深圳市龙岗区坪地街道老年视力残疾现况分析

目的：探讨我市龙岗区坪地街道59岁以上常住人口老年视力残疾情况、致病原因,评价实施以白内障手术治疗为主的防盲治盲效果。方法：对149例（224眼）老年视残患者进行常规内外眼检查、屈光矫正、部分病例采用相应的特殊检查并进行病因分析。结果：148例老年视残患者中,双眼盲15例,单眼盲17例,双眼低视力61例,单眼低视力55例。主要的致盲眼病为老年性白内障、老年性黄斑变性、角膜病变、糖尿病视网膜病变、屈光不正、青光眼等。结论：随着年龄的增长。老年人视器官及整个视觉系统在组织结构和功能上可发生变异和衰退,易患许多致盲性眼病,是致盲和视力损伤的主要危险因素之一,应重视老年性自内障为主的老年人的防盲、治盲工作。     

视力残疾的病因分析及预防

目的：了解重庆市渝中区近5年来视力残疾的状况、特点及致残病因，提出相应的预防措施。方法：由指定眼科医师进行多次常规及特殊检查，分析403例806只眼的调查资料。结果：0～14岁儿童组人群的主要致残因素是先天遗传、屈光不正／弱视、斜视／弱视、角膜病和视神经病变；60岁以上老年人群为青光眼、白内障、角膜病、视网膜病变和视神经病变；其他人群依次为高度近视网脱及黄斑变性、眼外伤、角膜病、青光眼和视网膜病变。结论：对不同年龄段的人群应制定相应的预防视残措施。重点开展孕期保健工作及遗传咨询，加大眼部疾病预防知识宣传，预防眼部感染和外伤，积极治疗原发病。     

我市视力残疾的病因分析

目的分析我市视力残疾的病因。方法对我市视力残疾者的资料进行统计分析。结果在318个记录的受检人群中,有167例盲（52.52%）,151例低视力（47.48%）;导致低视力和盲的主要疾病是视网膜病变55例（17.30%）,眼外伤53例（16.67%）,白内障51例（16.04%）,视神经萎缩50例（15.72%）,角膜病24例（7.55%）,青光眼19例（5.97%）,屈光不正19例（5.97%）,色素膜病变16例（5.03%）,其他31例（9.75%）。结论我市防盲工作重点在防治白内障、老年性眼病和眼外伤所致视力残疾。     

对高龄老人小切口白内障切除联合人工晶体植入的探讨

目的：探讨高龄老年性白内障合并全身或局部其他疾病时小切口白内障切除联合人工晶体植入手术的临床疗效及并发症特点。方法：对80岁以上老年性白内障患者行小切口白内障切除联合人工晶体植入术60例（72眼）手术方法、术后视力、并发症及全身情况等进行分析。结果：随访3个月至2年,脱盲率98.6%,脱残率为76.3%,无严重并发症发生。结论：80岁以上老人因年龄大,常有全身或局部其他疾病,只要术前积极治疗、控制相关并发症、术后处理得当,亦可获得有用的视力。     

西藏乃东县902例残疾农牧民调查分析

目的通过对乃东县各乡镇村0岁以上残疾农牧民调查,寻找听力残疾、视力残疾、智力残疾、肢体残疾、精神残疾、言语残疾、多重残疾的致残原因,了解他们的康复现状与需求,为制定残疾工作政策提供依据。方法采用多种措施,抽调专科医生走村串户,集中体检,集中评残,详细登记造册,使用国家的相应诊断标准,进行最终诊断评残。结果调查残疾人902名,残疾顺位为肢体残疾、听力残疾、多重残疾、视力残疾、精神残疾、智力残疾和言语残疾。结论加强农牧民群众的科学文化教育,提高健康意识和生活质量,积极开展残疾预防,坚持早发现早治疗的原则,针对影响因素,采取多种措施,降低残疾人的患病率,提高公共卫生服务利用率及康复服务机制,提高全民健康水平等是降低残疾的重要措施。     

墨竹工卡、堆龙德庆县肢体残疾人抽样调查报告

躯干四肢外伤和疾病给日常生活带来不便,且容易致残。我们在全国残疾人抽样调查中,发现我区墨竹工卡和堆龙德庆两县肢体残疾人居五类残疾(肢体、视力、听力语言、智力、精神)的首位。 肢体残疾调查组按全国统一评残标准,于1987年4月对墨竹工卡县和堆龙德庆县935户农牧民进行残疾筛选、分类、诊断和致残评定。在5082名样本调查中,对肢体患病者的四肢残疾或四肢、躯干麻痹、畸形、导致     

401例老年人低视力流行病学调查

目的：了解老年人群低视力致病原因,为老年低视力患者的视觉康复及预防奠定基础。方法从临床就诊患者、公共卫生均等化老年人体检和残疾人抽样调查的人群中筛选出年龄≥60岁、能配合视力检查的老年人401例,对其进行常规的眼科检查。记录最佳矫正视力和所患眼病,统计分析所患眼病的种类和分布情况。结果低视力的病因中,眼底病变占首位为37.16%;其次是老年性白内障27.18%;屈光不正19.45%;角膜病变8.48%。城镇与农村在低视力原因分布状况方面差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.902, P=0.028）。结论眼底病变和老年性白内障应成为老年低视力的防治重点,农村老年低视力患者是重点防治对象。     

我市视力残疾现状及康复需求调查

目的对我市视力残疾人的现状和康复需求进行分析,探讨更有效的视力康复对策。方法以我市2015年11月~2016年11月期间确诊的视力残疾500例患者为研究对象,运用统计描述、对比分析和多因素分析等统计方法,得到我市视力残疾人的致残状况和康复现状与需求。结果我市共发现视力残疾500例,其中一级215例,二级41例、三级21例、四级223例;其中0~14岁的只有4例(0.8%),15~40岁64例(12.8%),41~65岁144例(28.8%),>65岁288例(57.6%);调查发现的256例盲人中,男103例(40.2%),女153例(59.8%)。患低视力的244例中,女153例(62.8%)。经统计学检验女性与男性视力残疾现患率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=38.276,P<0.01)。65岁以上人群在整个人群中只占288例(57.6%)。农村中盲患者135例,低视力132例,城市中盲患者121例,低视力112例,农村均略高于城市,但城乡差距无统计学意义(χ~2=2.297,P>0.05);导致低视力的主要原因是先天性发育异常(92例,占37.7%)、视网膜病变(58例,占23.8%)和白内障(30例,占12.3%)。与此相似,导致盲的主要原因是视网膜病变(74例,占28.9%)、先天性发育异常(70例,占28.7%)和白内障(53例,占20.7%);本研究中未接受过康复治疗的患者有288例,占57.6%,接受康复治疗的患者有212例,占42.4%,其中接受医疗服务与救助146例,占接受康复治疗患者的68.9%,其中视力残疾一级的患者中接受康复治疗的有46例,占31.7%,视力残疾二级的接受康复治疗的患者有21例,占14.4%,视力残疾三级的接受康复治疗的患者有16例,占11.0%,视力残疾四级中接受康复治疗的有63例,占43.2%;在500例视力残疾患者中具有机构康复需求者317例,占63.4%,有社区和家庭服务需求者160例,占32.0%,具有延伸服务需求者23例,占4.6%。结论我市视力残疾人缺乏对康复知识的了解;应普及视力残疾康复知识,促进眼科医生参与康复工作,加强社区康复服务。     

福建省遗传因素致听力语言残疾抽样调查报告

据1987年4月全省首次视力、听力语言、智力、肢体和精神病等5类残疾人抽样调查统计,全省约有听力语言残疾人(以下简称听语残)63.19万例,占残疾人总数的42.04%,其中11.56%由遗传因素致残,且22.39%伴有智力残疾。为提高我省人口素质,减少此类残疾人的继续发生,需了解其罹病情况,现将调查结果报告如下。     

白内障复明手术784例分析

目的：观察农村白内障患者实行复明手术的疗效。方法回顾性分析2002年1月-2013年1月784例农村白内障患者的临床资料。结果术后第1d视力：784例手术中，矫正视力≥0.05有747例（占95.28%）；≥0.3有710例（占90.56%）；〉0.6有157例（占20%）。脱盲率为95.28%，脱残率为90.56%。结论对广大农村白内障患者实施大批量、短时间的复明手术是提高农村白内障患者复明率是一种有效的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.