下段骨折18例 ,疗效满意。1　材料与方法1.1　病例资料　本组 18例 ,男 13例 ,女 5例 ,年龄 17～ 4 8岁。分型 :横断型 2例 ,螺旋长斜型 5例 ,粉碎型 11例 ;Pilon骨折 3例 ,开放性骨折 5例 ,按Gustilo开放性骨折分型 :Ⅰ型 2例 ,Ⅱ型 2例 ,ⅢA 型 1例。合并小腿内侧软组织损伤12例。合并其它部位骨折 4例 ,双下肢胫腓骨下段骨折 2例 ,术前并发小腿骨筋膜室综合征 3例。受伤至手术时间 3h～ 17d ,平均 6 5d。受伤原因 :车祸伤12例 ,砸伤 4…     

后内侧手术入路结合前外侧有限切开治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨后内侧手术入路结合前外侧有限切开治疗Pilon骨折的手术技巧及临床疗效。方法 2010年3月至2015年1月采用后内侧手术入路结合前外侧有限切开治疗胫骨Pilon骨折10例,其中男9例,女1例;年龄24~56岁,平均36.5岁。左侧7例,右侧3例。伤后至手术时间5h~14d,平均9d。病例均为有较大胫骨远端后侧骨折块的闭合性骨折。按AO/OTA分型,43C1型2例,43C2型8例。软组织损伤按Tscherne分度,0度4例,1度4例,2度2例。行前外侧有限切开复位固定腓骨及前外侧骨折块,再经后内侧入路显露复位螺钉固定后侧及内侧骨折块,经皮内侧锁定板支撑固定胫骨远端。结果切口愈合良好。患者随访12~24个月,平均16.5个月。骨折愈合时间12~20周,平均15.1周。按Mazur踝关节评分系统评价疗效,优6例,良2例,可2例,优良率为80%。结论后内侧手术入路结合前外侧有限切开适用于有较大胫骨远端后侧骨折块的闭合性Pilon骨折。该技术能有效显露并复位固定Pilon骨折的后侧及内侧骨折块,减少术中软组织损伤,保护骨折端血供,术后并发症少,疗效优良。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.